The Experts below are selected from a list of 293646 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Andrew Mowbray - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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supporting and influencing data privacy practice the free access international privacy law library
Computer Law & Security Review, 2015Co-Authors: Graham Greenleaf, Philip Chung, Andrew MowbrayAbstract:Abstract How can Legal Information institutes (LIIs) providing free online access to Legal Information, best use their shared resources to assist organisations and individuals involved in data privacy research, complaint resolution and policy development? The International Privacy Law Library (IPLL), located on the World Legal Information Institute (WorldLII) is a resource which attempts to bridge the gap between these two types of organisations. This article explores issues in the development of IPLL, and progress to date in resolving them. We then consider (Part 2) the key problem and our proposed solution to the more general question ‘How can LIIs create and maintain subject-oriented resources economically?’ WorldLII provides free access, via cooperation between seventeen LIIs, to a considerable amount of the Information needed, often buried in very large generic databases of case law, legislation or scholarship. The challenge in building IPLL is to pre-select material potentially relevant to privacy issues to create a high value searchable global collection, but to do so on a low and sustainable budget. The resulting International Privacy Law Library (Part 3) is a combination of two main elements: (i) pre-selected databases, some maintained by active provision of data by DPAs, and some built editorially by the LIIs; and (ii) a set of ‘virtual’ databases (one each for case law, legislation, scholarship etc) drawn from all other content found on the LIIs. Once these virtual databases are built, they are self-maintaining (updated daily) and expand as relevant new content is added to any collaborating LII. We conclude (Part 4) with an assessment of future development needs and issues, particularly in relation to multi-lingual materials.
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influencing data privacy practices by global free access the international privacy law library
Social Science Research Network, 2014Co-Authors: Graham Greenleaf, Philip Chung, Andrew MowbrayAbstract:This paper explores how one group of organisations, Legal Information institutes (LIIs) can use shared resources to assist other global and regional groupings of organisations involved in data privacy to achieve their objectives. Bodies established by legislation to protect privacy (DPAs, PEAs etc), now in nearly 100 countries, wish to be able to better access and compare decisions on similar issues, data privacy legislation, and commentary on same. Civil society bodies and academics want effective access to the same material.The World Legal Information Institute (WorldLII) provides free access, via cooperation between seventeen LIIs, to a considerable amount of this Information, sometimes as distinct databases, but just as often buried in very large generic databases of case law, legislation or scholarship. The challenge in building the International Privacy Law Library is to pre-select material potentially relevant to privacy issues to create a high value searchable global collection, but to do so on a low and sustainable budget.The resulting International Privacy Law Library contains over 15,000 documents. It is a combination of two main elements: (i) pre-selected databases, some maintained by active provision of data by DPAs/PEAs; and (ii) a set of ‘virtual’ databases (one each for case law, legislation, scholarship etc.) drawn from all other content found on the LIIs, which, once they are built, are self-maintaining (updated daily) and expand as relevant new content is added to any collaborating LII. The paper explains the method used to build ‘virtual’ databases, the content of the Library, and its usage.
Randy Goebel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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combining similarity and transformer methods for case law entailment
International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law, 2019Co-Authors: Juliano Rabelo, Miyoung Kim, Randy GoebelAbstract:We tackle the complex problem of determining entailment relationships between case law documents, one of the tasks in the Competition on Legal Information Extraction and Entailment (COLIEE). With input of an entailed fragment from a case coupled with a candidate entailing paragraph from a noticed case, our approach relies on four main components: (1) extraction of similarity measures between the two pieces of text; (2) application of a transformer-based technique on the input text; (3) applying a threshold-based classifier; and (4) post-processing the results considering the a priori probability determined by the data distribution on the training samples and combining the results of (1) and (2). Our experiments achieved an F-score of 0.70 on the official COLIEE test dataset, ranking first among all competitors for that task in the 2019 competition.
