The Experts below are selected from a list of 182391 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Gabriel Felbermayr - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Kyoto and carbon leakage an empirical analysis of the carbon content of bilateral trade
The Review of Economics and Statistics, 2015Co-Authors: Rahel Aichele, Gabriel FelbermayrAbstract:Abstract Has the Kyoto Protocol induced carbon leakage? We conduct the first empirical ex post evaluation of the protocol. We derive a theoretical gravity equation for the carbon dioxide content of trade, which accounts for intermediate inputs, both domestic and imported. The structure of our new panel database of the carbon content of sectoral bilateral trade flows allows controlling for the endogenous selection of countries into the Kyoto Protocol. Binding commitments under Kyoto have increased committed countries' embodied carbon imports from noncommitted countries by around 8% and the emission intensity of their imports by about 3%. Hence, Kyoto has indeed led to leakage.
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the effect of the Kyoto protocol on carbon emissions
Munich Reprints in Economics, 2013Co-Authors: Rahel Aichele, Gabriel FelbermayrAbstract:Since 1997, CO2 emissions have continued to rise in many countries despite their emission caps under the Kyoto Protocol (Kyoto). Failure to meet promised targets, however, does not imply that Kyoto has been pointless. Whether Kyoto has made a difference relative to the counterfactual of \"No Kyoto\" is an empirical question that requires an instrumental variables strategy. We argue that countries’ ratification of the statutes governing the International Criminal Court is a valid instrument for ratification of Kyoto commitments. In our panel fixed effects estimations, the instrument easily passes weak identification and overidentification tests. It can be plausibly excluded from our second-stage equations and does not cause CO2 emissions. Our estimates suggest that Kyoto ratification has a quantitatively large (about 10 percent) and robust, though only moderately statistically significant, negative effect on CO2 emissions. We also show that higher fuel prices and a different energy mix in Kyoto countries support this result.
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Kyoto and the carbon footprint of nations
Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 2012Co-Authors: Rahel Aichele, Gabriel FelbermayrAbstract:The carbon footprint of a country refers to the flow of CO2 emissions caused by domestic absorption (i.e., consumption and investment) activities. Trade in goods drives a wedge between the footprint and domestic emissions. We provide a new panel database on carbon footprints and carbon net trade. Using a first-differenced IV estimation strategy, we evaluate the effects of ratification of binding Kyoto commitments on the carbon footprint and emissions. Instrumenting countries' Kyoto commitment by their participation in the International Criminal Court, we show that Kyoto commitment has reduced domestic emissions in committed countries by about 7%, has not lowered carbon footprints, but has increased the share of imported over domestic emissions by about 14 percentage points. It follows that the Kyoto Protocol has had at best no effect on world-wide emissions. The results highlight the difficulties of unilateral climate policies.
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Kyoto and carbon leakage an empirical analysis of the carbon content of bilateral trade
Social Science Research Network, 2011Co-Authors: Rahel Aichele, Gabriel FelbermayrAbstract:Has the Kyoto Protocol induced carbon leakage? We conduct the first empirical ex-post evaluation of the Protocol. We derive a theoretical gravity equation for the CO2 content of trade, which accounts for intermediate inputs, both domestic and imported. The structure of our new panel database of the carbon content of sectoral bilateral trade flows allows controlling for the endogenous selection of countries into the Kyoto Protocol. Binding commitments under Kyoto have increased committed countries’ embodied carbon imports from non-committed countries by around 8% and the emission intensity of their imports by about 3%. Hence, Kyoto has indeed led to leakage.
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Kyoto and the Carbon Footprint of Nations
Research Papers in Economics, 2011Co-Authors: Rahel Aichele, Gabriel FelbermayrAbstract:A country’s carbon footprint refers to the CO2 emissions caused by domestic absorption activities. Trade in goods drives a wedge between the footprint and local emissions. We provide a panel database on carbon footprints and carbon net trade. Using a differencesin- differences IV estimation strategy, we evaluate the Kyoto Protocol’s effects on carbon footprints and emissions. Instrumenting countries’ Kyoto commitment by their participation in the International Criminal Court, we show that Kyoto reduced domestic emissions in committed countries by 7%, has not lowered footprints, but increased the share of imported over domestic emissions by 17 percentage points. This indicates carbon leakage.
