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James M. Dietz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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estimating population sizes to evaluate progress in conservation of endangered golden lion tamarins Leontopithecus rosalia
PLOS ONE, 2019Co-Authors: Carlos R Ruizmiranda, Andreia Martins, Sarah J. Hankerson, Marcio M De Morais, Lou Ann Dietz, Brenda Da Rocha Alexandre, Luis Paulo Ferraz, Jennifer Mickelberg, James M. DietzAbstract:Efforts to reverse the decline of endangered golden lion tamarin monkeys have been relatively successful because the Brazilian organization dedicated to the species' conservation (Associacao Mico-Leao-Dourado, AMLD) relies on science-based computer modeling to determine the number of tamarins necessary to achieve demographic and genetic goals, and a process of strategic planning to achieve those goals. Accurate estimates of the numbers of tamarins in forest fragments are essential to evaluate progress in achieving goals and adapt strategies as necessary. In this report we present the results of a new method to survey the number of tamarins in the wild, a modification of the point transect with lures procedure. Using this method, we estimate that in 2014 there were approximately 3,700 golden lion tamarins in 41,400 hectares of Atlantic Forest. Of these, 59% are from remnant wild populations, 34% are descendants of captive-born reintroduced animals and 7% are descendants of wild translocated groups. The number of tamarins and amount of forest estimated in this survey exceeded values necessary to meet AMLD's definition of a viable population, determined to be 2,000 tamarins in 25,000 hectares of connected and protected forest. However, the seven forest blocks and their tamarin populations are not yet adequately connected and protected. AMLD's strategic plan to achieve a viable population of golden lion tamarins includes 12 strategies that mitigate these and other threats or contribute directly to the conservation goal. The point transect with lures survey method provides a way to evaluate progress in achieving that goal and adapt strategies as appropriate.
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Temporal genetic dynamics of reintroduced and translocated populations of the endangered golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia)
Conservation Genetics, 2017Co-Authors: Andreia Magro Moraes, Adriana D. Grativol, Maria Cecília M. Kierulff, Lucas A. Freitas, Milton Cezar Ribeiro, Carolina Carvalho, James M. Dietz, Carlos R. Ruiz-miranda, Pedro M. GalettiAbstract:Reintroductions—captive-born animals introduced into the species’ original distribution area—and translocations—free-living animals transferred to another location within the historical distribution area—are important conservation strategies for endangered species. Genetic analyses of 239 individuals from unmanaged, translocated and reintroduced populations of Leontopithecus rosalia were performed using 14 microsatellites. These samples were collected during two periods: (a) 1996–1997 (historic), when individuals were translocated and reintroduced into forest fragments in the lowland Atlantic Forest, and (b) 2007–09 (recent). We hypothesized that effective population size and genetic diversity would increase over time and that these management strategies would affect the resulting population genetic structure. We found trends indicating that the effective population size at the translocation site increased while that at the reintroduction sites diminished over time. The inbreeding coefficient of the translocated population diminished over time (from 0.38 to 0.03) and was much lower than that of the native (0.29) and reintroduced (0.13) recent populations. We observed a greater genetic admixture among the reintroduced sites on the historic sampling, as well as a strong genetic structure at the translocation site. In the recent sampling, the population structuring became more site-related suggesting low or inconsistent gene flow between sampling sites. This research highlights how conservation management decisions have an important influence on the genetic outcome of translocations and reintroductions. Future conservation planning should consider population genetic monitoring before and after management measures and maintain population connectivity thereafter to avoid the negative effects of a population size reduction.
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RESEARCH ARTICLE Social and Reproductive Factors Affecting Cortisol Levels in Wild Female Golden Lion Tamarins
2016Co-Authors: Karen L. Bales–n, Jeffrey A. French, Caroline M. Hostetler, James M. DietzAbstract:The steroid hormone cortisol has been associated with different levels of ‘‘stress’ ’ as well as different reproductive conditions in many primates. In callitrichids, cortisol has more often been reflective of female reproduc-tive status than of chronic stress. In this study, we addressed the hypothesis that wild golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia) females, whose social structure is characterized by low aggression and high social support, would not show rank (‘‘stress’’)-related differences in glucocorticoids but would show reproductive changes. We collected 710 fecal samples from 22 adult females in Poço das Antas Reserve, Brazil, and nearby reintroduction areas, and assayed them for cortisol. Differences in cortisol levels were found between different reproductive conditions. Females in the first trimester of pregnancy had lower cortisol levels than nonpregnant females, although we did not differentiate between basal and ovulating levels in nonpregnant females. Cortisol rose in the third trimester of pregnancy. Primiparous females had a highe
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High rates of pregnancy loss by subordinates leads to high reproductive skew in wild golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia)
Hormones and behavior, 2013Co-Authors: Ma Linda D. Henry, Jeffrey A. French, Sarah J. Hankerson, Jennifer M. Siani, James M. DietzAbstract:Across taxa, cooperative breeding has been associated with high reproductive skew. Cooperatively breeding golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia) were long thought to have a monogynous mating system in which reproduction was limited to a single dominant female. Subordinates with few reproductive opportunities delayed dispersal and remained in the natal group to provide alloparental care to siblings, thus allowing dominant reproductive females to meet the energetic needs associated with high rates of reproduction and successful infant rearing. The goal of this study was to re-assess monogyny in wild golden lion tamarin groups based upon pregnancy diagnoses that used non-invasive enzyme immunoassay for progesterone and cortisol, combined with weekly data on individual weight gain, bi-annual physical examinations noting pregnancy and lactation status and daily behavioral observations. We established quantitative and qualitative criteria to detect and determine the timing of pregnancies that did not result in the birth of infants. Pregnancy polygyny occurred in 83% of golden lion tamarin groups studied. The loss of 64% of subordinate pregnancies compared to only 15% by dominant females limited reproductive success mainly to dominant females, thus maintaining high reproductive skew in female golden lion tamarins. Pregnancy loss by subordinate adults did not appear to result from dominant interference in subordinate hormonal mechanisms, but more likely resulted from subordinate abandonment of newborn infants to mitigate dominant aggression.