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textual entailment in Legal bar exam question answering using deep siamese networks
International Symposium on Artificial Intelligence, 2017Co-Authors: Yao Lu, Randy GoebelAbstract:Every day a large volume of Legal documents are produced, and lawyers need support for their analysis, especially in corporate litigation. Typically, corporate litigation has the aim of finding evidence for or against the litigation claims. Identifying the critical Legal points within large volumes of Legal text is time consuming and costly, but recent advances in natural language processing and Information extraction have provided new enthusiasm for improved automated management of Legal texts and the identification of Legal relationships. As a Legal Information extraction example, we have constructed a question answering system for Yes/No bar exam questions. Here we introduce a Siamese deep Convolutional Neural Network for textual entailment in support of Legal question answering. We have evaluated our system using the data from the competition on Legal Information extraction/entailment (COLIEE). The competition focuses on the Legal Information processing required to answer yes/no questions from Legal bar exams, and it consists of two phases: Legal ad-hoc Information retrieval (Phase 1), and textual entailment (Phase 2). We focus on Phase 2, which requires “Yes” or “No” answers to previously unseen queries. We do this by comparing the extracted meanings of queries and relevant articles. Our choice of features used for the semantic modeling focuses on word properties and negation. Experimental evaluation demonstrates the effectiveness of the Siamese Convolutional Neural Network, and our results show that our Siamese deep learning-based method outperforms the previous use of a single Convolutional Neural Network.
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two step cascaded textual entailment for Legal bar exam question answering
International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law, 2017Co-Authors: Randy GoebelAbstract:Our Legal question answering system combines Legal Information retrieval and textual entailment, and exploits semantic Information using a logic-based representation. We have evaluated our system using the data from the competition on Legal Information extraction/entailment (COLIEE)-2017. The competition focuses on the Legal Information processing required to answer yes/no questions from Japanese Legal bar exams, and it consists of two phases: ad hoc Legal Information retrieval (Phase 1), and textual entailment (Phase 2). Phase 1 requires the identification of Japan civil law articles relevant to a Legal bar exam query. For this phase, we have used an Information retrieval approach using TF-IDF combined with a simple language model. Phase 2 requires a yes/no decision for previously unseen queries, which we approach by comparing the approximate meanings of queries with relevant statutes. Our meaning extraction process uses a selection of features based on a kind of paraphrase, coupled with a condition/conclusion/exception analysis of articles and queries. We also extract and exploit negation patterns from the articles. We construct a logic-based representation as a semantic analysis result, and then classify questions into easy and difficult types by analyzing the logic representation. If a question is in our easy category, we simply obtain the entailment answer from the logic representation; otherwise we use an unsupervised learning method to obtain the entailment answer. Experimental evaluation shows that our result ranked highest in the Phase 2 amongst all COLIEE-2017 competitors.
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question answering of bar exams by paraphrasing and Legal text analysis
International Symposium on Artificial Intelligence, 2016Co-Authors: Ying Xu, Yao Lu, Randy GoebelAbstract:Our Legal question answering system combines Legal Information retrieval and textual entailment, and exploits paraphrasing and sentence-level analysis of queries and Legal statutes. We have evaluated our system using the training data from the competition on Legal Information extraction/entailment (COLIEE)-2016. The competition focuses on the Legal Information processing required to answer yes/no questions from Japanese Legal bar exams, and it consists of three phases: Legal ad-hoc Information retrieval (Phase 1), textual entailment (Phase 2), and a combination of Information retrieval and textual entailment (Phase 3). Phase 1 requires the identification of Japan civil law articles relevant to a Legal bar exam query. For this phase, we have used an Information retrieval approach using TF-IDF and a Ranking SVM. Phase 2 requires decision on yes/no answer for previously unseen queries, which we approach by comparing the approximate meanings of queries with relevant articles. Our meaning extraction process uses a selection of features based on a kind of paraphrase, coupled with a condition/conclusion/exception analysis of articles and queries. We also identify synonym relations using word embedding, and detect negation patterns from the articles. Our heuristic selection of attributes is used to build an SVM model, which provides the basis for ranking a decision on the yes/no questions. Experimental evaluation show that our method outperforms previous methods. Our result ranked highest in the Phase 3 in the COLIEE-2016 competition.