Rahel Aichele - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Kyoto and carbon leakage an empirical analysis of the carbon content of bilateral trade
The Review of Economics and Statistics, 2015Co-Authors: Rahel Aichele, Gabriel FelbermayrAbstract:Abstract Has the Kyoto Protocol induced carbon leakage? We conduct the first empirical ex post evaluation of the protocol. We derive a theoretical gravity equation for the carbon dioxide content of trade, which accounts for intermediate inputs, both domestic and imported. The structure of our new panel database of the carbon content of sectoral bilateral trade flows allows controlling for the endogenous selection of countries into the Kyoto Protocol. Binding commitments under Kyoto have increased committed countries' embodied carbon imports from noncommitted countries by around 8% and the emission intensity of their imports by about 3%. Hence, Kyoto has indeed led to leakage.
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the effect of the Kyoto protocol on carbon emissions
Munich Reprints in Economics, 2013Co-Authors: Rahel Aichele, Gabriel FelbermayrAbstract:Since 1997, CO2 emissions have continued to rise in many countries despite their emission caps under the Kyoto Protocol (Kyoto). Failure to meet promised targets, however, does not imply that Kyoto has been pointless. Whether Kyoto has made a difference relative to the counterfactual of \"No Kyoto\" is an empirical question that requires an instrumental variables strategy. We argue that countries’ ratification of the statutes governing the International Criminal Court is a valid instrument for ratification of Kyoto commitments. In our panel fixed effects estimations, the instrument easily passes weak identification and overidentification tests. It can be plausibly excluded from our second-stage equations and does not cause CO2 emissions. Our estimates suggest that Kyoto ratification has a quantitatively large (about 10 percent) and robust, though only moderately statistically significant, negative effect on CO2 emissions. We also show that higher fuel prices and a different energy mix in Kyoto countries support this result.
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Kyoto and the carbon footprint of nations
Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 2012Co-Authors: Rahel Aichele, Gabriel FelbermayrAbstract:The carbon footprint of a country refers to the flow of CO2 emissions caused by domestic absorption (i.e., consumption and investment) activities. Trade in goods drives a wedge between the footprint and domestic emissions. We provide a new panel database on carbon footprints and carbon net trade. Using a first-differenced IV estimation strategy, we evaluate the effects of ratification of binding Kyoto commitments on the carbon footprint and emissions. Instrumenting countries' Kyoto commitment by their participation in the International Criminal Court, we show that Kyoto commitment has reduced domestic emissions in committed countries by about 7%, has not lowered carbon footprints, but has increased the share of imported over domestic emissions by about 14 percentage points. It follows that the Kyoto Protocol has had at best no effect on world-wide emissions. The results highlight the difficulties of unilateral climate policies.
-
Kyoto and carbon leakage an empirical analysis of the carbon content of bilateral trade
Social Science Research Network, 2011Co-Authors: Rahel Aichele, Gabriel FelbermayrAbstract:Has the Kyoto Protocol induced carbon leakage? We conduct the first empirical ex-post evaluation of the Protocol. We derive a theoretical gravity equation for the CO2 content of trade, which accounts for intermediate inputs, both domestic and imported. The structure of our new panel database of the carbon content of sectoral bilateral trade flows allows controlling for the endogenous selection of countries into the Kyoto Protocol. Binding commitments under Kyoto have increased committed countries’ embodied carbon imports from non-committed countries by around 8% and the emission intensity of their imports by about 3%. Hence, Kyoto has indeed led to leakage.
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Kyoto and the Carbon Footprint of Nations
Research Papers in Economics, 2011Co-Authors: Rahel Aichele, Gabriel FelbermayrAbstract:A country’s carbon footprint refers to the CO2 emissions caused by domestic absorption activities. Trade in goods drives a wedge between the footprint and local emissions. We provide a panel database on carbon footprints and carbon net trade. Using a differencesin- differences IV estimation strategy, we evaluate the Kyoto Protocol’s effects on carbon footprints and emissions. Instrumenting countries’ Kyoto commitment by their participation in the International Criminal Court, we show that Kyoto reduced domestic emissions in committed countries by 7%, has not lowered footprints, but increased the share of imported over domestic emissions by 17 percentage points. This indicates carbon leakage.
