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S. E. Curtis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Effects of Progressive Intratracheal Administration of Perflubron During Conventional Gas Ventilation in Anesthetized Dogs with Oleic Acid Lung Injury
Advances in experimental medicine and biology, 1994Co-Authors: S. E. Curtis, Julie T. PeekAbstract:The respiratory distress syndrome of prematurity (RDS) is due to immaturity of alveolar type II cells which fail to produce adequate surfactant. The resultant increase in alveolar surface tension leads to both alveolar flooding and alveolar collapse, decreased compliance, and increased shunt with hypoxemia. Exogenous replacement of surfactant has reduced morbidity and mortality from RDS, though the most premature infants often fail to respond. Another possible therapy for RDS is Liquid Breathing (LB). Introduced by Kylstra et al. (1962), LB refers to a ventilatory mode in which the lungs are filled with a Liquid perfluorocarbon (PFC) or hyperbarically oxygenated saline to functional residual capacity (FRC) followed by tidal ventilation with additional Liquid. Using PFC’s with surface tensions of ≈ 15 dynes/cm, Shaffer et al. (1983a, 1983b) showed markedly improved arterial oxygenation during LB compared to gas ventilation in surfactant-deficient, very premature lambs. Interestingly, even after drainage of PFC from the lungs of these lambs, persistent improvements in FRC, compliance, and gas exchange were seen, suggesting that residual PFC coating the alveoli improved alveolar surface tension.
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Effect of Continuous Rotation on the Efficacy of Partial Liquid (Perflubron) Breathing in Canine Acute Lung Injury
Advances in experimental medicine and biology, 1994Co-Authors: S. E. Curtis, Samuel J. Tilden, W. Edward Bradley, Stephen M. CainAbstract:Perfluorocarbons are Liquids characterized by relatively low surface tension (10 to 20 dyne/cm) and high oxygen solubility (Clark, 1985). Liquid Breathing can significantly improve gas exchange in animals with acute lung injury or surfactant deficiency (Calderwood et al., 1973; Shaffer et al., 1976, 1983a, 1983b, 1984). In several of the studies by Shaffer et al. (1976, 1983a, 1984), after drainage of most perfluorocarbon from the lung and conversion to gas Breathing, improvements in arterial PO2 and lung mechanics persisted, suggesting that residual perfluorocarbon in the lung may have functioned as an artificial surfactant. The use of gas Breathing combined with partial lung doses of perfluorocarbon has recently received increased attention, with positive results seen both in animal models of restrictive lung disease and in premature human infants (Curtis et al., 1993a; Greenspan et al., 1990; Richman et al., 1993; Tiitiincii et al., 1993). We previously tested the effects of sequential doses of perflubron (LiquiVent’’, Alliance Pharmaceutical Inc.) from one-sixth of FRC up to full FRC in dogs with severe oleic acid induced lung injury (Curtis et al., 1993b). Moderate improvements in PaO2 occurred after 50% lung filling, with the largest increases in PaO2 seen after complete lung filling. We speculated that, similar to the situation seen with bolus surfactant administration (Lewis et al., 1993), perflubron may not be homogeneously distributed in acutely injured lungs. The high density of perflubron (1.9 g/ml) would also favor a selectively dependent distribution. This study tested the hypothesis that continuous physical rotation of the subject would improve distribution of perflubron within the lungs, and produce greater improvements of PaO2 and compliance at smaller perflubron doses. To achieve this rotation, a mechanical bed commonly used in intensive care settings (to prevent the complications of immobility (Choi, 1992)) was employed. Rotated, oleic-acid injured dogs did (R/PFB) or did not (R/CON) receive serial doses of perflubron and were compared to our two previously studied non-rotated groups (NR/CON and NR/PFB).
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Partial Liquid Breathing with perflubron improves arterial oxygenation in acute canine lung injury
Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda Md. : 1985), 1993Co-Authors: S. E. Curtis, J. T. Peek, David R. KellyAbstract:Tidal Liquid Breathing with perfluorocarbon Liquid improves lung mechanics and gas exchange in surfactant-deficient lambs. We asked whether an intratracheal dose of perflubron equal to Liquid funct...