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applying a convolutional neural network to Legal question answering
International Symposium on Artificial Intelligence, 2015Co-Authors: Ying Xu, Randy GoebelAbstract:Our Legal question answering system combines Legal Information retrieval and textual entailment, and we describe a Legal question answering system that exploits a deep convolutional neural network. We have evaluated our system using the training/test data from the competition on Legal Information extraction/entailment (COLIEE). The competition focuses on the Legal Information processing related to answering yes/no questions from Japanese Legal bar exams, and it consists of three phases: ad-hoc Legal Information retrieval, textual entailment, and a learning model-driven combination of the two phases. Phase 1 requires the identification of Japan civil law articles relevant to a Legal bar exam query. For that phase, we have implemented a combined TF-IDF and Ranking SVM Information retrieval component. Phase 2 requires the system to answer “Yes” or “No” to previously unseen queries, by comparing extracted meanings of queries with relevant articles. Our training of an entailment model focuses on features based on word embeddings, syntactic similarities and identification of negation/antonym relations. We augment our textual entailment component with a convolutional neural network with dropout regularization and Rectified Linear Units. To our knowledge, our study is the first to adapt deep learning for textual entailment. Experimental evaluation demonstrates the effectiveness of the convolutional neural network and dropout regularization. The results show that our deep learning-based method outperforms our baseline SVM-based supervised model and K-means clustering.
Graham Greenleaf - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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supporting and influencing data privacy practice the free access international privacy law library
Computer Law & Security Review, 2015Co-Authors: Graham Greenleaf, Philip Chung, Andrew MowbrayAbstract:Abstract How can Legal Information institutes (LIIs) providing free online access to Legal Information, best use their shared resources to assist organisations and individuals involved in data privacy research, complaint resolution and policy development? The International Privacy Law Library (IPLL), located on the World Legal Information Institute (WorldLII) is a resource which attempts to bridge the gap between these two types of organisations. This article explores issues in the development of IPLL, and progress to date in resolving them. We then consider (Part 2) the key problem and our proposed solution to the more general question ‘How can LIIs create and maintain subject-oriented resources economically?’ WorldLII provides free access, via cooperation between seventeen LIIs, to a considerable amount of the Information needed, often buried in very large generic databases of case law, legislation or scholarship. The challenge in building IPLL is to pre-select material potentially relevant to privacy issues to create a high value searchable global collection, but to do so on a low and sustainable budget. The resulting International Privacy Law Library (Part 3) is a combination of two main elements: (i) pre-selected databases, some maintained by active provision of data by DPAs, and some built editorially by the LIIs; and (ii) a set of ‘virtual’ databases (one each for case law, legislation, scholarship etc) drawn from all other content found on the LIIs. Once these virtual databases are built, they are self-maintaining (updated daily) and expand as relevant new content is added to any collaborating LII. We conclude (Part 4) with an assessment of future development needs and issues, particularly in relation to multi-lingual materials.
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influencing data privacy practices by global free access the international privacy law library
Social Science Research Network, 2014Co-Authors: Graham Greenleaf, Philip Chung, Andrew MowbrayAbstract:This paper explores how one group of organisations, Legal Information institutes (LIIs) can use shared resources to assist other global and regional groupings of organisations involved in data privacy to achieve their objectives. Bodies established by legislation to protect privacy (DPAs, PEAs etc), now in nearly 100 countries, wish to be able to better access and compare decisions on similar issues, data privacy legislation, and commentary on same. Civil society bodies and academics want effective access to the same material.The World Legal Information Institute (WorldLII) provides free access, via cooperation between seventeen LIIs, to a considerable amount of this Information, sometimes as distinct databases, but just as often buried in very large generic databases of case law, legislation or scholarship. The challenge in building the International Privacy Law Library is to pre-select material potentially relevant to privacy issues to create a high value searchable global collection, but to do so on a low and sustainable budget.The resulting International Privacy Law Library contains over 15,000 documents. It is a combination of two main elements: (i) pre-selected databases, some maintained by active provision of data by DPAs/PEAs; and (ii) a set of ‘virtual’ databases (one each for case law, legislation, scholarship etc.) drawn from all other content found on the LIIs, which, once they are built, are self-maintaining (updated daily) and expand as relevant new content is added to any collaborating LII. The paper explains the method used to build ‘virtual’ databases, the content of the Library, and its usage.
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jon bing and the history of computerised Legal research some missing links
2004Co-Authors: Graham GreenleafAbstract:This paper reviews the contributions of Jon Bing to the field of computerisation of law, using as its two bookends his groundbreaking 'Handbook of Legal Information Retrieval' (1984), and twenty years later his 2003 article "The Policies of Legal Information Services: A Perspective of Three Decades." The vision uniting these two works is that of an integrated national Legal Information service.
