The Experts below are selected from a list of 42360 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Albert Postma - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Chapter 7 – Keeping Track of Where Things Are in Space: The Neuropsychology of Object Location Memory
Neuropsychology of Space, 2017Co-Authors: Albert Postma, Ineke J. M. Van Der HamAbstract:The ability to memorize the Location of objects holds a central place within spatial cognition. It allows us to relocate personal belongings. In this chapter, we first discuss the spatial components of current theories on working Memory and how these theories help understand object Location Memory. Next, the use of different perspectives from which to memorize object Locations are discussed; Locations can be represented as a “snapshot,” from the viewpoint of the observer (“egocentric”), or based on the environment (“allocentric”). Also, we will address the fractionation of object Location Memory into three separate components; Memory for object identity, Location, and binding of objects to Locations. Finally, we will cover consciousness in relation to object Location Memory.
-
The role of local and distal landmarks in the development of object Location Memory.
Developmental psychology, 2011Co-Authors: Jessie Bullens, Irene Klugkist, Albert PostmaAbstract:To locate objects in the environment, animals and humans use visual and nonvisual information. We were interested in children's ability to relocate an object on the basis of self-motion and local and distal color cues for orientation. Five- to 9-year-old children were tested on an object Location Memory task in which, between presentation and test, the availability of local and distal cues was manipulated. Additionally, participants' viewpoint could be changed. We used a Bayesian model selection approach to compare our hypotheses. We found that, to remain oriented in space, 5-year-olds benefit from visual information in general, 7-year-olds benefit from visual cues when a viewpoint change takes place, and 9-year-olds do not benefit from the availability of visual cues for orientation but rely on self-movement cues instead. Results are discussed in terms of the adaptive combination model (Newcombe & Huttenlocher, 2006).
-
Comparing Location Memory for 4 sensory modalities.
Chemical senses, 2009Co-Authors: Hendrik N.j. Schifferstein, Monique A. M. Smeets, Albert PostmaAbstract:Stimuli from all sensory modalities can be linked to places and thus might serve as navigation cues. We compared performance for 4 sensory modalities in a Location Memory task: Black-and-white drawings of free forms (vision), 1-s manipulated environmental sounds (audition), surface textures of natural and artificial materials (touch), and unfamiliar smells (olfaction) were presented in 10 cubes. In the learning stage, participants walked to a cube, opened it, and perceived its content. Subsequently, in a reLocation task, they placed each stimulus back in its original Location. Although the proportion of correct Locations selected just failed to yield significant differences between the modalities, the proportion of stimuli placed in the vicinity of the correct Location or on the correct side of the room was significantly higher for vision than for touch, olfaction, and audition. These outcomes suggest that approximate Location Memory is superior for vision compared with other sensory modalities.
-
Object-Location Memory: A lesion-behavior mapping study in stroke patients
Brain and cognition, 2009Co-Authors: Marieke Van Asselen, Roy P. C. Kessels, Catharina J.m. Frijns, L. Jaap Kappelle, Sebastiaan F. W. Neggers, Albert PostmaAbstract:Object-Location Memory is an important form of spatial Memory, comprising different subcomponents that each process specific types of information within Memory, i.e. remembering objects, remembering positions and binding these features in Memory. In the current study we investigated the neural correlates of binding categorical (relative) or coordinate (exact) position information with objects in Memory. Therefore, an object-Location Memory battery was used, including different task conditions assessing object-Location Memory, i.e. Memory for position information per se, and binding object information with coordinate and categorical position information. Sixty-one stroke patients with focal brain lesions were examined and compared with 77 healthy matched controls. The lesion subtraction method was used to define the area of overlap. Results indicate an important role of the left posterior parietal cortex in the binding of both categorical and coordinate positions with object information. Additionally, the hippocampus seems important for categorical object-Location Memory. This suggests that categorical and coordinate object-Location Memory depend on similar cognitive and neural systems.
-
how the brain remembers and forgets where things are the neurocognition of object Location Memory
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 2008Co-Authors: Albert Postma, Roy P. C. Kessels, Marieke Van AsselenAbstract:Remembering where things are - object-Location Memory - is essential for daily-life functioning. Functionally, it can be decomposed into at least three distinct processing mechanisms: (a) object processing, (b) spatial-Location processing and (c) object to Location binding. A neurocognitive model is sketched, which posits a mostly bilateral ventral cortical network supporting object-identity Memory, a left fronto-parietal circuit for categorical position processing and working Memory aspects, and a right fronto-parietal circuit for coordinate position processing and working Memory. Medial temporal lobes and in particular the hippocampus appear essential for object-Location binding. It is speculated that categorical object-Location binding and episodic Memory binding in general depend more on the left-sided areas, whereas coordinate object-Location processing and navigation in large scale space involve the right-sided counterparts. The various object-Location Memory components differ in the extent to which they are automatized or require central effort. While automatic routines protect against brain damage, neural deficits might potentially also lead to a shift upon the automatic-effortful continuum.
Qazi Rahman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
No Sex Differences in Spatial Location Memory for Abstract Designs.
