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Markus R Baumgartner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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cocaine adulteration with the anthelminthic tetramisole Levamisole dexamisole long term monitoring of its intake by chiral lc ms ms analysis of cocaine positive hair samples
Drug Testing and Analysis, 2019Co-Authors: Milena M Madry, Thomas Kraemer, Markus R BaumgartnerAbstract:Recent studies indicate that not only the anthelminthic Levamisole but also the racemate tetramisole (R-/S-phenyltetraimidazothiazole, PTHIT) was found as adulterant for cocaine. We herein report on the investigation of the prevalence of PTHIT among cocaine-positive hair samples and the discrimination of the presence of its stereoisomers Levamisole and dexamisole. Cocaine-positive hair samples were collected in a forensic context in 2015 and mainly 2017 (n=724). Cocaine and PTHIT concentrations have been determined by achiral liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). For distinction of Levamisole/dexamisole chiral LC-MS/MS was performed. Cocaine hair concentrations ranged from 500 (cut-off) to approximately 800,000 pg/mg. The study demonstrates a strong prevalence of PTHIT in cocaine users' hair (87 %, n=627). PTHIT hair concentrations ranged from below LLOQ 3.5 to approximately 61,000 pg/mg (median: 260 pg/mg). Surprisingly, enantiomeric ratios of Levamisole/dexamisole ranged from 0.17 to 1.34 (median: 0.63). Therefore, PTHIT-adulterated street cocaine samples (n=24) seized between 2013 and 2016 were tested. Samples mainly contained racemic tetramisole (87.5 %), only one sample contained Levamisole only and two samples contained non-racemic PTHIT. Our experiments suggest that the presence of tetramisole in biological samples may have hitherto been underestimated. Most probably higher dexamisole than Levamisole concentrations in hair specimens arise from stereoselective metabolism and/or elimination. This is particularly important in light of the different pharmacological activities of the two enantiomers and potentially different adverse effects. Toxicological interpretations in intoxication cases with adulterated cocaine should not only consider Levamisole but also tetramisole and terminology in scientific contributions should be used accordingly.
Milena M Madry - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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cocaine adulteration with the anthelminthic tetramisole Levamisole dexamisole long term monitoring of its intake by chiral lc ms ms analysis of cocaine positive hair samples
Drug Testing and Analysis, 2019Co-Authors: Milena M Madry, Thomas Kraemer, Markus R BaumgartnerAbstract:Recent studies indicate that not only the anthelminthic Levamisole but also the racemate tetramisole (R-/S-phenyltetraimidazothiazole, PTHIT) was found as adulterant for cocaine. We herein report on the investigation of the prevalence of PTHIT among cocaine-positive hair samples and the discrimination of the presence of its stereoisomers Levamisole and dexamisole. Cocaine-positive hair samples were collected in a forensic context in 2015 and mainly 2017 (n=724). Cocaine and PTHIT concentrations have been determined by achiral liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). For distinction of Levamisole/dexamisole chiral LC-MS/MS was performed. Cocaine hair concentrations ranged from 500 (cut-off) to approximately 800,000 pg/mg. The study demonstrates a strong prevalence of PTHIT in cocaine users' hair (87 %, n=627). PTHIT hair concentrations ranged from below LLOQ 3.5 to approximately 61,000 pg/mg (median: 260 pg/mg). Surprisingly, enantiomeric ratios of Levamisole/dexamisole ranged from 0.17 to 1.34 (median: 0.63). Therefore, PTHIT-adulterated street cocaine samples (n=24) seized between 2013 and 2016 were tested. Samples mainly contained racemic tetramisole (87.5 %), only one sample contained Levamisole only and two samples contained non-racemic PTHIT. Our experiments suggest that the presence of tetramisole in biological samples may have hitherto been underestimated. Most probably higher dexamisole than Levamisole concentrations in hair specimens arise from stereoselective metabolism and/or elimination. This is particularly important in light of the different pharmacological activities of the two enantiomers and potentially different adverse effects. Toxicological interpretations in intoxication cases with adulterated cocaine should not only consider Levamisole but also tetramisole and terminology in scientific contributions should be used accordingly.