Katsuhiko Toyama - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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extraction of Legal bilingual phrases from the japanese official gazette english edition
Journal of Information and Telecommunication, 2018Co-Authors: Yasuhiro Ogawa, Makoto Nakamura, Tomohiro Ohno, Katsuhiko ToyamaAbstract:ABSTRACTThe Japanese government has promoted dissemination of Japanese Legal Information to the world, and it has released English translations of Japanese statutes as well as a Japanese-English bilingual dictionary for statutory terms. However, the number of these translations is insufficient. The bilingual dictionary, the Japanese-English Standard Legal Terms Dictionary, contains only 3782 entries. To expand this key reference work, we focused on the Japanese Official Gazette, English Edition, which was published from 1946 to 1952 under order of the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers. We conducted an experiment on targeted phrase extraction to acquire Legal translations and confirm the usefulness of the Japanese Official Gazette, English Edition.
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extraction of Legal bilingual phrases from the japanese official gazette english edition
Knowledge and Systems Engineering, 2016Co-Authors: Yasuhiro Ogawa, Makoto Nakamura, Tomohiro Ohno, Katsuhiko ToyamaAbstract:The Japanese government has promoted dissemination of Japanese Legal Information to the world, and has released translations of Japanese statutes and a bilingual dictionary for statutory terms. However, these translations are lacking in number. The bilingual dictionary, which contains only 3,782 entries, is the subject of our paper. To expand it, we focused on the Japanese Official Gazette, English Edition, which was published from 1946 to 1952 under the order of the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers. We conducted an experiment to acquire Legal translations and reveal the usefulness of the Japanese Official Gazette, English Edition.
Philip Chung - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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supporting and influencing data privacy practice the free access international privacy law library
Computer Law & Security Review, 2015Co-Authors: Graham Greenleaf, Philip Chung, Andrew MowbrayAbstract:Abstract How can Legal Information institutes (LIIs) providing free online access to Legal Information, best use their shared resources to assist organisations and individuals involved in data privacy research, complaint resolution and policy development? The International Privacy Law Library (IPLL), located on the World Legal Information Institute (WorldLII) is a resource which attempts to bridge the gap between these two types of organisations. This article explores issues in the development of IPLL, and progress to date in resolving them. We then consider (Part 2) the key problem and our proposed solution to the more general question ‘How can LIIs create and maintain subject-oriented resources economically?’ WorldLII provides free access, via cooperation between seventeen LIIs, to a considerable amount of the Information needed, often buried in very large generic databases of case law, legislation or scholarship. The challenge in building IPLL is to pre-select material potentially relevant to privacy issues to create a high value searchable global collection, but to do so on a low and sustainable budget. The resulting International Privacy Law Library (Part 3) is a combination of two main elements: (i) pre-selected databases, some maintained by active provision of data by DPAs, and some built editorially by the LIIs; and (ii) a set of ‘virtual’ databases (one each for case law, legislation, scholarship etc) drawn from all other content found on the LIIs. Once these virtual databases are built, they are self-maintaining (updated daily) and expand as relevant new content is added to any collaborating LII. We conclude (Part 4) with an assessment of future development needs and issues, particularly in relation to multi-lingual materials.
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influencing data privacy practices by global free access the international privacy law library
Social Science Research Network, 2014Co-Authors: Graham Greenleaf, Philip Chung, Andrew MowbrayAbstract:This paper explores how one group of organisations, Legal Information institutes (LIIs) can use shared resources to assist other global and regional groupings of organisations involved in data privacy to achieve their objectives. Bodies established by legislation to protect privacy (DPAs, PEAs etc), now in nearly 100 countries, wish to be able to better access and compare decisions on similar issues, data privacy legislation, and commentary on same. Civil society bodies and academics want effective access to the same material.The World Legal Information Institute (WorldLII) provides free access, via cooperation between seventeen LIIs, to a considerable amount of this Information, sometimes as distinct databases, but just as often buried in very large generic databases of case law, legislation or scholarship. The challenge in building the International Privacy Law Library is to pre-select material potentially relevant to privacy issues to create a high value searchable global collection, but to do so on a low and sustainable budget.The resulting International Privacy Law Library contains over 15,000 documents. It is a combination of two main elements: (i) pre-selected databases, some maintained by active provision of data by DPAs/PEAs; and (ii) a set of ‘virtual’ databases (one each for case law, legislation, scholarship etc.) drawn from all other content found on the LIIs, which, once they are built, are self-maintaining (updated daily) and expand as relevant new content is added to any collaborating LII. The paper explains the method used to build ‘virtual’ databases, the content of the Library, and its usage.