The Experts below are selected from a list of 87 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Christopher Dye - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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zika the origin and spread of a mosquito borne virus
Bulletin of The World Health Organization, 2016Co-Authors: Mary Kay Kindhauser, Tomas Allen, Veronika Frank, Ravi Shankar Santhana, Christopher DyeAbstract:Introduction Zika, a flavivirus transmitted mainly by mosquitos in the genus Aedes, was discovered in 1947 in Uganda. (1) From the 1960s to 1980s, human Infections were found across Africa and Asia, typically accompanied by mild illness. The first large outbreak of disease caused by Zika Infection was reported from the island of Yap (Federated States of Micronesia) in 2007, as the virus moved from south-east Asia across the Pacific. During an outbreak in French Polynesia in 2013-2014, Guillain-Barre syndrome was linked to Zika Infection and cases of microcephaly in newborn children were also retrospectively linked to this outbreak. The World Health Organization (WHO) received the first reports of locally-transmitted Infection from Brazil in May 2015. In July 2015, health ministry officials from Brazil reported an association between Zika virus Infection and Guillain-Barre syndrome in adults. In October 2015, WHO received reports from Brazil of microcephaly in babies whose mothers had been exposed to Zika during pregnancy. At this time, there was no proof of a causal link between Zika Infection and these neurological complications. In February 2016, as Infection moved rapidly through the range occupied by Aedes mosquitos in the Americas, WHO declared that Zika Infection associated with microcephaly and other neurological disorders constituted a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). By the start of February 2016, local transmission of Zika Infection had been reported from more than 20 countries and territories in the Americas and an outbreak numbering thousands of cases was under way in Cabo Verde in western Africa. Beyond the range of its mosquito vectors, Zika virus Infections are expected to be carried worldwide by people as they travel and be transmitted by travellers to sexual partners who have not been to places where the virus is endemic. Methods To illustrate the spread of Zika virus and associated neurological complications, we did a literature search in PubMed using "Zika" and "ZIKV" as the search terms and cross-checked our findings for completeness against other published reviews. (2, 3) In addition, we drew on formal notifications to WHO under the International Health Regulations (IHR), (4) which are archived in the WHO Event Information Site (EIS). EIS contains information about public health events of potential international concern notified to WHO as required by the IHR. EIS notifications sometimes contain confidential patient information and therefore are not publicly available. Other details of specific events can be provided by the authors on request. Results The first reported case of Zika virus dates to 1947 when the virus was isolated in samples taken from a captive sentinel rhesus monkey by scientists conducting routine surveillance for yellow fever in the Zika forest of Uganda. (1) The virus was recovered from Aedes (Stegomyia) africanus, caught on a tree platform in the forest. (1) Laboratory Infection experiments showed the virus to be neurotropic in mice. (5) The timeline presented in this paper includes numerous serological surveys that purportedly detected antibodies to Zika virus in the 1950s and 1960s in Africa and Asia. Because serological (antibody detection) tests for Zika cross-react with antibodies stimulated by other viral Infections, the presence of Zika virus is ideally confirmed by the detection of viral nucleic acids by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing or by virus isolation. A chronological map of the presence of Zika in those countries for which there is evidence of autochthonous transmission by mosquitos is presented in Fig. 1. The map excludes the many countries from which imported Zika Infections have been reported. The country-by-country spread of Zika virus Infections, from the earliest published report in 1947 to a World Health Organization, avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. January 2014 is summarized in Table 1. …
Mary Kay Kindhauser - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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zika the origin and spread of a mosquito borne virus
Bulletin of The World Health Organization, 2016Co-Authors: Mary Kay Kindhauser, Tomas Allen, Veronika Frank, Ravi Shankar Santhana, Christopher DyeAbstract:Introduction Zika, a flavivirus transmitted mainly by mosquitos in the genus Aedes, was discovered in 1947 in Uganda. (1) From the 1960s to 1980s, human Infections were found across Africa and Asia, typically accompanied by mild illness. The first large outbreak of disease caused by Zika Infection was reported from the island of Yap (Federated States of Micronesia) in 2007, as the virus moved from south-east Asia across the Pacific. During an outbreak in French Polynesia in 2013-2014, Guillain-Barre syndrome was linked to Zika Infection and cases of microcephaly in newborn children were also retrospectively linked to this outbreak. The World Health Organization (WHO) received the first reports of locally-transmitted Infection from Brazil in May 2015. In July 2015, health ministry officials from Brazil reported an association between Zika virus Infection and Guillain-Barre syndrome in adults. In October 2015, WHO received reports from Brazil of microcephaly in babies whose mothers had been exposed to Zika during pregnancy. At this time, there was no proof of a causal link between Zika Infection and these neurological complications. In February 2016, as Infection moved rapidly through the range occupied by Aedes mosquitos in the Americas, WHO declared that Zika Infection associated with microcephaly and other neurological disorders constituted a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). By the start of February 2016, local transmission of Zika Infection had been reported from more than 20 countries and territories in the Americas and an outbreak numbering thousands of cases was under way in Cabo Verde in western Africa. Beyond the range of its mosquito vectors, Zika virus Infections are expected to be carried worldwide by people as they travel and be transmitted by travellers to sexual partners who have not been to places where the virus is endemic. Methods To illustrate the spread of Zika virus and associated neurological complications, we did a literature search in PubMed using "Zika" and "ZIKV" as the search terms and cross-checked our findings for completeness against other published reviews. (2, 3) In addition, we drew on formal notifications to WHO under the International Health Regulations (IHR), (4) which are archived in the WHO Event Information Site (EIS). EIS contains information about public health events of potential international concern notified to WHO as required by the IHR. EIS notifications sometimes contain confidential patient information and therefore are not publicly available. Other details of specific events can be provided by the authors on request. Results The first reported case of Zika virus dates to 1947 when the virus was isolated in samples taken from a captive sentinel rhesus monkey by scientists conducting routine surveillance for yellow fever in the Zika forest of Uganda. (1) The virus was recovered from Aedes (Stegomyia) africanus, caught on a tree platform in the forest. (1) Laboratory Infection experiments showed the virus to be neurotropic in mice. (5) The timeline presented in this paper includes numerous serological surveys that purportedly detected antibodies to Zika virus in the 1950s and 1960s in Africa and Asia. Because serological (antibody detection) tests for Zika cross-react with antibodies stimulated by other viral Infections, the presence of Zika virus is ideally confirmed by the detection of viral nucleic acids by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing or by virus isolation. A chronological map of the presence of Zika in those countries for which there is evidence of autochthonous transmission by mosquitos is presented in Fig. 1. The map excludes the many countries from which imported Zika Infections have been reported. The country-by-country spread of Zika virus Infections, from the earliest published report in 1947 to a World Health Organization, avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. January 2014 is summarized in Table 1. …
Ravi Shankar Santhana - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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zika the origin and spread of a mosquito borne virus
Bulletin of The World Health Organization, 2016Co-Authors: Mary Kay Kindhauser, Tomas Allen, Veronika Frank, Ravi Shankar Santhana, Christopher DyeAbstract:Introduction Zika, a flavivirus transmitted mainly by mosquitos in the genus Aedes, was discovered in 1947 in Uganda. (1) From the 1960s to 1980s, human Infections were found across Africa and Asia, typically accompanied by mild illness. The first large outbreak of disease caused by Zika Infection was reported from the island of Yap (Federated States of Micronesia) in 2007, as the virus moved from south-east Asia across the Pacific. During an outbreak in French Polynesia in 2013-2014, Guillain-Barre syndrome was linked to Zika Infection and cases of microcephaly in newborn children were also retrospectively linked to this outbreak. The World Health Organization (WHO) received the first reports of locally-transmitted Infection from Brazil in May 2015. In July 2015, health ministry officials from Brazil reported an association between Zika virus Infection and Guillain-Barre syndrome in adults. In October 2015, WHO received reports from Brazil of microcephaly in babies whose mothers had been exposed to Zika during pregnancy. At this time, there was no proof of a causal link between Zika Infection and these neurological complications. In February 2016, as Infection moved rapidly through the range occupied by Aedes mosquitos in the Americas, WHO declared that Zika Infection associated with microcephaly and other neurological disorders constituted a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). By the start of February 2016, local transmission of Zika Infection had been reported from more than 20 countries and territories in the Americas and an outbreak numbering thousands of cases was under way in Cabo Verde in western Africa. Beyond the range of its mosquito vectors, Zika virus Infections are expected to be carried worldwide by people as