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the golden lion tamarin Leontopithecus rosalia a conservation success story
International Zoo Yearbook, 2012Co-Authors: M C M Kierulff, James M. Dietz, Benjamin B Beck, Carlos R Ruizmiranda, Procopio P De Oliveira, Ana C Martins, D M Rambaldi, Andrew J BakerAbstract:In 1960, the Golden lion tamarin Leontopithecus rosalia was almost extinct in the wild and the captive population, with poor reproduction and survival, was not well established. In the 1970s, after many improvements, the captive population began to grow and the Poco das Antas Biological Reserve was created to protect the species. In the 1980s, long-term research was begun on the demography and socio-ecology of the Golden lion tamarins, along with community environmental education and a reintroduction programme of captive-born animals (initially in the reserve, later in neighbouring private forests). About 30 zoos contributed the 146 captive-born reintroduced tamarins, and provided information on social behaviour, nutrition and health that was critical to developing reintroduction strategies. In 1994, threatened groups isolated in small fragments were rescued and translocated to a protected forest. Both programmes have been successful as measured by survival and reproduction after release, and both techniques have established growing populations. Although new threats (introduction of exotic primates) continue to challenge our efforts to preserve the species, there is no doubt of the success of almost 30 years of the Golden Lion Tamarin Conservation Programme.
Carlos R Ruizmiranda - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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estimating population sizes to evaluate progress in conservation of endangered golden lion tamarins Leontopithecus rosalia
PLOS ONE, 2019Co-Authors: Carlos R Ruizmiranda, Andreia Martins, Sarah J. Hankerson, Marcio M De Morais, Lou Ann Dietz, Brenda Da Rocha Alexandre, Luis Paulo Ferraz, Jennifer Mickelberg, James M. DietzAbstract:Efforts to reverse the decline of endangered golden lion tamarin monkeys have been relatively successful because the Brazilian organization dedicated to the species' conservation (Associacao Mico-Leao-Dourado, AMLD) relies on science-based computer modeling to determine the number of tamarins necessary to achieve demographic and genetic goals, and a process of strategic planning to achieve those goals. Accurate estimates of the numbers of tamarins in forest fragments are essential to evaluate progress in achieving goals and adapt strategies as necessary. In this report we present the results of a new method to survey the number of tamarins in the wild, a modification of the point transect with lures procedure. Using this method, we estimate that in 2014 there were approximately 3,700 golden lion tamarins in 41,400 hectares of Atlantic Forest. Of these, 59% are from remnant wild populations, 34% are descendants of captive-born reintroduced animals and 7% are descendants of wild translocated groups. The number of tamarins and amount of forest estimated in this survey exceeded values necessary to meet AMLD's definition of a viable population, determined to be 2,000 tamarins in 25,000 hectares of connected and protected forest. However, the seven forest blocks and their tamarin populations are not yet adequately connected and protected. AMLD's strategic plan to achieve a viable population of golden lion tamarins includes 12 strategies that mitigate these and other threats or contribute directly to the conservation goal. The point transect with lures survey method provides a way to evaluate progress in achieving that goal and adapt strategies as appropriate.
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food offering calls in wild golden lion tamarins Leontopithecus rosalia evidence for teaching behavior
International Journal of Primatology, 2018Co-Authors: Camille A. Troisi, William J. E. Hoppitt, Carlos R Ruizmiranda, Kevin N. LalandAbstract:Many animals emit calls in the presence of food, but researchers do not always know the function of these calls. Evidence suggests that adult golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia) use food-offering calls to teach juveniles which substrate (i.e., microhabitat) to forage on, or in, for food. However, we do not yet know whether juveniles learn from this aspect of the adults’ behavior. Here we examine whether juveniles learn to associate food-offering calls with a foraging substrate, as a step toward assessing whether these calls qualify as teaching behavior. We compared the performance of four wild juvenile golden lion tamarins that were introduced to a novel substrate while exposed to playbacks of food-offering calls (experimental condition) to the performance of three juveniles that were exposed to the novel substrate without the presence of food-offering playbacks (control condition). We varied the location of the novel substrate between trials. We found that food-offering calls had an immediate effect on juveniles’ interactions with the novel substrate, whether they inserted their hands into the substrate and their eating behavior, and a long-term effect on eating behavior at the substrate. The findings imply that juvenile golden lion tamarins can learn through food-offering calls about the availability of food at a substrate, which is consistent with (but does not prove) teaching in golden lion tamarins through stimulus enhancement. Our findings support the hypothesis that teaching might be more likely to evolve in cooperatively breeding species with complex ecological niches.