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cardiac output during Liquid perfluorocarbon Breathing in newborn piglets
Critical Care Medicine, 1991Co-Authors: S. E. Curtis, Bradley P. Fuhrman, Donna F. Howland, Maria Defrancisis, Etsuro K. MotoyamaAbstract:Liquid ventilation using perfluorocarbons is a new technique for ventilation of infants with restrictive lung disease. However, this method of ventilation has been shown to impair cardiac output (JOURNAL/ccme/04.02/00003246-199102000-00020/ENTITY_OV0422/v/2017-07-20T220750Z/r/image-pngt) in several animal species, casting doubt as to its feasibility. This study tested whether JOURNAL/ccme/04.02/00003246-199102000-00020/ENTITY_OV0422/v/2017-07-20T220750Z/r/image-pngt could be maintained during Liquid Breathing by intravascular volume expansion. Seven piglets were carefully hydrated, instrumented for continuous JOURNAL/ccme/04.02/00003246-199102000-00020/ENTITY_OV0422/v/2017-07-20T220750Z/r/image-pngt measurement, and subjected to 2 hr of Liquid Breathing. Paco2 was maintained at 40 to 50 torr (5.3 to 6.7 kPa), and Pao2 >80 torr (>10.7 kPa). Additional colloid was given during Liquid Breathing if JOURNAL/ccme/04.02/00003246-199102000-00020/ENTITY_OV0422/v/2017-07-20T220750Z/r/image-pngt decreased to <90% of preLiquid Breathing values. Four piglets maintained JOURNAL/ccme/04.02/00003246-199102000-00020/ENTITY_OV0422/v/2017-07-20T220750Z/r/image-pngt throughout the Liquid Breathing trial with maintenance fluids only. Three piglets each required one 10 mL/kg fluid bolus for JOURNAL/ccme/04.02/00003246-199102000-00020/ENTITY_OV0422/v/2017-07-20T220750Z/r/image-pngt 82% to 89% of the baseline value, after which JOURNAL/ccme/04.02/00003246-199102000-00020/ENTITY_OV0422/v/2017-07-20T220750Z/r/image-pngt rapidly increased to >90% of baseline. Oxygen consumption and serum lactate levels remained normal throughout Liquid Breathing. JOURNAL/ccme/04.02/00003246-199102000-00020/ENTITY_OV0422/v/2017-07-20T220750Z/r/image-pngt is readily maintained during Liquid Breathing in properly hydrated animals. (Crit Care Med 1991; 19:225)
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Cardiac output during Liquid (perfluorocarbon) Breathing in newborn piglets.
Critical care medicine, 1991Co-Authors: S. E. Curtis, Bradley P. Fuhrman, Donna F. Howland, Maria Defrancisis, Etsuro K. MotoyamaAbstract:Liquid ventilation using perfluorocarbons is a new technique for ventilation of infants with restrictive lung disease. However, this method of ventilation has been shown to impair cardiac output (JOURNAL/ccme/04.02/00003246-199102000-00020/ENTITY_OV0422/v/2017-07-20T220750Z/r/image-pngt) in several animal species, casting doubt as to its feasibility. This study tested whether JOURNAL/ccme/04.02/00003246-199102000-00020/ENTITY_OV0422/v/2017-07-20T220750Z/r/image-pngt could be maintained during Liquid Breathing by intravascular volume expansion. Seven piglets were carefully hydrated, instrumented for continuous JOURNAL/ccme/04.02/00003246-199102000-00020/ENTITY_OV0422/v/2017-07-20T220750Z/r/image-pngt measurement, and subjected to 2 hr of Liquid Breathing. Paco2 was maintained at 40 to 50 torr (5.3 to 6.7 kPa), and Pao2 >80 torr (>10.7 kPa). Additional colloid was given during Liquid Breathing if JOURNAL/ccme/04.02/00003246-199102000-00020/ENTITY_OV0422/v/2017-07-20T220750Z/r/image-pngt decreased to 90% of baseline. Oxygen consumption and serum lactate levels remained normal throughout Liquid Breathing. JOURNAL/ccme/04.02/00003246-199102000-00020/ENTITY_OV0422/v/2017-07-20T220750Z/r/image-pngt is readily maintained during Liquid Breathing in properly hydrated animals. (Crit Care Med 1991; 19:225)
Etsuro K. Motoyama - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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cardiac output during Liquid perfluorocarbon Breathing in newborn piglets
