Landscape History

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William Claspy - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Daniel J. Marcucci - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Landscape History as a planning tool.
    Landscape and Urban Planning, 2000
    Co-Authors: Daniel J. Marcucci
    Abstract:

    Abstract Landscapes are constantly changing, both ecologically and culturally, and the vectors of change occur over many time scales. In order to plan Landscapes, they must be understood within their spatial and temporal contexts. This paper argues that the inevitable dynamism in a Landscape requires planning to explain and to deal with change. However, planning has been slow to do this, in part because it is inadequately equipped to analyze both rapid change and gradual evolution. A Landscape History exposes the evolutionary patterns of a specific Landscape by revealing its ecological stages, cultural periods, and keystone processes. Such a History can be a valuable tool as it has the potential to improve description, prediction, and prescription in Landscape planning. In proposing Landscape History as a tool for planning, I specifically address four questions. Why is this tool needed in Landscape planning? What form should Landscape History take? What are the obstacles to acquiring good Landscape histories? And, what are the potential benefits of using History in Landscape planning? To illustrate this proposition, I draw from an example of Landscape History developed for Long Pond, Pennsylvania.

Michal Horsák - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Holocene matters: Landscape History accounts for current species richness of vascular plants in forests and grasslands of eastern Central Europe
    Journal of Biogeography, 2020
    Co-Authors: Jan Divíšek, Michal Hájek, Eva Jamrichová, Libor Petr, Martin Večeřa, Lubomír Tichý, Wolfgang Willner, Michal Horsák
    Abstract:

    Current species-richness patterns are sometimes interpreted as a legacy of Landscape History, but historical processes shaping the distribution of species during the Holocene are frequently omitted in biodiversity models. Here, we test their importance in modelling current species richness of vascular plants in forest and grassland vegetation. Location Western Carpathians and adjacent regions. Vascular plants. Numbers of all species and of habitat specialists were extracted from plot records of forest and grassland vegetation. For each plot, environmental and historical data were derived from thematic maps. Historical data related to the persistence of (a) temperate taxa during the Late Glacial and Early Holocene, (b) open-Landscape taxa during the Middle Holocene and (c) taiga taxa during the Late Holocene were based on 112 fossil pollen profiles. Boosted regression trees were used to model spatial patterns in species richness. Historical variables always appeared among the best predictors of current species richness. In light forests, species richness highly mirrored both the Late Glacial (12.5% contribution) and Middle-Holocene (8.6%) Landscape History. The latter factor became an important predictor also for species richness of steppe grasslands (8.3%) along with temperature seasonality (11.9%). Species richness of dark coniferous forests was best predicted by the Late-Holocene occurrence of taiga forests (14.8%), which had an even stronger effect on the richness of habitat specialists (20.5%). Landscape changes since the Last Glacial Maximum are important predictors of current plant species richness. The historical effects were found to be habitat specific and, because they may interact with recent environmental conditions and anthropogenic pressures, they often show a nonlinear relationship with species richness. We provide one possible direction of incorporating past Landscape changes to the models of species richness.

  • Landscape History, calcareous fen development and historical events in the Slovak Eastern Carpathians
    Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 2014
    Co-Authors: Eva Jamrichová, Michal Horsák, Petra Hájková, Eliška Rybníčková, Adam Lacina, Michal Hájek
    Abstract:

    We explored interactions among human activities, Landscape development and changes in biotic proxies in two small calcareous spring fens in the Slovak Eastern Carpathians. These date back to cal. a . d . 930. Results of pollen, plant macrofossil, and mollusc analyses were compared with the settlement History. The regional pollen record reflected historical events and changes in the settlement density very well at both study sites. The natural mixed fir-beech-spruce forests with fern undergrowth were suppressed and replaced by light-demanding trees in the periods of high human impact (e.g. Wallachian colonization). The study area was affected several times by wars and raids followed by a consequent decline in the settlement density. Some of these events are well reflected in the pollen records that document tree recovery and decline of cereals, weeds, and pasture indicators. In comparison, only some Landscape changes were reflected in the local fen development. Both spring fens originated after deforestation, Roškovce around a . d . 1347 and Mirol'a around a . d . 929. The most pronounced change involving the water regime stabilization and undisturbed development of plant and mollusc communities took place after the decline in human impact. We conclude that humans were the main drivers of Landscape transformation in the last millennium; they directly created spring-fen ecosystems through deforestation and influenced fen species composition through husbandry activities.