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the golden lion tamarin Leontopithecus rosalia a conservation success story
International Zoo Yearbook, 2012Co-Authors: M C M Kierulff, James M. Dietz, Benjamin B Beck, Carlos R Ruizmiranda, Procopio P De Oliveira, Ana C Martins, D M Rambaldi, Andrew J BakerAbstract:In 1960, the Golden lion tamarin Leontopithecus rosalia was almost extinct in the wild and the captive population, with poor reproduction and survival, was not well established. In the 1970s, after many improvements, the captive population began to grow and the Poco das Antas Biological Reserve was created to protect the species. In the 1980s, long-term research was begun on the demography and socio-ecology of the Golden lion tamarins, along with community environmental education and a reintroduction programme of captive-born animals (initially in the reserve, later in neighbouring private forests). About 30 zoos contributed the 146 captive-born reintroduced tamarins, and provided information on social behaviour, nutrition and health that was critical to developing reintroduction strategies. In 1994, threatened groups isolated in small fragments were rescued and translocated to a protected forest. Both programmes have been successful as measured by survival and reproduction after release, and both techniques have established growing populations. Although new threats (introduction of exotic primates) continue to challenge our efforts to preserve the species, there is no doubt of the success of almost 30 years of the Golden Lion Tamarin Conservation Programme.
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degradation characteristics of golden lion tamarin Leontopithecus rosalia two phrase long calls implications for call detection and ranging in the evergreen forest
Bioacoustics-the International Journal of Animal Sound and Its Recording, 2011Co-Authors: Vera Sabatini, Carlos R Ruizmiranda, Torben DabelsteenAbstract:ABSTRACT Neotropical primates have evolved long calls, which have a role in spacing and cohesion of groups. Detection and “reading” of long calls as well as ranging of calling individuals seem essential for this role. This study used sound propagation experiments to investigate habitat caused degradation of long calls of the Golden Lion Tamarin Leontopithecus rosalia and its implications for “reading” and ranging long calls of calling tamarins. The experiments were made in lowland, evergreen forest in Brazil. Synthesized copies of natural sounds were broadcast and re-recorded using different combinations of microphone and speaker heights of 2.0 and 7.5 m and distances of 2.5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 m. Excess attenuation, blurring, signal-to-noise ratio and energy of tail of echoes were quantified. The highest frequency sounds attenuated most at all distances, showing the lowest signal-to-noise ratio. The more effective sound propagation at 2.0 m (below the canopy and in the upper part of the dense undergrowth ...
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acoustical aspects of the propagation of long calls of wild Leontopithecus rosalia
International Journal of Primatology, 2008Co-Authors: Vera Sabatini, Carlos R RuizmirandaAbstract:Golden lion tamarins emit conspicuous and complex long calls. Little is known about the propagation distance of the calls, and the knowledge is important to understand the function of long calls. The high-frequency spectrum of the calls renders them susceptible to substantial degradation inside forest habitats. We investigated 1) the propagation distance of the long call and if the height from the ground affects the degree of degradation and 2) whether long-call acoustic variation affects the propagation distance. We conducted a playback study of 7 2-phrase long calls recorded at different distances (20, 40, 80, 120 m) and heights above ground (2 m and 7.5 m) in 3 transects of Brazilian Atlantic Forest. We quantified the degradation by measuring differences in the number of syllables and frequency measures of the calls at each distance. Degradation became significant at 80 m; the calls degraded below background noise at 120 m. The degradation of syllables was lower for recordings at 7.5 m above ground. The frequency spectra of the calls influenced significantly the propagation distance of the call. Because of the short propagation distance of long calls relative to territory size, we hypothesize that long calls may be adapted to avoiding ambient noise and that they evolved first for intragroup communication and then for territorial defense.
Benjamin B Beck - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the golden lion tamarin Leontopithecus rosalia a conservation success story
International Zoo Yearbook, 2012Co-Authors: M C M Kierulff, James M. Dietz, Benjamin B Beck, Carlos R Ruizmiranda, Procopio P De Oliveira, Ana C Martins, D M Rambaldi, Andrew J BakerAbstract:In 1960, the Golden lion tamarin Leontopithecus rosalia was almost extinct in the wild and the captive population, with poor reproduction and survival, was not well established. In the 1970s, after many improvements, the captive population began to grow and the Poco das Antas Biological Reserve was created to protect the species. In the 1980s, long-term research was begun on the demography and socio-ecology of the Golden lion tamarins, along with community environmental education and a reintroduction programme of captive-born animals (initially in the reserve, later in neighbouring private forests). About 30 zoos contributed the 146 captive-born reintroduced tamarins, and provided information on social behaviour, nutrition and health that was critical to developing reintroduction strategies. In 1994, threatened groups isolated in small fragments were rescued and translocated to a protected forest. Both programmes have been successful as measured by survival and reproduction after release, and both techniques have established growing populations. Although new threats (introduction of exotic primates) continue to challenge our efforts to preserve the species, there is no doubt of the success of almost 30 years of the Golden Lion Tamarin Conservation Programme.
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Prevalence and intensity of intestinal helminths found in free-ranging golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia, Primates, Callitrichidae) from Brazilian Atlantic forest.