Critical Care Medicine, 1991Co-Authors: S. E. Curtis, Bradley P. Fuhrman, Donna F. Howland, Maria Defrancisis, Etsuro K. MotoyamaAbstract:Liquid ventilation using perfluorocarbons is a new technique for ventilation of infants with restrictive lung disease. However, this method of ventilation has been shown to impair cardiac output (JOURNAL/ccme/04.02/00003246-199102000-00020/ENTITY_OV0422/v/2017-07-20T220750Z/r/image-pngt) in several animal species, casting doubt as to its feasibility. This study tested whether JOURNAL/ccme/04.02/00003246-199102000-00020/ENTITY_OV0422/v/2017-07-20T220750Z/r/image-pngt could be maintained during Liquid Breathing by intravascular volume expansion. Seven piglets were carefully hydrated, instrumented for continuous JOURNAL/ccme/04.02/00003246-199102000-00020/ENTITY_OV0422/v/2017-07-20T220750Z/r/image-pngt measurement, and subjected to 2 hr of Liquid Breathing. Paco2 was maintained at 40 to 50 torr (5.3 to 6.7 kPa), and Pao2 >80 torr (>10.7 kPa). Additional colloid was given during Liquid Breathing if JOURNAL/ccme/04.02/00003246-199102000-00020/ENTITY_OV0422/v/2017-07-20T220750Z/r/image-pngt decreased to <90% of preLiquid Breathing values. Four piglets maintained JOURNAL/ccme/04.02/00003246-199102000-00020/ENTITY_OV0422/v/2017-07-20T220750Z/r/image-pngt throughout the Liquid Breathing trial with maintenance fluids only. Three piglets each required one 10 mL/kg fluid bolus for JOURNAL/ccme/04.02/00003246-199102000-00020/ENTITY_OV0422/v/2017-07-20T220750Z/r/image-pngt 82% to 89% of the baseline value, after which JOURNAL/ccme/04.02/00003246-199102000-00020/ENTITY_OV0422/v/2017-07-20T220750Z/r/image-pngt rapidly increased to >90% of baseline. Oxygen consumption and serum lactate levels remained normal throughout Liquid Breathing. JOURNAL/ccme/04.02/00003246-199102000-00020/ENTITY_OV0422/v/2017-07-20T220750Z/r/image-pngt is readily maintained during Liquid Breathing in properly hydrated animals. (Crit Care Med 1991; 19:225)
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Cardiac output during Liquid (perfluorocarbon) Breathing in newborn piglets.
Critical care medicine, 1991Co-Authors: S. E. Curtis, Bradley P. Fuhrman, Donna F. Howland, Maria Defrancisis, Etsuro K. MotoyamaAbstract:Liquid ventilation using perfluorocarbons is a new technique for ventilation of infants with restrictive lung disease. However, this method of ventilation has been shown to impair cardiac output (JOURNAL/ccme/04.02/00003246-199102000-00020/ENTITY_OV0422/v/2017-07-20T220750Z/r/image-pngt) in several animal species, casting doubt as to its feasibility. This study tested whether JOURNAL/ccme/04.02/00003246-199102000-00020/ENTITY_OV0422/v/2017-07-20T220750Z/r/image-pngt could be maintained during Liquid Breathing by intravascular volume expansion. Seven piglets were carefully hydrated, instrumented for continuous JOURNAL/ccme/04.02/00003246-199102000-00020/ENTITY_OV0422/v/2017-07-20T220750Z/r/image-pngt measurement, and subjected to 2 hr of Liquid Breathing. Paco2 was maintained at 40 to 50 torr (5.3 to 6.7 kPa), and Pao2 >80 torr (>10.7 kPa). Additional colloid was given during Liquid Breathing if JOURNAL/ccme/04.02/00003246-199102000-00020/ENTITY_OV0422/v/2017-07-20T220750Z/r/image-pngt decreased to 90% of baseline. Oxygen consumption and serum lactate levels remained normal throughout Liquid Breathing. JOURNAL/ccme/04.02/00003246-199102000-00020/ENTITY_OV0422/v/2017-07-20T220750Z/r/image-pngt is readily maintained during Liquid Breathing in properly hydrated animals. (Crit Care Med 1991; 19:225)
Bradley P. Fuhrman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Liquid Ventilation: It’s Not Science Fiction Anymore
AACN clinical issues in critical care nursing, 1994Co-Authors: M. K. Gaedeke Norris, Bradley P. Fuhrman, Corinne L. LeachAbstract:Liquid ventilation is, by all initial considerations, an unconventional concept. Decades of research, however, have found that by using perfluorocarbons, which are capable of holding high concentrations of critical gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, gas exchange optimal enough to support life is possible with no known toxic effects. The earliest method of Liquid ventilation, tidal Liquid Breathing, involved infusion and active removal of tidal volumes of perfluorocarbons by a Liquid ventilator for gas exchange. Recently, a new method of partial Liquid Breathing, called perfluorocarbon-associated gas exchange, makes the process of Liquid ventilation simpler by using conventional gas ventilators. Current research is showing great promise in the use of Liquid ventilation for patients with pulmonary pathology. Critical care nurses should become knowledgeable of this new mode of ventilation and be prepared to meet the special needs of this unique population.