Michal Hájek - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Holocene matters: Landscape History accounts for current species richness of vascular plants in forests and grasslands of eastern Central Europe
    Journal of Biogeography, 2020
    Co-Authors: Jan Divíšek, Michal Hájek, Eva Jamrichová, Libor Petr, Martin Večeřa, Lubomír Tichý, Wolfgang Willner, Michal Horsák
    Abstract:

    Current species-richness patterns are sometimes interpreted as a legacy of Landscape History, but historical processes shaping the distribution of species during the Holocene are frequently omitted in biodiversity models. Here, we test their importance in modelling current species richness of vascular plants in forest and grassland vegetation. Location Western Carpathians and adjacent regions. Vascular plants. Numbers of all species and of habitat specialists were extracted from plot records of forest and grassland vegetation. For each plot, environmental and historical data were derived from thematic maps. Historical data related to the persistence of (a) temperate taxa during the Late Glacial and Early Holocene, (b) open-Landscape taxa during the Middle Holocene and (c) taiga taxa during the Late Holocene were based on 112 fossil pollen profiles. Boosted regression trees were used to model spatial patterns in species richness. Historical variables always appeared among the best predictors of current species richness. In light forests, species richness highly mirrored both the Late Glacial (12.5% contribution) and Middle-Holocene (8.6%) Landscape History. The latter factor became an important predictor also for species richness of steppe grasslands (8.3%) along with temperature seasonality (11.9%). Species richness of dark coniferous forests was best predicted by the Late-Holocene occurrence of taiga forests (14.8%), which had an even stronger effect on the richness of habitat specialists (20.5%). Landscape changes since the Last Glacial Maximum are important predictors of current plant species richness. The historical effects were found to be habitat specific and, because they may interact with recent environmental conditions and anthropogenic pressures, they often show a nonlinear relationship with species richness. We provide one possible direction of incorporating past Landscape changes to the models of species richness.

  • Landscape History, calcareous fen development and historical events in the Slovak Eastern Carpathians
    Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 2014
    Co-Authors: Eva Jamrichová, Michal Horsák, Petra Hájková, Eliška Rybníčková, Adam Lacina, Michal Hájek
    Abstract:

    We explored interactions among human activities, Landscape development and changes in biotic proxies in two small calcareous spring fens in the Slovak Eastern Carpathians. These date back to cal. a . d . 930. Results of pollen, plant macrofossil, and mollusc analyses were compared with the settlement History. The regional pollen record reflected historical events and changes in the settlement density very well at both study sites. The natural mixed fir-beech-spruce forests with fern undergrowth were suppressed and replaced by light-demanding trees in the periods of high human impact (e.g. Wallachian colonization). The study area was affected several times by wars and raids followed by a consequent decline in the settlement density. Some of these events are well reflected in the pollen records that document tree recovery and decline of cereals, weeds, and pasture indicators. In comparison, only some Landscape changes were reflected in the local fen development. Both spring fens originated after deforestation, Roškovce around a . d . 1347 and Mirol'a around a . d . 929. The most pronounced change involving the water regime stabilization and undisturbed development of plant and mollusc communities took place after the decline in human impact. We conclude that humans were the main drivers of Landscape transformation in the last millennium; they directly created spring-fen ecosystems through deforestation and influenced fen species composition through husbandry activities.

Javier A. Arce-nazario - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Human Landscapes have complex trajectories: reconstructing Peruvian Amazon Landscape History from 1948 to 2005
    Landscape Ecology, 2007
    Co-Authors: Javier A. Arce-nazario
    Abstract:

    Long-term Landscape History studies can probe the complexity of Landscape dynamics that appear linear or determined by a single driver on shorter time scales, and may span variations of both human-initiated and naturally occurring drivers. With a variety of historical sources this study traces the History of Landscape change in Amazonian communities that have existed since the early 1900’s, in a region comprising both upland and riverine ecosystems. Aerial photography from 1948, 1965 and 1977 and satellite images from 1993 to 2005 are analyzed to reconstruct spatial transformations of the study region. The reconstructed Landscape History is analyzed as a result of shifts in economy, policy, local markets and river dynamics. In 1948, the upland region was used for agriculture and farms appeared to be encroaching into primary forest. However by 1965, 49% of the upland farm area had become secondary forest, as farmers left upland farms fallow and moved into the floodplain to farm crops promoted through agricultural credit programs. Between 1965 and 1977 river channel migration affected the riverine Landscape, dramatic floods occurred throughout the Amazon River and many farmers migrated to the city. During the 1980’s the credit given to small farmers greatly increased, resulting in the highest density of farms in the Landscape by 1993. The disappearance of these credits is reflected in reduced farming activity and increased charcoal production. The results show that agricultural activity and deforestation do not always have a simple trajectory of increment.

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