Veterinary Parasitology, 2007Co-Authors: Rafael V Monteiro, James M. Dietz, Andrew J Baker, Benjamin B Beck, Andreia Martins, Ana Maria JansenAbstract:Helminth identification and egg counts were performed in 316 fecal samples during 4 years in 199 golden lion tamarins (GLTs), Leontopithecus rosalia, from two Brazilian conservation units. Tamarin sex and age, area of occurrence and helminth co-infection were tested as potential factors that could affect helminth prevalence and egg shedding in host individuals. Three nematodes species were found at low prevalences but not in both conservation units: Ancylostomatidae (12%), Ascarididae (1%) and Tripanoxyuris minutus, an Oxyuridae (4%). Three other species had high prevalences and were found in both conservation units: one acanthocephalan, Oncicola sp. (30%), and two nematodes, Spiruridae (24%), and Trichostrongylidae (31%). These three latter helminths had distinct prevalences between the conservation units, probably due to differences in availability of helminth infective stages in each area. Prevalences were greater in females for all helminth species; this was especially the case for Oncicola sp. Sex and age differences in helminth prevalence may be associated with changes in sexual steroid levels that accompany age and reproductive status. Frequency of simultaneous infections by the two helminths considered most pathogenic (Oncicola and Trichostrongylidae) were statistically lower than expected; this may be related to: (i) higher tamarin death rate caused by the association; (ii) differences in exposure to helminth infective stages in the various areas of occurrence; (iii) and competition between these helminth species. All helminth species followed a negative binomial distribution, with stronger clumping occurring in Trichostrongylidae and in female GLTs. Distinct transmission strategies of Oncicola sp. and Spiruridae, in contrast with Trichostrongylidae, may partially explain the different clumping levels of these helminths in GLTs. Mean fecal egg counts of all helminths were not different between GLT sexes, ages or areas of occurrence. The three most common helminth species may be a threat to isolated or dense GLT populations.
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behavioral and ecological interactions between reintroduced golden lion tamarins Leontopithecus rosalia linnaeus 1766 and introduced marmosets callithrix spp linnaeus 1758 in brazil s atlantic coast forest fragments
Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 2006Co-Authors: Carlos R Ruizmiranda, Andreia Martins, Adriana Gomes Affonso, Marcio M De Morais, Carlos Eduardo Verona, Benjamin B BeckAbstract:Marmosets (Callithrix spp.) have been introduced widely in areas within Rio de Janeiro state assigned for the reintroduction of the endangered golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia). The objetives of this study were to estimate the marmoset (CM) population in two fragments with reintroduced golden lion tamarin to quantify the association and characterize the interactions between species. The CM population density (0,09 ind/ha) was higher than that of the golden lion tamarin (0,06 ind/ha). The mean association index between tamarins and marmosets varied among groups and seasons (winter=62% and summer=35%). During the winter, competition resulted in increases in territorial and foraging behavior when associated with marmosets. Evidence of benefits during the summer was reduced adult vigilance while associated to marmosets. Golden lion tamarins were also observed feeding on gums obtained from tree gouges made by the marmosets. Marmosets represented a threat for the conservation of golden lion tamarins.
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changes in locomotor and foraging skills in captive born reintroduced golden lion tamarins Leontopithecus rosalia rosalia
American Journal of Primatology, 2004Co-Authors: Tara S Stoinski, Benjamin B BeckAbstract:The behavior of reintroduced, captive-born animals is understudied, limiting the scientific understanding and utility of reintroduction as a conservation tool. This work describes changes in locomotor and foraging behaviors in captive-born golden lion tamarins over the first 18 months after their release into the wild. The subjects included 73 individuals living in and around the Poco das Antas Biological Reserve in Brazil between 1984 and 1996. The differences between animals that survived 6 months after release and those that did not indicate that initial deficiencies in locomotor and foraging abilities are related to survival. Behavioral changes in both juvenile and adult individuals during the first 6 and 18 months after release appear to be primarily related to locomotor abilities; however, the effect of provisioning on foraging abilities is unknown. Juvenile animals showed a larger number of changes relative to adults during the first 6 and 18 months, suggesting that placing tamarins into complex environments early in development may promote the expression of natural behaviors and increase survival opportunities after their release. However, when this is not possible, the best mechanism for reintroducing adult members of this species involves intensive post-release support rather than pre-release training, which confers few behavioral advantages. Recommendations for future reintroductions with this and other species include introducing animals to complex environments early in development, and collecting data systematically.
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spontaneous tool use in captive free ranging golden lion tamarins Leontopithecus rosalia rosalia
Primates, 2001Co-Authors: Tara S Stoinski, Benjamin B BeckAbstract:Two types of tool use were observed in eight captive, free-ranging golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia rosalia). All eight individuals used twigs and/or radio collar antennae to pry bark from trees and probe crevices, presumably for invertebrates. Three individuals used tools for grooming. In two animals, antennae were used as grooming tools while the third individual used a stick while grooming. The complexity of the free-ranging environment may have played a role in the expression of tool use behavior in these animals, as tool use has never been observed in captive tamarins living in traditional enclosures or wild tamarins. Social transmission may be one of the mechanisms responsible for the acquisition of tool use — six of the eight tool users resided in two social groups, and the only two individuals that used antennae as grooming tools were a bonded pair. These are the first published observations of tool use by golden lion tamarins or any callitrichid in a non-experimental setting and provide further data supporting the theory of a link between extractive foraging and tool use.