Thomas Kraemer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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cocaine adulteration with the anthelminthic tetramisole Levamisole dexamisole long term monitoring of its intake by chiral lc ms ms analysis of cocaine positive hair samples
Drug Testing and Analysis, 2019Co-Authors: Milena M Madry, Thomas Kraemer, Markus R BaumgartnerAbstract:Recent studies indicate that not only the anthelminthic Levamisole but also the racemate tetramisole (R-/S-phenyltetraimidazothiazole, PTHIT) was found as adulterant for cocaine. We herein report on the investigation of the prevalence of PTHIT among cocaine-positive hair samples and the discrimination of the presence of its stereoisomers Levamisole and dexamisole. Cocaine-positive hair samples were collected in a forensic context in 2015 and mainly 2017 (n=724). Cocaine and PTHIT concentrations have been determined by achiral liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). For distinction of Levamisole/dexamisole chiral LC-MS/MS was performed. Cocaine hair concentrations ranged from 500 (cut-off) to approximately 800,000 pg/mg. The study demonstrates a strong prevalence of PTHIT in cocaine users' hair (87 %, n=627). PTHIT hair concentrations ranged from below LLOQ 3.5 to approximately 61,000 pg/mg (median: 260 pg/mg). Surprisingly, enantiomeric ratios of Levamisole/dexamisole ranged from 0.17 to 1.34 (median: 0.63). Therefore, PTHIT-adulterated street cocaine samples (n=24) seized between 2013 and 2016 were tested. Samples mainly contained racemic tetramisole (87.5 %), only one sample contained Levamisole only and two samples contained non-racemic PTHIT. Our experiments suggest that the presence of tetramisole in biological samples may have hitherto been underestimated. Most probably higher dexamisole than Levamisole concentrations in hair specimens arise from stereoselective metabolism and/or elimination. This is particularly important in light of the different pharmacological activities of the two enantiomers and potentially different adverse effects. Toxicological interpretations in intoxication cases with adulterated cocaine should not only consider Levamisole but also tetramisole and terminology in scientific contributions should be used accordingly.
Soares, Vando Edésio - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Eficácia anti-helmíntica comparativa da associação albendazole, Levamisole e ivermectina à moxidectina em ovinos
Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA), 2007Co-Authors: Buzzulini Carolina, Américo Garcia Da ,silva Sobrinho, Alvimar José Da ,costa, Santos, Thaís Rabelo Dos, Borges, Fernando De Almeida, Soares, Vando EdésioAbstract:Avaliou-se a eficácia anti-helmíntica da associação de albendazole 2,0%, cloridrato de Levamisole 2,55% e ivermectina 0,08% comparativamente à moxidectina 1% em ovinos naturalmente infectados. Foram selecionados 24 ovinos para a composição de três grupos experimentais com oito animais cada: T1, ovinos tratados com a associação albendazole, Levamisole e ivermectina, na dosagem de 1 mL 4 kg-1 de peso corporal; T2, ovinos tratados com moxidectina, na dosagem de 1 mL 50 kg-1 de peso corporal e T3, ovinos sem tratamento anti-helmíntico. Foram realizadas contagens de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG) no primeiro, terceiro, quinto e sétimo dia após os tratamentos. No sétimo dia todos os ovinos foram necropsiados e todos os helmintos encontrados no trato gastrintestinal foram quantificados e identificados quanto ao gênero e à espécie. A associação dos diferentes princípios ativos foi 100% eficaz no combate às espécies Cooperia punctata, C. pectinata, C. spatulata, Trichostrongylus axei, Oesophagostomum columbianum, Trichuris ovis, C. curticei e Strongyloides papillosus e, a moxidectina eliminou as seis primeiras espécies citadas. Contra Haemonchus contortus a associação apresentou eficácia superior (93%) à moxidectina (51,4%). Ambas formulações foram eficazes contra Trichostrongylus colubriformis. A associação medicamentosa utilizada constitui alternativa no controle das nematodioses ovinas.The anthelmintic efficacy of 2.0% albendazol, 2.55% levamisol chloridrate and 0.08% ivermectin formulation to 1% moxidectin in sheep naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes was compared. Twenty-four animals were selected by faecal egg counts (FEC) means, composing three experimental groups