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Bochrister Bjork - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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adoption of the open access business model in scientific Journal Publishing a cross disciplinary study
2020Co-Authors: Bochrister Bjork, Timo KorkeamakiAbstract:Scientific Journal publishers have over the past twenty-five years rapidly converted to predominantly electronic dissemination, but the reader-pays business model continues to dominate the market. Open Access (OA) Publishing, where the articles are freely readable on the net, has slowly increased its market share to near 20%, but has failed to fulfill the visions of rapid proliferation predicted by many early proponents. The growth of OA has also been very uneven across fields of science. We report market shares of open access in eighteen Scopus-indexed disciplines ranging from 27% (agriculture) to 7% (business). The differences become far more pronounced for Journals published in the four countries, which dominate commercial scholarly Publishing (US, UK, Germany and the Netherlands). We present contrasting developments within six academic disciplines. Availability of funding to pay publication charges, pressure from research funding agencies, and the diversity of discipline-specific research communication cultures arise as potential explanations for the observed differences.
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scholarly Journal Publishing in transition from restricted to open access
2017Co-Authors: Bochrister BjorkAbstract:While the business models used in most segments of the media industry have been profoundly changed by the Internet, surprisingly little has changed in the Publishing of scholarly peer reviewed Journals. Electronic delivery has become the norm, but the same publishers as before are still dominating the market, selling content to subscribers. This article asks the question why Open Access (OA) to the output of mainly publicly funded research hasn’t yet become the mainstream business model. OA implies a reversal of the revenue logic from readers paying for content to authors paying for dissemination in form of universal free access. The current situation is analyzed using Porter’s five forces model. The analysis demonstrates a lack of competitive pressure in this industry, leading to so high profit levels of the leading publishers that they have not yet felt a strong need to change the way they operate. OA funded by article Publishing charges (APCs) might nevertheless start rapidly becoming more common. The driving forces of change currently consist of the public research funders and administrations in Europe, which are pushing for OA by starting dedicated funds for paying the APCs of authors from the respective countries. This has in turn lead to a situation in which publishers have introduced “big deals” involving the bundling of (a) subscription to all their Journals, (b) APCs for their hybrid Journals and (c) in the future also APCs to their full OA Journals. This appears to be a relatively risk free strategy for the leading publishers to retain both their dominance of the market and high profit levels.
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anatomy of open access Publishing a study of longitudinal development and internal structure
2012Co-Authors: Mikael Laakso, Bochrister BjorkAbstract:Open access (OA) is a revolutionary way of providing access to the scholarly Journal literature made possible by the Internet. The primary aim of this study was to measure the volume of scientific articles published in full immediate OA Journals from 2000 to 2011, while observing longitudinal internal shifts in the structure of OA Publishing concerning revenue models, publisher types and relative distribution among scientific disciplines. The secondary aim was to measure the share of OA articles of all Journal articles, including articles made OA by publishers with a delay and individual author-paid OA articles in subscription Journals (hybrid OA), as these subsets of OA Publishing have mostly been ignored in previous studies. Stratified random sampling of Journals in the Directory of Open Access Journals (n = 787) was performed. The annual publication volumes spanning 2000 to 2011 were retrieved from major publication indexes and through manual data collection. An estimated 340,000 articles were published by 6,713 full immediate OA Journals during 2011. OA Journals requiring article-processing charges have become increasingly common, Publishing 166,700 articles in 2011 (49% of all OA articles). This growth is related to the growth of commercial publishers, who, despite only a marginal presence a decade ago, have grown to become key actors on the OA scene, responsible for 120,000 of the articles published in 2011. Publication volume has grown within all major scientific disciplines, however, biomedicine has seen a particularly rapid 16-fold growth between 2000 (7,400 articles) and 2011 (120,900 articles). Over the past decade, OA Journal Publishing has steadily increased its relative share of all scholarly Journal articles by about 1% annually. Approximately 17% of the 1.66 million articles published during 2011 and indexed in the most comprehensive article-level index of scholarly articles (Scopus) are available OA through Journal publishers, most articles immediately (12%) but some within 12 months of publication (5%). OA Journal Publishing is disrupting the dominant subscription-based model of scientific Publishing, having rapidly grown in relative annual share of published Journal articles during the last decade.