Kenji Takeuchi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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climate agreement and technology diffusion impact of the Kyoto protocol on international patent applications for renewable energy technologies
Energy Policy, 2019Co-Authors: Mai Miyamoto, Kenji TakeuchiAbstract:Abstract This study examines the Kyoto Protocol's impact on the international diffusion of renewable energy technologies including solar and wind energy. Using patent application data of 133 countries from 1990 to 2013 and a difference-in-difference approach, we find that the Kyoto Protocol increased international patent applications from the countries with emission targets. The effect appeared over many years during the period studied, particularly for solar energy technology. When we focus on countries with more stringent targets, the effect of the Kyoto Protocol is even stronger. For these countries, the Protocol's impact on the numbers of applications for international patent persisted strongly, even for wind energy technology. Moreover, we find a similar effect for the international patent applications filed in four developing countries that are large emitters of greenhouse gases: Brazil, China, India, and Mexico. These results suggest that the Kyoto Protocol stimulated international patenting activities from countries that are committed to stringent targets for climate mitigation. Our results endorse the importance of climate change agreements for international diffusion of technology.
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Climate Agreement and Technology Diffusion: Impact of the Kyoto Protocol on International Patent Applications for Renewable Energy Technologies
2018Co-Authors: Mai Miyamoto, Kenji TakeuchiAbstract:This paper examines the Kyoto Protocol's impact on the international diffusion of renewable energy technologies. Using patent application data from 133 countries from 1990 to 2013, we find that the Kyoto Protocol increased international patent applications from the countries with emission targets. When we focus on countries with more stringent targets, the effect of the Kyoto Protocol is even stronger. We find a similar effect in international patent applications to four developing countries that are large emitters of greenhouse gases (GHGs): China, India, Brazil, and Mexico. These results suggest that the Kyoto Protocol stimulated international patenting activities from countries that are committed to stringent targets for climate mitigation.
Hirofumi Noguchi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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comparison of ulinastatin gabexate mesilate and nafamostat mesilate in preservation solution for islet isolation
Cell Transplantation, 2012Co-Authors: Hirofumi Noguchi, Bashoo Naziruddin, Andrew Jackson, Masayuki Shimoda, Yasutaka Fujita, Daisuke Chujo, Morihito Takita, H Peng, Koji Sugimoto, Takeshi ItohAbstract:Abstract For islet transplantation, maintaining organ viability after pancreas procurement is critically important for optimal graft function and survival. We recently reported that islet yield was significantly higher in the modified ET-Kyoto (MK) solution, which includes a trypsin inhibitor (ulinastatin), compared with the UW solution, and that the advantages of MK solution are trypsin inhibition and less collagenase inhibition. In this study, we compared ulinastatin with other trypsin inhibitors, gabexate mesilate, and nafamostat mesilate, in preservation solution for islet isolation. Ulinastatin was easily dissolved in ET-Kyoto solution, while ET-Kyoto with gabexate mesilate and nafamostat mesilate became cloudy immediately after addition. Although there were no significant differences in islet yield among the three groups, viability was significantly higher for the MK group than for the GK group or the NK group. The stimulation index was significantly higher for the MK group than for the GK group. In summary, there are no other trypsin inhibitors that are more effective than ulinastatin. Based on these data, we now use ET-Kyoto solution with ulinastatin for clinical islet transplantation.