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Perfluorocarbon Associated Gas Exchange (Page): Gas Ventilation of the Perfluorocarbon Filled Lung
Artificial cells blood substitutes and immobilization biotechnology, 1994Co-Authors: Bradley P. Fuhrman, Corinne L. Leach, Lynn J. Hernan, Bruce A. Holm, Michele C. Papo, David M. SteinhornAbstract:Background: Throughout most of the second half of this century, progress in respiratory life support was dominated by modernization of the mechanical ventilator. We have now entered an era in which the fundamental physiology of lung function can be manipulated to improve lung performance in hope of reducing morbidity and mortality and thereby decreasing the cost of intensive care. Main Findings: Despite its almost alien technology, perfluorocar-bon tidal Liquid Breathing is an effective means to support respiration in normal and surfactant deficient lungs. A second, technique, perfluorocarbon associated gas exchange (PAGE), has recently been shown effective in normal lungs and in several animal models of lung disease. Both techniques appear to improve pulmonary function when pulmonary surface tension is elevated. Conclusions: PAGE improves lung function and poses opportunities to reduce pulmonary morbidity and diminish the cost of intensive care.
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cardiac output during Liquid perfluorocarbon Breathing in newborn piglets
Critical Care Medicine, 1991Co-Authors: S. E. Curtis, Bradley P. Fuhrman, Donna F. Howland, Maria Defrancisis, Etsuro K. MotoyamaAbstract:Liquid ventilation using perfluorocarbons is a new technique for ventilation of infants with restrictive lung disease. However, this method of ventilation has been shown to impair cardiac output (JOURNAL/ccme/04.02/00003246-199102000-00020/ENTITY_OV0422/v/2017-07-20T220750Z/r/image-pngt) in several animal species, casting doubt as to its feasibility. This study tested whether JOURNAL/ccme/04.02/00003246-199102000-00020/ENTITY_OV0422/v/2017-07-20T220750Z/r/image-pngt could be maintained during Liquid Breathing by intravascular volume expansion. Seven piglets were carefully hydrated, instrumented for continuous JOURNAL/ccme/04.02/00003246-199102000-00020/ENTITY_OV0422/v/2017-07-20T220750Z/r/image-pngt measurement, and subjected to 2 hr of Liquid Breathing. Paco2 was maintained at 40 to 50 torr (5.3 to 6.7 kPa), and Pao2 >80 torr (>10.7 kPa). Additional colloid was given during Liquid Breathing if JOURNAL/ccme/04.02/00003246-199102000-00020/ENTITY_OV0422/v/2017-07-20T220750Z/r/image-pngt decreased to <90% of preLiquid Breathing values. Four piglets maintained JOURNAL/ccme/04.02/00003246-199102000-00020/ENTITY_OV0422/v/2017-07-20T220750Z/r/image-pngt throughout the Liquid Breathing trial with maintenance fluids only. Three piglets each required one 10 mL/kg fluid bolus for JOURNAL/ccme/04.02/00003246-199102000-00020/ENTITY_OV0422/v/2017-07-20T220750Z/r/image-pngt 82% to 89% of the baseline value, after which JOURNAL/ccme/04.02/00003246-199102000-00020/ENTITY_OV0422/v/2017-07-20T220750Z/r/image-pngt rapidly increased to >90% of baseline. Oxygen consumption and serum lactate levels remained normal throughout Liquid Breathing. JOURNAL/ccme/04.02/00003246-199102000-00020/ENTITY_OV0422/v/2017-07-20T220750Z/r/image-pngt is readily maintained during Liquid Breathing in properly hydrated animals. (Crit Care Med 1991; 19:225)
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Cardiac output during Liquid (perfluorocarbon) Breathing in newborn piglets.