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The development of open access Journal Publishing from 1993 to 2009
2011Co-Authors: Miko Laakso, Patrik Welling, Helena Bukvova, Linus Nyman, Bochrister Bjork, Turid HedlundAbstract:Open Access (OA) is a model for Publishing scholarly peer reviewed Journals, made possible by the Internet. The full text of OA Journals and articles can be freely read, as the Publishing is funded through means other than subscriptions. Empirical research concerning the quantitative development of OA Publishing has so far consisted of scattered individual studies providing brief snapshots, using varying methods and data sources. This study adopts a systematic method for studying the development of OA Journals from their beginnings in the early 1990s until 2009. Because no comprehensive index of OA articles exists, systematic manual data collection from Journal web sites was conducted based on Journal-level data extracted from the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ). Due to the high number of Journals registered in the DOAJ, almost 5000 at the time of the study, stratified random sampling was used. A separate sample of verified early pioneer OA Journals was also studied. The results show a very rapid growth of OA Publishing during the period 1993–2009. During the last year an estimated 191 000 articles were published in 4769 Journals. Since the year 2000, the average annual growth rate has been 18% for the number of Journals and 30% for the number of articles. This can be contrasted to the reported 3,5% yearly volume increase in Journal Publishing in general. In 2009 the share of articles in OA Journals, of all peer reviewed Journal articles, reached 7,7%. Overall, the results document a rapid growth in OA Journal Publishing over the last fifteen years. Based on the sampling results and qualitative data a division into three distinct periods is suggested: The Pioneering years (1993–1999), the Innovation years (2000–2004), and the Consolidation years (2005–2009).
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scientific Journal Publishing yearly volume and open access availability
2009Co-Authors: Bochrister Bjork, Annikki Roos, Mari LauriAbstract:Introduction. We estimate the total yearly volume of peer-reviewed scientific Journal articles published world-wide as well as the share of these articles available openly on the Web either directly or as copies in e-print repositories. Method. We rely on data from two commercial databases (ISI and Ulrich's Periodicals Directory) supplemented by sampling and Google searches. Analysis. A central issue is the finding that ISI-indexed Journals publish far more articles per year (111) than non ISI-indexed Journals (26), which means that the total figure we obtain is much lower than many earlier estimates. Our method of analysing the number of repository copies (green open access) differs from several earlier studies which have studied the number of copies in identified repositories, since we start from a random sample of articles and then test if copies can be found by a Web search engine. Results. We estimate that in 2006 the total number of articles published was approximately 1,350,000. Of this number 4.6% became immediately openly available and an additional 3.5% after an embargo period of, typically, one year. Furthermore, usable copies of 11.3% could be found in subject-specific or institutional repositories or on the home pages of the authors. Conclusions. We believe our results are the most reliable so far published and, therefore, should be useful in the on-going debate about Open Access among both academics and science policy makers. The method is replicable and also lends itself to longitudinal studies in the future.
Stuart M Shieber - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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equity for open access Journal Publishing
2009Co-Authors: Stuart M ShieberAbstract:Open access Journal Publishing is currently at a systematic disadvantage relative to the traditional subscription-based Journal Publishing. A simple, cost effective remedy to this inequity is proposed that would put open access Publishing on a path to become a sustainable, efficient system, allowing the two Journal Publishing systems to compete on a more level playing field.
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equity for open access Journal Publishing
2009Co-Authors: Stuart M ShieberAbstract:Scholars write articles to be read—the more access to their articles the better—so one might think that the open-access approach to Publishing, in which articles are freely available online to all without interposition of an access fee, would be an attractive competitor to traditional subscription-based Journal Publishing.