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comparison of m Kyoto solution and histidine tryptophan ketoglutarate solution with a trypsin inhibitor for pancreas preservation in islet transplantation
Transplantation, 2007Co-Authors: Hirofumi Noguchi, Michiko Ueda, S Hayashi, Naoya Kobayashi, Hideo Nagata, Yasuhiro Iwanaga, Teru Okitsu, Shinichi MatsumotoAbstract:The use of University of Wisconsin (UW) preservation solution in islet transplantation has some disadvantages, including inhibition of collagenase activity for pancreatic digestion. Histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate (HTK) solution has demonstrated an efficacy similar to UW solution for organ preservation in clinical pancreas transplantation. Recently, we reported that islet yield from porcine pancreata was significantly gtreater when they were preserved using M-Kyoto solution compared with UW solution. Here, we compared HTK solution with ulinastatin (M-HTK) and M-Kyoto solution for islet yield. In porcine islet isolation, islet yield after purification was significantly greater in the M-Kyoto/perfluorochemical (PFC) group compared with the M-HTK/PFC group. The M-Kyoto/PFC group had a significantly lower ADP/ATP ratio compared with the M-HTK/PFC group, suggesting that different islet yields might be due to the differences as energy sources of the solutions used. In conclusion, M-Kyoto/PFC solution is better for pancreas preservation before islet isolation than M-HTK/PFC solution.
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modified two layer preservation method m Kyoto pfc improves islet yields in islet isolation
American Journal of Transplantation, 2006Co-Authors: Hirofumi Noguchi, Michiko Ueda, Naoya Kobayashi, Hideo Nagata, Yasuhiro Iwanaga, Teru Okitsu, Yusuke Nakai, Yukihide Yonekawa, Takayuki NakamuraAbstract:Islet allotransplantation can achieve insulin independence in patients with type I diabetes. Recent reports show that the two-layer method (TLM), which employs oxygenated perfluorochemical (PFC) and UW solution, is superior to simple cold storage in UW for pancreas preservation in islet transplantation. However, UW solution has several disadvantages, including the inhibition of Liberase activity. In this study, we investigated the features of a new solution, designated M-Kyoto solution. M-Kyoto solution contains trehalose and ulinastatin as distinct components. Trehalose has a cytoprotective effect against stress, and ulinastatin inhibits trypsin. In porcine islet isolation, islet yield was significantly higher in the M-Kyoto/PFC group compared with the UW/PFC group. There was no significant difference in ATP content in the pancreas between the two groups, suggesting that different islet yields are not due to their differences as energy sources. Compared with UW solution, M-Kyoto solution significantly inhibited trypsin activity in the digestion step; moreover, M-Kyoto solution inhibited collagenase digestion less than UW solution. In conclusion, the advantages of M-Kyoto solution are trypsin inhibition and less collagenase inhibition. Based on these data, we now use M-Kyoto solution for clinical islet transplantation from nonheart-beating donor pancreata.
Mai Miyamoto - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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climate agreement and technology diffusion impact of the Kyoto protocol on international patent applications for renewable energy technologies
Energy Policy, 2019Co-Authors: Mai Miyamoto, Kenji TakeuchiAbstract:Abstract This study examines the Kyoto Protocol's impact on the international diffusion of renewable energy technologies including solar and wind energy. Using patent application data of 133 countries from 1990 to 2013 and a difference-in-difference approach, we find that the Kyoto Protocol increased international patent applications from the countries with emission targets. The effect appeared over many years during the period studied, particularly for solar energy technology. When we focus on countries with more stringent targets, the effect of the Kyoto Protocol is even stronger. For these countries, the Protocol's impact on the numbers of applications for international patent persisted strongly, even for wind energy technology. Moreover, we find a similar effect for the international patent applications filed in four developing countries that are large emitters of greenhouse gases: Brazil, China, India, and Mexico. These results suggest that the Kyoto Protocol stimulated international patenting activities from countries that are committed to stringent targets for climate mitigation. Our results endorse the importance of climate change agreements for international diffusion of technology.
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Climate Agreement and Technology Diffusion: Impact of the Kyoto Protocol on International Patent Applications for Renewable Energy Technologies
2018Co-Authors: Mai Miyamoto, Kenji TakeuchiAbstract:This paper examines the Kyoto Protocol's impact on the international diffusion of renewable energy technologies. Using patent application data from 133 countries from 1990 to 2013, we find that the Kyoto Protocol increased international patent applications from the countries with emission targets. When we focus on countries with more stringent targets, the effect of the Kyoto Protocol is even stronger. We find a similar effect in international patent applications to four developing countries that are large emitters of greenhouse gases (GHGs): China, India, Brazil, and Mexico. These results suggest that the Kyoto Protocol stimulated international patenting activities from countries that are committed to stringent targets for climate mitigation.