with eight sheep each: T1, sheep treated with albendazol, levamisol and ivermectin association; T2, sheep treated with 1% moxidectin and T3, untreated group. FEC was estimated at 1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th day post-treatment. All animals were slaughtered at 7th day post-treatment to quantify and identify the nematode burden. The association was 100% effective against eight of ten helminth species (Cooperia punctata, C. pectinata, C. curticei, C. spatulata, Strongyloides papillosus, Trichostrongylus axei, Oesophagostomum columbianum and Trichuris ovis), while the moxidectin removed only six of these species. It also had superior efficacy against Haemonchus contortus (93%) when compared to the 1% moxidectin (51.4%). Both formulations showed similar efficacy against Trichostrongylus colubriformis. Therefore, the anthelmintic association can be an alternative on sheep nematodiosis control.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq
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Comparative anthelmintic efficacy of the association albendazol, levamisol and ivermectin to moxidectin in sheep
'Embrapa Agroindustria Tropical', 2007Co-Authors: Buzzulini Carolina, Alvimar José Da ,costa, Santos, Thaís Rabelo Dos, Borges, Fernando De Almeida, Sobrinho, Américo Garcia Da Silva, Soares, Vando EdésioAbstract:Avaliou-se a eficácia anti-helmíntica da associação de albendazole 2,0%, cloridrato de Levamisole 2,55% e ivermectina 0,08% comparativamente à moxidectina 1% em ovinos naturalmente infectados. Foram selecionados 24 ovinos para a composição de três grupos experimentais com oito animais cada: T1, ovinos tratados com a associação albendazole, Levamisole e ivermectina, na dosagem de 1 mL 4 kg-1 de peso corporal; T2, ovinos tratados com moxidectina, na dosagem de 1 mL 50 kg-1 de peso corporal e T3, ovinos sem tratamento anti-helmíntico. Foram realizadas contagens de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG) no primeiro, terceiro, quinto e sétimo dia após os tratamentos. No sétimo dia todos os ovinos foram necropsiados e todos os helmintos encontrados no trato gastrintestinal foram quantificados e identificados quanto ao gênero e à espécie. A associação dos diferentes princípios ativos foi 100% eficaz no combate às espécies Cooperia punctata, C. pectinata, C. spatulata, Trichostrongylus axei, Oesophagostomum columbianum, Trichuris ovis, C. curticei e Strongyloides papillosus e, a moxidectina eliminou as seis primeiras espécies citadas. Contra Haemonchus contortus a associação apresentou eficácia superior (93%) à moxidectina (51,4%). Ambas formulações foram eficazes contra Trichostrongylus colubriformis. A associação medicamentosa utilizada constitui alternativa no controle das nematodioses ovinas.The anthelmintic efficacy of 2.0% albendazol, 2.55% levamisol chloridrate and 0.08% ivermectin formulation to 1% moxidectin in sheep naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes was compared. Twenty-four animals were selected by faecal egg counts (FEC) means, composing three experimental groups with eight sheep each: T1, sheep treated with albendazol, levamisol and ivermectin association; T2, sheep treated with 1% moxidectin and T3, untreated group. FEC was estimated at 1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th day post-treatment. All animals were slaughtered at 7th day post-treatment to quantify and identify the nematode burden. The association was 100% effective against eight of ten helminth species (Cooperia punctata, C. pectinata, C. curticei, C. spatulata, Strongyloides papillosus, Trichostrongylus axei, Oesophagostomum columbianum and Trichuris ovis), while the moxidectin removed only six of these species. It also had superior efficacy against Haemonchus contortus (93%) when compared to the 1% moxidectin (51.4%). Both formulations showed similar efficacy against Trichostrongylus colubriformis. Therefore, the anthelmintic association can be an alternative on sheep nematodiosis control
Alvimar José Da ,costa - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Eficácia anti-helmíntica comparativa da associação albendazole, Levamisole e ivermectina à moxidectina em ovinos
Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA), 2007Co-Authors: Buzzulini Carolina, Américo Garcia Da ,silva Sobrinho, Alvimar José Da ,costa, Santos, Thaís Rabelo Dos, Borges, Fernando De Almeida, Soares, Vando EdésioAbstract:Avaliou-se a eficácia anti-helmíntica da associação de albendazole 2,0%, cloridrato de Levamisole 2,55% e ivermectina 0,08% comparativamente à moxidectina 1% em ovinos naturalmente infectados. Foram selecionados 24 ovinos para a composição de três grupos experimentais com oito animais cada: T1, ovinos tratados com a associação albendazole, Levamisole e ivermectina, na dosagem de 1 mL 4 kg-1 de peso corporal; T2, ovinos tratados com moxidectina, na dosagem de 1 mL 50 kg-1 de peso corporal e T3, ovinos sem tratamento anti-helmíntico. Foram realizadas contagens de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG) no primeiro, terceiro, quinto e sétimo dia após os tratamentos. No sétimo dia todos os ovinos foram necropsiados e todos os helmintos encontrados no trato gastrintestinal foram quantificados e identificados quanto ao gênero e à espécie. A associação dos diferentes princípios ativos foi 100% eficaz no combate às espécies Cooperia punctata, C. pectinata, C. spatulata, Trichostrongylus axei, Oesophagostomum columbianum, Trichuris ovis, C. curticei e Strongyloides papillosus e, a moxidectina eliminou as seis primeiras espécies citadas. Contra Haemonchus contortus a associação apresentou eficácia superior (93%) à moxidectina (51,4%). Ambas formulações foram eficazes contra Trichostrongylus colubriformis. A associação medicamentosa utilizada constitui alternativa no controle das nematodioses ovinas.The anthelmintic efficacy of 2.0% albendazol, 2.55% levamisol chloridrate and 0.08% ivermectin formulation to 1% moxidectin in sheep naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes was compared. Twenty-four animals were selected by faecal egg counts (FEC) means, composing three experimental groups with eight sheep each: T1, sheep treated with albendazol, levamisol and ivermectin association; T2, sheep treated with 1% moxidectin and T3, untreated group. FEC was estimated at 1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th day post-treatment. All animals were slaughtered at 7th day post-treatment to quantify and identify the nematode burden. The association was 100% effective against eight of ten helminth species (Cooperia punctata, C. pectinata, C. curticei, C. spatulata, Strongyloides papillosus, Trichostrongylus axei, Oesophagostomum columbianum and Trichuris ovis), while the moxidectin removed only six of these species. It also had superior efficacy against Haemonchus contortus (93%) when compared to the 1% moxidectin (51.4%). Both formulations showed similar efficacy against Trichostrongylus colubriformis. Therefore, the anthelmintic association can be an alternative on sheep nematodiosis control.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq
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Comparative anthelmintic efficacy of the association albendazol, levamisol and ivermectin to moxidectin in sheep
'Embrapa Agroindustria Tropical', 2007Co-Authors: Buzzulini Carolina, Alvimar José Da ,costa, Santos, Thaís Rabelo Dos, Borges, Fernando De Almeida, Sobrinho, Américo Garcia Da Silva, Soares, Vando EdésioAbstract:Avaliou-se a eficácia anti-helmíntica da associação de albendazole 2,0%, cloridrato de Levamisole 2,55% e ivermectina 0,08% comparativamente à moxidectina 1% em ovinos naturalmente infectados. Foram selecionados 24 ovinos para a composição de três grupos experimentais com oito animais cada: T1, ovinos tratados com a associação albendazole, Levamisole e ivermectina, na dosagem de 1 mL 4 kg-1 de peso corporal; T2, ovinos tratados com moxidectina, na dosagem de 1 mL 50 kg-1 de peso corporal e T3, ovinos sem tratamento anti-helmíntico. Foram realizadas contagens de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG) no primeiro, terceiro, quinto e sétimo dia após os tratamentos. No sétimo dia todos os ovinos foram necropsiados e todos os helmintos encontrados no trato gastrintestinal foram quantificados e identificados quanto ao gênero e à espécie. A associação dos diferentes princípios ativos foi 100% eficaz no combate às espécies Cooperia punctata, C. pectinata, C. spatulata, Trichostrongylus axei, Oesophagostomum columbianum, Trichuris ovis, C. curticei e Strongyloides papillosus e, a moxidectina eliminou as seis primeiras espécies citadas. Contra Haemonchus contortus a associação apresentou eficácia superior (93%) à moxidectina (51,4%). Ambas formulações foram eficazes contra Trichostrongylus colubriformis. A associação medicamentosa