Heather Morrison - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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open access Publishing in canada current and future library and university press supports
2013Co-Authors: Donald Taylor, Heather Morrison, Brian Owen, Kumiko Vezina, Andrew WallerAbstract:Canadian university libraries, Canadian university presses, and non-university scholarly presses at Canadian universities were surveyed in the first part of 2010 as to the level of their support of Open Access (OA) Journal Publishing. Respondents were asked about Journal hosting services in their organization as well as their thoughts on internal and external support for open access Publishing. Results showed that most of the organizations are hosting OA Journals, largely between one and five in number, and many supply Journal hosting services, including some technical support. Personnel resources are a notable factor in the ability to host Journals. Most respondents engage in some sort of internal support for open access Publishing and are open to options that they are presently not utilizing. They are particularly amenable to OA Publishing support from outside of their organizations, especially assistance at a consortial level.
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economics of scholarly communication in transition
2013Co-Authors: Heather MorrisonAbstract:Academic library budgets are the primary source of revenue for scholarly Journal Publishing. There is more than enough money in the budgets of academic libraries to fund a fully open access scholarly Journal Publishing system. Seeking efficiencies, such as a reasonable average cost per article, will be key to a successful transition. This article presents macro level economic data and analysis illustrating the key factors and potential for cost savings.
Turid Hedlund - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The development of open access Journal Publishing from 1993 to 2009
2011Co-Authors: Miko Laakso, Patrik Welling, Helena Bukvova, Linus Nyman, Bochrister Bjork, Turid HedlundAbstract:Open Access (OA) is a model for Publishing scholarly peer reviewed Journals, made possible by the Internet. The full text of OA Journals and articles can be freely read, as the Publishing is funded through means other than subscriptions. Empirical research concerning the quantitative development of OA Publishing has so far consisted of scattered individual studies providing brief snapshots, using varying methods and data sources. This study adopts a systematic method for studying the development of OA Journals from their beginnings in the early 1990s until 2009. Because no comprehensive index of OA articles exists, systematic manual data collection from Journal web sites was conducted based on Journal-level data extracted from the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ). Due to the high number of Journals registered in the DOAJ, almost 5000 at the time of the study, stratified random sampling was used. A separate sample of verified early pioneer OA Journals was also studied. The results show a very rapid growth of OA Publishing during the period 1993–2009. During the last year an estimated 191 000 articles were published in 4769 Journals. Since the year 2000, the average annual growth rate has been 18% for the number of Journals and 30% for the number of articles. This can be contrasted to the reported 3,5% yearly volume increase in Journal Publishing in general. In 2009 the share of articles in OA Journals, of all peer reviewed Journal articles, reached 7,7%. Overall, the results document a rapid growth in OA Journal Publishing over the last fifteen years. Based on the sampling results and qualitative data a division into three distinct periods is suggested: The Pioneering years (1993–1999), the Innovation years (2000–2004), and the Consolidation years (2005–2009).
Philip M Davis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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open access readership citations a randomized controlled trial of scientific Journal Publishing
2011Co-Authors: Philip M DavisAbstract:Does free access to Journal articles result in greater diffusion of scientific knowledge? Using a randomized controlled trial of open access Publishing, involving 36 participating Journals in the sciences, social sciences, and humanities, we report on the effects of free access on article downloads and citations. Articles placed in the open access condition (n=712) received significantly more downloads and reached a broader audience within the first year, yet were cited no more frequently, nor earlier, than subscription-access control articles (n=2533) within 3 yr. These results may be explained by social stratification, a process that concentrates scientific authors at a small number of elite research universities with excellent access to the scientific literature. The real beneficiaries of open access Publishing may not be the research community but communities of practice that consume, but rarely contribute to, the corpus of literature.—Davis, P. M. Open access, readership, citations: a randomized cont...