Mj. Lapenta - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Research Article The Fate of Seeds Dispersed by Golden Lion Tamarins
2015Co-Authors: Mj. Lapenta, Paula Procópio-de-oliveiraAbstract:Frugivores, as seed dispersers may influence the spatial patterns of adult and juvenile plants, but a large portion of the potential recruitment of plant populations is lost to seed predators. The majority of seeds dispersed by primates are killed by seed predators or moved by secondary dispersers. Little is known about post-dispersal seed-predation and seedling distribution of exploited plant species. This study iinvestigated the survival and establishment of seedlings from seeds defecated by the golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia), a frugivorous endemic primate of the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. Two groups of golden lion tamarins were studied in the União Biological Reserve from April 2003 to March 2004. Seeds from fruits consumed by tamarins and collected from their feces were evaluated with respect to the following: germination success, seed disappearance or secondary dispersal on the forest floor, seed predation, and seedling establishment and survival for the length of the study period. The tamarin groups consumed 88 fruit species. Of these, 38 were used to run 107 experiments which indicated that more than 50 % of the seeds disappeared, about 15 % died before germinating and seeds of 22 species reached the seedling stage. At the end of the study, only 15 of these species still had surviving seedlings. Studies on seed fate are important for understanding the role of the golden lion tamarind in the natural process of forest regeneration in the lowland Atlanti
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Frugivoria e dispersão de sementes por Micos-Leões-Dourados (Leontopithecus rosalia) em um fragmento florestal na Mata Atlântica, Brasil
Instituto Internacional de Ecologia, 2008Co-Authors: Mj. Lapenta, ProcÓpio-de-oliveira P., Kierulff Mcm., Jc. Motta-juniorAbstract:The influence of the golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia) as a seed disperser was studied by monitoring two groups of tamarins from December 1998 to December 2000 (871.9 hours of observations) in a forest fragment in south-east Brazil. The tamarins consumed fruits of 57 species from at least 17 families. They ingested the seeds of 39 species, and 23 of these were put to germinate in the laboratory and/or in the field. L. rosalia is a legitimate seed disperser because the seeds of all species tested germinated after ingestion, albeit some in low percentages. These primates do not show a consistent effect in final seed germination, because they benefit some species while damaging others. Feces were examined for seeds that had been preyed upon or digested.A influência do mico-leão-dourado (Leontopithecus rosalia) como dispersor de sementes foi estudada através do monitoramento de dois grupos de micos de dezembro de 1998 a dezembro de 2000 (871,9 horas de observações) em um fragmento florestal no Sudeste do Brasil. Os micos consumiram frutos de 57 espécies de pelo menos 17 famílias. Eles ingeriram sementes de 39 espécies, e 23 destas foram colocadas para germinar no laboratório e/ou no campo. L. rosalia é um dispersor de sementes legítimo porque sementes de todas as espécies testadas germinaram após a ingestão, mesmo que em baixas porcentagens. Esses primatas não apresentam um efeito consistente na germinação final de sementes, porque beneficiam algumas espécies enquanto prejudicam outras. Sementes predadas ou digeridas foram procuradas nas fezes.FAPESPUSAIDWWF-BrasilMMA - CNP
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Frugivoria e dispersão de sementes por Micos-Leões-Dourados (Leontopithecus rosalia) em um fragmento florestal na Mata Atlântica, Brasil
Instituto Internacional de Ecologia, 2008Co-Authors: Mj. Lapenta, ProcÓpio-de-oliveira P., Kierulff Mcm., Jc. Motta-juniorAbstract:The influence of the golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia) as a seed disperser was studied by monitoring two groups of tamarins from December 1998 to December 2000 (871.9 hours of observations) in a forest fragment in south-east Brazil. The tamarins consumed fruits of 57 species from at least 17 families. They ingested the seeds of 39 species, and 23 of these were put to germinate in the laboratory and/or in the field. L. rosalia is a legitimate seed disperser because the seeds of all species tested germinated after ingestion, albeit some in low percentages. These primates do not show a consistent effect in final seed germination, because they benefit some species while damaging others. Feces were examined for seeds that had been preyed upon or digested.A influência do mico-leão-dourado (Leontopithecus rosalia) como dispersor de sementes foi estudada através do monitoramento de dois grupos de micos de dezembro de 1998 a dezembro de 2000 (871,9 horas de observações) em um fragmento florestal no Sudeste do Brasil. Os micos consumiram frutos de 57 espécies de pelo menos 17 famílias. Eles ingeriram sementes de 39 espécies, e 23 destas foram colocadas para germinar no laboratório e/ou no campo. L. rosalia é um dispersor de sementes legítimo porque sementes de todas as espécies testadas germinaram após a ingestão, mesmo que em baixas porcentagens. Esses primatas não apresentam um efeito consistente na germinação final de sementes, porque beneficiam algumas espécies enquanto prejudicam outras. Sementes predadas ou digeridas foram procuradas nas fezes
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Frugivory, Primary and Secondary Dispersal of seeds eaten by Golden Lion Tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia) in the União Biological Reserve, RJ.