they travel and be transmitted by travellers to sexual partners who have not been to places where the virus is endemic. Methods To illustrate the spread of Zika virus and associated neurological complications, we did a literature search in PubMed using "Zika" and "ZIKV" as the search terms and cross-checked our findings for completeness against other published reviews. (2, 3) In addition, we drew on formal notifications to WHO under the International Health Regulations (IHR), (4) which are archived in the WHO Event Information Site (EIS). EIS contains information about public health events of potential international concern notified to WHO as required by the IHR. EIS notifications sometimes contain confidential patient information and therefore are not publicly available. Other details of specific events can be provided by the authors on request. Results The first reported case of Zika virus dates to 1947 when the virus was isolated in samples taken from a captive sentinel rhesus monkey by scientists conducting routine surveillance for yellow fever in the Zika forest of Uganda. (1) The virus was recovered from Aedes (Stegomyia) africanus, caught on a tree platform in the forest. (1) Laboratory Infection experiments showed the virus to be neurotropic in mice. (5) The timeline presented in this paper includes numerous serological surveys that purportedly detected antibodies to Zika virus in the 1950s and 1960s in Africa and Asia. Because serological (antibody detection) tests for Zika cross-react with antibodies stimulated by other viral Infections, the presence of Zika virus is ideally confirmed by the detection of viral nucleic acids by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing or by virus isolation. A chronological map of the presence of Zika in those countries for which there is evidence of autochthonous transmission by mosquitos is presented in Fig. 1. The map excludes the many countries from which imported Zika Infections have been reported. The country-by-country spread of Zika virus Infections, from the earliest published report in 1947 to a World Health Organization, avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. January 2014 is summarized in Table 1. …
Veronika Frank - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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zika the origin and spread of a mosquito borne virus
Bulletin of The World Health Organization, 2016Co-Authors: Mary Kay Kindhauser, Tomas Allen, Veronika Frank, Ravi Shankar Santhana, Christopher DyeAbstract:Introduction Zika, a flavivirus transmitted mainly by mosquitos in the genus Aedes, was discovered in 1947 in Uganda. (1) From the 1960s to 1980s, human Infections were found across Africa and Asia, typically accompanied by mild illness. The first large outbreak of disease caused by Zika Infection was reported from the island of Yap (Federated States of Micronesia) in 2007, as the virus moved from south-east Asia across the Pacific. During an outbreak in French Polynesia in 2013-2014, Guillain-Barre syndrome was linked to Zika Infection and cases of microcephaly in newborn children were also retrospectively linked to this outbreak. The World Health Organization (WHO) received the first reports of locally-transmitted Infection from Brazil in May 2015. In July 2015, health ministry officials from Brazil reported an association between Zika virus Infection and Guillain-Barre syndrome in adults. In October 2015, WHO received reports from Brazil of microcephaly in babies whose mothers had been exposed to Zika during pregnancy. At this time, there was no proof of a causal link between Zika Infection and these neurological complications. In February 2016, as Infection moved rapidly through the range occupied by Aedes mosquitos in the Americas, WHO declared that Zika Infection associated with microcephaly and other neurological disorders constituted a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). By the start of February 2016, local transmission of Zika Infection had been reported from more than 20 countries and territories in the Americas and an outbreak numbering thousands of cases was under way in Cabo Verde in western Africa. Beyond the range of its mosquito vectors, Zika virus Infections are expected to be carried worldwide by people as they travel and be transmitted by travellers to sexual partners who have not been to places where the virus is endemic. Methods To illustrate the spread of Zika virus and associated neurological complications, we did a literature search in PubMed using "Zika" and "ZIKV" as the search terms and cross-checked our findings for completeness against other published reviews. (2, 3) In addition, we drew on formal notifications to WHO under the International Health Regulations (IHR), (4) which are archived in the WHO Event Information Site (EIS). EIS contains information about public health events of potential international concern notified to WHO as required by the IHR. EIS notifications sometimes contain confidential patient information and therefore are not publicly available. Other details of specific events can be provided by the authors on request. Results The first reported case of Zika virus dates to 1947 when the virus was isolated in samples taken from a captive sentinel rhesus monkey by scientists conducting routine surveillance for yellow fever in the Zika forest of Uganda. (1) The virus