Critical care medicine, 1991Co-Authors: S. E. Curtis, Bradley P. Fuhrman, Donna F. Howland, Maria Defrancisis, Etsuro K. MotoyamaAbstract:Liquid ventilation using perfluorocarbons is a new technique for ventilation of infants with restrictive lung disease. However, this method of ventilation has been shown to impair cardiac output (JOURNAL/ccme/04.02/00003246-199102000-00020/ENTITY_OV0422/v/2017-07-20T220750Z/r/image-pngt) in several animal species, casting doubt as to its feasibility. This study tested whether JOURNAL/ccme/04.02/00003246-199102000-00020/ENTITY_OV0422/v/2017-07-20T220750Z/r/image-pngt could be maintained during Liquid Breathing by intravascular volume expansion. Seven piglets were carefully hydrated, instrumented for continuous JOURNAL/ccme/04.02/00003246-199102000-00020/ENTITY_OV0422/v/2017-07-20T220750Z/r/image-pngt measurement, and subjected to 2 hr of Liquid Breathing. Paco2 was maintained at 40 to 50 torr (5.3 to 6.7 kPa), and Pao2 >80 torr (>10.7 kPa). Additional colloid was given during Liquid Breathing if JOURNAL/ccme/04.02/00003246-199102000-00020/ENTITY_OV0422/v/2017-07-20T220750Z/r/image-pngt decreased to 90% of baseline. Oxygen consumption and serum lactate levels remained normal throughout Liquid Breathing. JOURNAL/ccme/04.02/00003246-199102000-00020/ENTITY_OV0422/v/2017-07-20T220750Z/r/image-pngt is readily maintained during Liquid Breathing in properly hydrated animals. (Crit Care Med 1991; 19:225)
Herbert P. Wiedemann - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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PARTIAL Liquid VENTILATION FOR ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME
Clinics in chest medicine, 2000Co-Authors: Herbert P. WiedemannAbstract:The concept of Liquid Breathing by land animals is extremely counterintuitive and virtually oxymoronic. The notion of Liquid Breathing became possible in the 1940s, however, with the development of a new class of synthetic compounds, the perfluorocarbon Liquids. Relatively soon after the development of the perfluorocarbon Liquids, it was realized that they possessed a range of physical properties almost ideally suited for Liquid Breathing. The “proof of concept” was established in 1996 by Clark and Gollan, 7 who demonstrated that mice could survive while submerged in an oxygenated perfluorocarbon. Furthermore, after the animals were removed from the Liquid, a smooth transition to air Breathing occurred as the perfluorocarbon Liquid (which possesses a high vapor pressure at body temperature) evaporated from their lungs. Finally, the mice survived long term, without apparent adverse effects. This landmark study stimulated subsequent research into the physiology of perfluorocarbon Liquid Breathing in normal animals and, subsequently, the potential salutary effect of Liquid Breathing in animals or humans with lung injury. Furthermore, the optimum approach to traditional gas mechanical ventilation in patients with acute lung injury (ALI) and the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remains uncertain and controversial. Particularly over the past decade, there has been increasing concern that the traditional approaches to mechanical ventilation of the ARDS patient may cause a superimposed “iatrogenic” lung injury, and that this ventilator-induced injury may lead to or perpetuate multisystem organ failure through the release of cytokines and other inflammatory mediators from the lung. Such ventilator-induced lung injury may occur, in part, because of repetitive closing and opening of surfactant-deficient and damaged alveoli. 1 , 40 , 85 According to this concept, prevention of lung injury may require an “open lung” approach, whereby adequate levels of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) are used to maintain open alveoli at end-expiration in as much of the lung as possible. The emerging interest in the use of perfluorocarbon Liquids to perform “Liquid ventilation” is based, in part, on the recognition that this technique potentially fits very well with the new concepts regarding ventilator-induced lung injury in ARDS. Perfluorocarbon Liquids may provide a method of maintaining open alveoli (“Liquid PEEP”), especially in the most injured, dependent lung zones, which may be otherwise difficult to recruit effectively and safely (e.g., avoiding damage in the less atelectatic, nondependent zones) with traditional “gas PEEP.” There is increasing evidence that perfluorocarbon Liquids may substantially ameliorate lung injury through direct anti-inflammatory properties, as well.