'American Psychological Association (APA)', 2007Co-Authors: Mj. LapentaAbstract:Os animais frugívoros podem influenciar padrões de distribuição espacial de plantas jovens e adultas, mas parte do recrutamento de uma população vegetal é perdida pela predação de sementes, sendo esta a principal força ecológica e evolutiva que afeta as comunidades vegetais. A maioria das sementes dispersadas por primatas na floresta é morta por predadores de sementes ou movida por dispersores secundários, alterando a sombra de sementes original. Pouco se sabe sobre as interações complexas entre a dispersão e predação de sementes, visto que poucos trabalhos foram realizados sobre a relação entre a dispersão de sementes por frugívoros, e a distribuição das plântulas das espécies consumidas. Para que Planos de Conservação possam ser desenvolvidos, as relações entre a fauna de frugívoros e a vegetação, e a estrutura das Florestas Tropicais devem ser bem entendidas. Na Reserva Biológica União dois grupos de micos-leões-dourados foram acompanhados mensalmente durante três dias cada um, de abril de 2003 a março de 2004 do momento em que deixaram o local de dormida, até o fim de suas atividades no final do dia. Outros grupos foram acompanhados esporadicamente entre agosto de 2004 e janeiro de 2005. Todas as árvores visitadas foram marcadas e amostras dos frutos foram coletadas para identificação e experimentos de germinação. As sementes retiradas dos frutos foram colocadas para germinar em comparação com sementes provenientes das fezes dos micos, ou sementes cuspidas por estes. As sementes foram acompanhadas na mata, quanto à germinação, desaparecimento ou dispersão secundária, predação, mortalidade, sobrevivência e estabelecimento de plântulas. Além disso, foi feito o acompanhamento fenológico de 791 árvores de espécies consumidas pelos micos-leões, de julho de 2003 a junho de 2004. Durante o período de estudo os grupos se alimentaram de 88 espécies de frutos de pelo menos 18 famílias, engolindo as sementes de 43 espécies e cuspindo as sementes de 45 espécies. Cento e sete experimentos foram realizados com 1711 sementes de 38 espécies de frutos (28 espécies de sementes engolidas e dez espécies de sementes cuspidas). No período de estudo mais de 50% das sementes (> 3 mm) dos experimentos desapareceram e cerca de 15% morreram antes de germinar. Vinte e duas espécies tiveram sementes germinando na mata e desenvolveram plântulas, mas no final do estudo apenas 15 dessas espécies ainda apresentavam plântulas sobreviventes. Para melhor se estabelecer se os predadores ou dispersores secundários das sementes depositadas pelos micos-leões-dourados são vertebrados ou invertebrados foram montados experimentos com gaiolas de exclusão de sementes. Outros aspectos quantitativos e qualitativos da dispersão de sementes foram analisados, incluindo a caracterização das deposições, tempo de passagem das sementes pelo trato digestório dos micos, distância e habitat de dispersão e outros. O mico-leão-dourado (Leontopithecus rosalia) é uma espécie frugívora e endêmica da Mata Atlântica, e o presente estudo é o primeiro a acompanhar a sobrevivência e crescimento de plântulas provenientes das fezes desse primata, detalhando a sua importância como dispersor de sementes. Estudos sobre o destino das sementes defecadas são fundamentais para a conservação do mico-leão e do seu habitat, a Mata Atlântica de baixada costeira do estado do Rio de Janeiro, um dos ecossistemas mais ameaçados do planeta.The frugivores may influence spatial patterns of adults and juvenile plants, and a great portion of the potential recruitment of plant populations is lost to seed predators. The majority of seeds dispersed by primates on forest is killed by seed predators or moved by secondary dispersers. Little is known about the complex interaction between seed dispersal and post-dispersal seed-predation, and few researches were done on the relation between seed dispersal by animals and seedling distribution of exploited plant species. The golden-lion-tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia) is a frugivorous endemic species of Atlantic Forest. This research will be the first to consider the survivor and establishment of seedlings from golden-lion-tamarins feces, studying the importance of this primate as seed disperser, ensuring the preservation of the Atlantic Forest, one of the most threatened ecosystems in the world. Two groups of golden lion tamarins were monthly studied in the União Biological Reserve three days each one, from April 2003 to March 2004 since left sleeping site until finished their activities at the end of the day. Other groups were sporadically monitored from August 2004 to January 2005. All visited trees were marked and samples of fruits were collected for identification and germination experiments. Seeds from fruits and from tamarins feces or spitted out were put to germinate. The seeds were studies to verify the germination, disappearance or secondary dispersion, predation, mortality and survival and establishment of the seedlings. Beside that, 791 trees from eaten species were studied from July 2003 to June 2004 to collect phenological data. During study period the groups ate 88 fruit species from at least 16 families, ingesting seeds of 43 species and spitting seeds from 45 species. A Hundred and seven experiments were conducted with 1711 seeds of 38 fruit species (28 species of ingested species and 10 species of spitted seeds). During study period more than 50% of seeds (> 3 mm) disappeared from experiments, and about 15% died before germinating. Twenty two species had seeds germinating on forest and until seedling stage, but at the end of the study only 15 of these species still had seedling surviving. To determine if the seed predators or secondary dispersers of seeds deposited by tamarins are vertebrate or invertebrate, experiments with seed exclosure cage were established. Others qualitatively and quantitatively aspects of seed dispersal were considered, including feces deposition, time of gut passage, distance and habitat of seed deposition and others. The golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia) is a frugivore and endemic species of Atlantic Forest and this study is the first to attend the survival and establishment of seedlings from tamarins feces, and the tamarins importance as a seed disperser. Studies on seed fate are important to the conservation of golden lion tamarins and his habitat, the lowland Atlantic Forest of the state of Rio de Janeiro, one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world
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"The golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia) as a seed dispersal in the Uniao Biological Reserve, Rio das Ostras, RJ"