was recovered from Aedes (Stegomyia) africanus, caught on a tree platform in the forest. (1) Laboratory Infection experiments showed the virus to be neurotropic in mice. (5) The timeline presented in this paper includes numerous serological surveys that purportedly detected antibodies to Zika virus in the 1950s and 1960s in Africa and Asia. Because serological (antibody detection) tests for Zika cross-react with antibodies stimulated by other viral Infections, the presence of Zika virus is ideally confirmed by the detection of viral nucleic acids by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing or by virus isolation. A chronological map of the presence of Zika in those countries for which there is evidence of autochthonous transmission by mosquitos is presented in Fig. 1. The map excludes the many countries from which imported Zika Infections have been reported. The country-by-country spread of Zika virus Infections, from the earliest published report in 1947 to a World Health Organization, avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. January 2014 is summarized in Table 1. …
Tomas Allen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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zika the origin and spread of a mosquito borne virus
Bulletin of The World Health Organization, 2016Co-Authors: Mary Kay Kindhauser, Tomas Allen, Veronika Frank, Ravi Shankar Santhana, Christopher DyeAbstract:Introduction Zika, a flavivirus transmitted mainly by mosquitos in the genus Aedes, was discovered in 1947 in Uganda. (1) From the 1960s to 1980s, human Infections were found across Africa and Asia, typically accompanied by mild illness. The first large outbreak of disease caused by Zika Infection was reported from the island of Yap (Federated States of Micronesia) in 2007, as the virus moved from south-east Asia across the Pacific. During an outbreak in French Polynesia in 2013-2014, Guillain-Barre syndrome was linked to Zika Infection and cases of microcephaly in newborn children were also retrospectively linked to this outbreak. The World Health Organization (WHO) received the first reports of locally-transmitted Infection from Brazil in May 2015. In July 2015, health ministry officials from Brazil reported an association between Zika virus Infection and Guillain-Barre syndrome in adults. In October 2015, WHO received reports from Brazil of microcephaly in babies whose mothers had been exposed to Zika during pregnancy. At this time, there was no proof of a causal link between Zika Infection and these neurological complications. In February 2016, as Infection moved rapidly through the range occupied by Aedes mosquitos in the Americas, WHO declared that Zika Infection associated with microcephaly and other neurological disorders constituted a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). By the start of February 2016, local transmission of Zika Infection had been reported from more than 20 countries and territories in the Americas and an outbreak numbering thousands of cases was under way in Cabo Verde in western Africa. Beyond the range of its mosquito vectors, Zika virus Infections are expected to be carried worldwide by people as they travel and be transmitted by travellers to sexual partners who have not been to places where the virus is endemic. Methods To illustrate the spread of Zika virus and associated neurological complications, we did a literature search in PubMed using "Zika" and "ZIKV" as the search terms and cross-checked our findings for completeness against other published reviews. (2, 3) In addition, we drew on formal notifications to WHO under the International Health Regulations (IHR), (4) which are archived in the WHO Event Information Site (EIS). EIS contains information about public health events of potential international concern notified to WHO as required by the IHR. EIS notifications sometimes contain confidential patient information and therefore are not publicly available. Other details of specific events can be provided by the authors on request. Results The first reported case of Zika virus dates to 1947 when the virus was isolated in samples taken from a captive sentinel rhesus monkey by scientists conducting routine surveillance for yellow fever in the Zika forest of Uganda. (1) The virus was recovered from Aedes (Stegomyia) africanus, caught on a tree platform in the forest. (1) Laboratory Infection experiments showed the virus to be neurotropic in mice. (5) The timeline presented in this paper includes numerous serological surveys that purportedly detected antibodies to Zika virus in the 1950s and 1960s in Africa and Asia. Because serological (antibody detection) tests for Zika cross-react with antibodies stimulated by other viral Infections, the presence of Zika virus is ideally confirmed by the detection of viral nucleic acids by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing or by virus isolation. A chronological map of the presence of Zika in those countries for which there is evidence of autochthonous transmission by mosquitos is presented in Fig. 1. The map excludes the many countries from which imported Zika Infections have been reported. The country-by-country spread of Zika virus Infections, from the earliest published report in 1947 to a World Health Organization, avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. January 2014 is summarized in Table 1. …