Maria Defrancisis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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cardiac output during Liquid perfluorocarbon Breathing in newborn piglets
Critical Care Medicine, 1991Co-Authors: S. E. Curtis, Bradley P. Fuhrman, Donna F. Howland, Maria Defrancisis, Etsuro K. MotoyamaAbstract:Liquid ventilation using perfluorocarbons is a new technique for ventilation of infants with restrictive lung disease. However, this method of ventilation has been shown to impair cardiac output (JOURNAL/ccme/04.02/00003246-199102000-00020/ENTITY_OV0422/v/2017-07-20T220750Z/r/image-pngt) in several animal species, casting doubt as to its feasibility. This study tested whether JOURNAL/ccme/04.02/00003246-199102000-00020/ENTITY_OV0422/v/2017-07-20T220750Z/r/image-pngt could be maintained during Liquid Breathing by intravascular volume expansion. Seven piglets were carefully hydrated, instrumented for continuous JOURNAL/ccme/04.02/00003246-199102000-00020/ENTITY_OV0422/v/2017-07-20T220750Z/r/image-pngt measurement, and subjected to 2 hr of Liquid Breathing. Paco2 was maintained at 40 to 50 torr (5.3 to 6.7 kPa), and Pao2 >80 torr (>10.7 kPa). Additional colloid was given during Liquid Breathing if JOURNAL/ccme/04.02/00003246-199102000-00020/ENTITY_OV0422/v/2017-07-20T220750Z/r/image-pngt decreased to <90% of preLiquid Breathing values. Four piglets maintained JOURNAL/ccme/04.02/00003246-199102000-00020/ENTITY_OV0422/v/2017-07-20T220750Z/r/image-pngt throughout the Liquid Breathing trial with maintenance fluids only. Three piglets each required one 10 mL/kg fluid bolus for JOURNAL/ccme/04.02/00003246-199102000-00020/ENTITY_OV0422/v/2017-07-20T220750Z/r/image-pngt 82% to 89% of the baseline value, after which JOURNAL/ccme/04.02/00003246-199102000-00020/ENTITY_OV0422/v/2017-07-20T220750Z/r/image-pngt rapidly increased to >90% of baseline. Oxygen consumption and serum lactate levels remained normal throughout Liquid Breathing. JOURNAL/ccme/04.02/00003246-199102000-00020/ENTITY_OV0422/v/2017-07-20T220750Z/r/image-pngt is readily maintained during Liquid Breathing in properly hydrated animals. (Crit Care Med 1991; 19:225)
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Cardiac output during Liquid (perfluorocarbon) Breathing in newborn piglets.
Critical care medicine, 1991Co-Authors: S. E. Curtis, Bradley P. Fuhrman, Donna F. Howland, Maria Defrancisis, Etsuro K. MotoyamaAbstract:Liquid ventilation using perfluorocarbons is a new technique for ventilation of infants with restrictive lung disease. However, this method of ventilation has been shown to impair cardiac output (JOURNAL/ccme/04.02/00003246-199102000-00020/ENTITY_OV0422/v/2017-07-20T220750Z/r/image-pngt) in several animal species, casting doubt as to its feasibility. This study tested whether JOURNAL/ccme/04.02/00003246-199102000-00020/ENTITY_OV0422/v/2017-07-20T220750Z/r/image-pngt could be maintained during Liquid Breathing by intravascular volume expansion. Seven piglets were carefully hydrated, instrumented for continuous JOURNAL/ccme/04.02/00003246-199102000-00020/ENTITY_OV0422/v/2017-07-20T220750Z/r/image-pngt measurement, and subjected to 2 hr of Liquid Breathing. Paco2 was maintained at 40 to 50 torr (5.3 to 6.7 kPa), and Pao2 >80 torr (>10.7 kPa). Additional colloid was given during Liquid Breathing if JOURNAL/ccme/04.02/00003246-199102000-00020/ENTITY_OV0422/v/2017-07-20T220750Z/r/image-pngt decreased to 90% of baseline. Oxygen consumption and serum lactate levels remained normal throughout Liquid Breathing. JOURNAL/ccme/04.02/00003246-199102000-00020/ENTITY_OV0422/v/2017-07-20T220750Z/r/image-pngt is readily maintained during Liquid Breathing in properly hydrated animals. (Crit Care Med 1991; 19:225)