Universidade de São Paulo, 2002Co-Authors: Mj. LapentaAbstract:O papel do mico-leão-dourado ( Leontopithecus rosalia) como dispersor de sementes na Reserva Biológica União foi avaliado pelo acompanhamento mensal de dois grupos de micos, de dezembro de 1998 a dezembro de 2000, num total de 871,9h de observações no campo. No período de estudo os micos se alimentaram dos frutos de 57 espécies de árvores de pelo menos 17 famílias, ingerindo sementes de 39 espécies,das quais 23 foram colocadas para germinar em laboratório e/ou no campo. Leontopithecus rosalia pode ser considerado como agente dispersor legítimo para as espécies estadas, porque as sementes de todas as espécies germinaram, mesmo que em baixas porcentagens, após a ingestão. Também foi avaliada a velocidade de germinação das sementes. Estes primatas não apresentam um efeito consistente na germinação final de sementes, pois beneficiam algumas espécies, enquanto prejudicam a porcentagem e/ou velocidade da germinação de outras. Para as espécies de frutos mais consumidas foram anotados o tamanho e formato das sementes engolidas, o número de árvores visitadas, além dos hábitats de ocorrência das árvores e dos locais onde as fezes foram depositadas. O tempo de retenção das sementes no trato digestório e a distância de dispersão foram medidos, bem como foram procuradas sementes predadas e digeridas nas fezes. O tempo médio de passagem para as sementes das espécies ingeridas foi de 1,1 + 0,3h e a distância média de dispersão de 107,8 + 70,6m, sendo que de modo geral as sementes dispersadas por mamíferos não são depositadas próximo às árvores parentais. O hábitat de deposição das fezes foi adequado para a germinação das sementes para 88,9% das espécies testadas, estando de acordo com o ambiente das árvores visitadas pelos micos-leões. O mico-leãodourado é um dos primatas mais ameaçados de extinção do mundo, e estudos sobre seu comportamento e ecologia irão contribuir para a preservação da espécie, de seu hábitat, e da Reserva Biológica União, uma das últimas áreas de Mata Atlântica de Baixada Costeira do Estado do Rio de Janeiro.The role of the golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia) as a seed disperser was studied in União Biological Reserve. Two groups of golden lion tamarins were studied during 24 months from December 1988 to December 2000, on a total of 871.9h. During the study period the tamarins fed on fruits of 57 species of trees at least from 17 families. Seeds from 39 species were ingested, and of them, 23 were put to germinate in lab and/or in the field. Leontopithecus rosalia can be considered as a legitimate seed disperser for the tested species, because seeds of all species germinated after ingestion, even in low ercentages. It was still considered the seed germination velocity. These primates do not have a consistent effect on seed germination, since benefit the germination percentage and/or velocity of some species and decrease of others. It was noted the size and shape of swallowed seeds from most frequently eaten species, the total number of visited trees, the habitat where these trees occur and where the faeces were deposited. The retention time of the seeds in the gut and the dispersion distance was noted, and damage and digested seeds were searched in the faeces. The mean time of gut passage from seeds of ingested species was 1.1+0.3h and the mean distance of dispersion was 107.8 + 70.6m, and the seeds dispersed by mammals were not usually defecated near the parental trees. The habitats of faecal deposition and of visited trees were the same in 88.9% of tested species, being possibly appropriated for seed germination and establishment. The golden-liontamarin is one of the most threatened primates in the world, and studies on their behaviour and ecology will contribute to preserve the species the habitat, and the União Biological Reserve, one of the last areas of lowland Atlantic Forest of southeast Brazil
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the golden lion tamarin Leontopithecus rosalia a conservation success story
International Zoo Yearbook, 2012Co-Authors: M C M Kierulff, James M. Dietz, Benjamin B Beck, Carlos R Ruizmiranda, Procopio P De Oliveira, Ana C Martins, D M Rambaldi, Andrew J BakerAbstract:In 1960, the Golden lion tamarin Leontopithecus rosalia was almost extinct in the wild and the captive population, with poor reproduction and survival, was not well established. In the 1970s, after many improvements, the captive population began to grow and the Poco das Antas Biological Reserve was created to protect the species. In the 1980s, long-term research was begun on the demography and socio-ecology of the Golden lion tamarins, along with community environmental education and a reintroduction programme of captive-born animals (initially in the reserve, later in neighbouring private forests). About 30 zoos contributed the 146 captive-born reintroduced tamarins, and provided information on social behaviour, nutrition and health that was critical to developing reintroduction strategies. In 1994, threatened groups isolated in small fragments were rescued and translocated to a protected forest. Both programmes have been successful as measured by survival and reproduction after release, and both techniques have established growing populations. Although new threats (introduction of exotic primates) continue to challenge our efforts to preserve the species, there is no doubt of the success of almost 30 years of the Golden Lion Tamarin Conservation Programme.
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Prevalence and intensity of intestinal helminths found in free-ranging golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia, Primates, Callitrichidae) from Brazilian Atlantic forest.
Veterinary Parasitology, 2007Co-Authors: Rafael V Monteiro, James M. Dietz, Andrew J Baker, Benjamin B Beck, Andreia Martins, Ana Maria JansenAbstract:Helminth identification and egg counts were performed in 316 fecal samples during 4 years in 199 golden lion tamarins (GLTs), Leontopithecus rosalia, from two Brazilian conservation units. Tamarin sex and age, area of occurrence and helminth co-infection were tested as potential factors that could affect helminth prevalence and egg shedding in host individuals. Three nematodes species were found at low prevalences but not in both conservation units: Ancylostomatidae (12%), Ascarididae (1%) and Tripanoxyuris minutus, an Oxyuridae (4%). Three other species had high prevalences and were found in both conservation units: one acanthocephalan, Oncicola sp. (30%), and two nematodes, Spiruridae (24%), and Trichostrongylidae (31%). These three latter helminths had distinct prevalences between the conservation units, probably due to differences in availability of helminth infective stages in each area. Prevalences were greater in females for all helminth species; this was especially the case for Oncicola sp. Sex and age differences in helminth prevalence may be associated with changes in sexual steroid levels that accompany age and reproductive status. Frequency of simultaneous infections by the two helminths considered most pathogenic (Oncicola and Trichostrongylidae) were statistically lower than expected; this may be related to: (i) higher tamarin death rate caused by the association; (ii) differences in exposure to helminth infective stages in the various areas of occurrence; (iii) and competition between these helminth species. All helminth species followed a negative binomial distribution, with stronger clumping occurring in Trichostrongylidae and in female GLTs. Distinct transmission strategies of Oncicola sp. and Spiruridae, in contrast with Trichostrongylidae, may partially explain the different clumping levels of these helminths in GLTs. Mean fecal egg counts of all helminths were not different between GLT sexes, ages or areas of occurrence. The three most common helminth species may be a threat to isolated or dense GLT populations.