utilizada constitui alternativa no controle das nematodioses ovinas.The anthelmintic efficacy of 2.0% albendazol, 2.55% levamisol chloridrate and 0.08% ivermectin formulation to 1% moxidectin in sheep naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes was compared. Twenty-four animals were selected by faecal egg counts (FEC) means, composing three experimental groups with eight sheep each: T1, sheep treated with albendazol, levamisol and ivermectin association; T2, sheep treated with 1% moxidectin and T3, untreated group. FEC was estimated at 1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th day post-treatment. All animals were slaughtered at 7th day post-treatment to quantify and identify the nematode burden. The association was 100% effective against eight of ten helminth species (Cooperia punctata, C. pectinata, C. curticei, C. spatulata, Strongyloides papillosus, Trichostrongylus axei, Oesophagostomum columbianum and Trichuris ovis), while the moxidectin removed only six of these species. It also had superior efficacy against Haemonchus contortus (93%) when compared to the 1% moxidectin (51.4%). Both formulations showed similar efficacy against Trichostrongylus colubriformis. Therefore, the anthelmintic association can be an alternative on sheep nematodiosis control
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Eficácia anti-helmíntica comparativa da associação albendazole, Levamisole e ivermectina à moxidectina em ovinos Comparative anthelmintic efficacy of the association albendazol, levamisol and ivermectin to moxidectin in sheep
Embrapa Informação Tecnológica, 2007Co-Authors: Carolina Buzzulini, Américo Garcia Da ,silva Sobrinho, Alvimar José Da ,costa, Thaís Rabelo Dos Santos, Fernando De Almeida Borges, Vando Edésio SoaresAbstract:Avaliou-se a eficácia anti-helmíntica da associação de albendazole 2,0%, cloridrato de Levamisole 2,55% e ivermectina 0,08% comparativamente à moxidectina 1% em ovinos naturalmente infectados. Foram selecionados 24 ovinos para a composição de três grupos experimentais com oito animais cada: T1, ovinos tratados com a associação albendazole, Levamisole e ivermectina, na dosagem de 1 mL 4 kg-1 de peso corporal; T2, ovinos tratados com moxidectina, na dosagem de 1 mL 50 kg-1 de peso corporal e T3, ovinos sem tratamento anti-helmíntico. Foram realizadas contagens de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG) no primeiro, terceiro, quinto e sétimo dia após os tratamentos. No sétimo dia todos os ovinos foram necropsiados e todos os helmintos encontrados no trato gastrintestinal foram quantificados e identificados quanto ao gênero e à espécie. A associação dos diferentes princípios ativos foi 100% eficaz no combate às espécies Cooperia punctata, C. pectinata, C. spatulata, Trichostrongylus axei, Oesophagostomum columbianum, Trichuris ovis, C. curticei e Strongyloides papillosus e, a moxidectina eliminou as seis primeiras espécies citadas. Contra Haemonchus contortus a associação apresentou eficácia superior (93%) à moxidectina (51,4%). Ambas formulações foram eficazes contra Trichostrongylus colubriformis. A associação medicamentosa utilizada constitui alternativa no controle das nematodioses ovinas.The anthelmintic efficacy of 2.0% albendazol, 2.55% levamisol chloridrate and 0.08% ivermectin formulation to 1% moxidectin in sheep naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes was compared. Twenty-four animals were selected by faecal egg counts (FEC) means, composing three experimental groups with eight sheep each: T1, sheep treated with albendazol, levamisol and ivermectin association; T2, sheep treated with 1% moxidectin and T3, untreated group. FEC was estimated at 1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th day post-treatment. All animals were slaughtered at 7th day post-treatment to quantify and identify the nematode burden. The association was 100% effective against eight of ten helminth species (Cooperia punctata, C. pectinata, C. curticei, C. spatulata, Strongyloides papillosus, Trichostrongylus axei, Oesophagostomum columbianum and Trichuris ovis), while the moxidectin removed only six of these species. It also had superior efficacy against Haemonchus contortus (93%) when compared to the 1% moxidectin (51.4%). Both formulations showed similar efficacy against Trichostrongylus colubriformis. Therefore, the anthelmintic association can be an alternative on sheep nematodiosis control