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Endocrine Monitoring of Wild Dominant and Subordinate Female Leontopithecus rosalia
International Journal of Primatology, 2003Co-Authors: Jeffrey A. French, Karen L. Bales, Andrew J Baker, James M. DietzAbstract:In captive callitrichid primates, female reproductive function tends to vary with social status. However, little is known about the interplay between these factors in wild groups. We report observations on normative ovarian function in dominant and subordinate female golden lion tamarins ( Leontopithecus rosalia ) living in wild groups. We monitored ovarian status by measuring, via enzyme immunoassay, concentrations of excreted pregnanediol glucuronide (PdG) and estrone conjugates (E_1C) in fecal samples collected noninvasively from individuals in social groups in the Poço das Antas Biological Reserve, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Dominant breeding females demonstrated steroid levels similar to those previously reported for wild cotton-top tamarin females, with statistically significant rises during pregnancy. The duration of elevation of fecal steroids in breeding females was ca. 4 mo, which corresponds with estimates of gestation from captive studies. Low steroid concentrations from December to June suggest a seasonally-related period of infertility in female golden lion tamarins. Dominant and subordinate females demonstrated several differences in endocrine function. In general, younger females living in intact natal family groups showed no evidence of ovarian cyclicity. We noted endocrine profiles consistent with ovulation and subsequent pregnancy for behaviorally subordinate females living in groups with unrelated males or in which a reversal in female dominance status occurred. Results suggest that in addition to changes in female reproductive endocrinology associated with puberty, the regulation of reproduction in females in wild callitrichid groups can be sensitive to status and relatedness to breeding males.
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food transfers in wild and reintroduced golden lion tamarins Leontopithecus rosalia
American Journal of Primatology, 1999Co-Authors: Adriana D. Grativol, James M. Dietz, Andrew J Baker, Devra G Kleiman, Carlos R Ruizmiranda, Ezequiel Moraes, Benjamin B BeckAbstract:We collected data from wild and reintroduced golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia) to describe the behavior of donor and recipient during food transfers, evaluate the effect of supplemental feeding on food transfer behavior, and examine various hypotheses concerning the function of food transfers in primates. Behavioral observations were conducted on 12 groups of tamarins with young (N = 30) between the ages of 1 week and 1 year old. Results show that food transfers involve various behaviors, from steals by recipients to offers by donors; transfers mostly derive from adults and are directed at immature weaned young (between 3 and 9 months old); and that most items transferred were prey or fruits that require skill to process. Eleven percent of food transfers were preceded by an adult vocalization specific to that context, whereas 86% were preceded by conspicuous infant vocalizations and begging behavior. The most common vocalizations were loud and atonal (rasps) and broad banded frequency modulated (trills). Infants born to reintroduced parents vocalized less, whereas reintroduced adults vocalized more before transferring food than their wild counterparts. Reintroduced adults and young received more food transfers (4.4 per hr) than did wild-born adults and young (2.2 per hr). Our findings suggest that food transfer in golden lion tamarins is best understood as provisioning of young that have not fully developed foraging skills to ensure they get the necessary resources for growth and survival.
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radiographic evaluation of diaphragmatic defects in golden lion tamarins Leontopithecus rosalia rosalia implications for reintroduction
Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 1996Co-Authors: Mitchell Bush, James M. Dietz, Andrew J Baker, Benjamin B Beck, Alcides Pissinatti, Everette A James, Lyndsay Phillips, Richard J MontaliAbstract:Diaphragmatic defects of suspected familial origin have been documented in captive golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia rosalia). This defect was of concern to a multidisci plinary reintroduction program. Plain radiographs taken prior to reintroduction failed to identify an individual with a hernia. A radiographie technique using an inverted contrast peritonealogram was developed using an i.p. injection of radiopaque contrast medium to outline the abdominal contour of the diaphragm when the anesthetized tamarin was in an inverted (head down) position. The inverted contrast peritonealogram was used to evaluate the diaphragmatic contours of 260 golden lion tamarins (155 from the National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C., 10 from the Rio de Janeiro Primate Center, and 95 free-living in the Poco das Antas Reserve, Brazil). The diaphragmatic contours ranged from smooth and symmetrical to variations of a wavy appearance, out-pocketing, and/or differential elevations of the hemidiaphragm. No true diaphragmatic hernias were detected, but the more severe abnormalities in the diaphragmatic contour were consistent with eventration of the diaphragm. The diaphragmatic contours were graded from 0 to 5 based on the type and degree of irregularity present. The highest grade observed in the 95 free-living golden lion tamarins was 3, seen in only two individuals (3%) compared with 55 individuals (35%) with a grade 3 at the National Zoological Park. This comparison precipitated the decision that no golden lion tamarin with a diaphragmatic contour of grade 4 or 5 (considered a major defect) would be reintroduced. This decision was made in an attempt to minimize the effect of the potential deleterious diaphrag matic defect on survival of this species in the wild.