Brain and Cognition, 2011Co-Authors: Qazi Rahman, Monsurat Bakare, Ceydan SerinsuAbstract:Previous research has demonstrated a female advantage, albeit imperfectly, on tests of object Location Memory where object identity information is readily available. However, spatial and visual elements are often confounded in the experimental tasks used. Here spatial and visual Memory performance was compared in 30 men and 30 women by presenting 12 abstract designs in a spatial array for recall and recognition (visual Memory) and spatial Location ("object" Location Memory). Object Location Memory was measured via a sensitive absolute displacement score defined as the distance in mms between the position assigned to the object during recall and the actual position it originally occupied. There were no sex differences in either the visual or spatial Location tests. Controlling for age and estimated IQ scores made no impact on the results. These data suggest an absence of a sex difference in purely visual and spatial aspects of object Location Memory.
-
Sexual orientation and spatial position effects on selective forms of object Location Memory
Brain and cognition, 2010Co-Authors: Qazi Rahman, Cherie Newland, Beatrice Mary SmythAbstract:Prior research has demonstrated robust sex and sexual orientation-related differences in object Location Memory in humans. Here we show that this sexual variation may depend on the spatial position of target objects and the task-specific nature of the spatial array. We tested the recovery of object Locations in three object arrays (object exchanges, object shifts, and novel objects) relative to veridical center (left compared to right side of the arrays) in a sample of 35 heterosexual men, 35 heterosexual women, and 35 homosexual men. Relative to heterosexual men, heterosexual women showed better Location recovery in the right side of the array during object exchanges and homosexual men performed better in the right side during novel objects. However, the difference between heterosexual and homosexual men disappeared after controlling for IQ. Heterosexual women and homosexual men did not differ significantly from each other in Location change detection with respect to task or side of array. These data suggest that visual space biases in processing categorical spatial positions may enhance aspects of object Location Memory in heterosexual women.
-
Selective sexual orientation-related differences in object Location Memory.
Behavioral neuroscience, 2007Co-Authors: Bano Hassan, Qazi RahmanAbstract:The present study examined sexual orientation-related differences in object Location Memory by using 3 object arrays (testing object exchange, object shift, and novel objects conditions) and 1 metric positional Memory array. Heterosexual women and homosexual men significantly outperformed heterosexual men in all 3 object arrays. However, there were no group differences in metric positional Memory. Heterosexual males expectedly outperformed the other groups in spatial perception (Judgment of Line Orientation; A. L. Benton, K. D. Hamsher, N. R. Varney, & O. Spreen, 1983). Regression modeling revealed that sexual orientation and spatial perception predicted object exchange performance, whereas recalled childhood gender nonconformity, a robust developmental marker of adult sexual orientation, predicted object shift and novel object performance alone. A measure ascribed to the actions of prenatal androgens, the 2nd to 4th finger length ratio, did not predict object Location Memory. These data may limit possible developmental pathways for sexual variation in selective forms of spatial Memory.
Roy P. C. Kessels - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Age-effects on associative object-Location Memory.
Brain research, 2009Co-Authors: Olga Meulenbroek, Roy P. C. Kessels, Mischa De Rover, Karl Magnus Petersson, Marcel G. M. Olde Rikkert, Mark Rijpkema, Guillén FernándezAbstract:Aging is accompanied by an impairment of associative Memory. The medial temporal lobe and fronto-striatal network, both involved in associative Memory, are known to decline functionally and structurally with age, leading to the so-called associative binding deficit and the resource deficit. Because the MTL and fronto-striatal network interact, they might also be able to support each other. We therefore employed an episodic Memory task probing Memory for sequences of object–Location associations, where the demand on self-initiated processing was manipulated during encoding: either all the objects were visible simultaneously (rich environmental support) or every object became visible transiently (poor environmental support). Following the concept of resource deficit, we hypothesised that the elderly probably have difficulty using their declarative Memory system when demands on self-initiated processing are high (poor environmental support). Our behavioural study showed that only the young use the rich environmental support in a systematic way, by placing the objects next to each other. With the task adapted for fMRI, we found that elderly showed stronger activity than young subjects during retrieval of environmentally richly encoded information in the basal ganglia, thalamus, left middle temporal/fusiform gyrus and right medial temporal lobe (MTL). These results indicate that rich environmental support leads to recruitment of the declarative Memory system in addition to the fronto-striatal network in elderly, while the young use more posterior brain regions likely related to imagery. We propose that elderly try to solve the task by additional recruitment of stimulus–response associations, which might partly compensate their limited attentional resources.
-
Object-Location Memory: A lesion-behavior mapping study in stroke patients
Brain and cognition, 2009Co-Authors: Marieke Van Asselen, Roy P. C. Kessels, Catharina J.m. Frijns, L. Jaap Kappelle, Sebastiaan F. W. Neggers, Albert PostmaAbstract:Object-Location Memory is an important form of spatial Memory, comprising different subcomponents that each process specific types of information within Memory, i.e. remembering objects, remembering positions and binding these features in Memory. In the current study we investigated the neural correlates of binding categorical (relative) or coordinate (exact) position information with objects in Memory. Therefore, an object-Location Memory battery was used, including different task conditions assessing object-Location Memory, i.e. Memory for position information per se, and binding object information with coordinate and categorical position information. Sixty-one stroke patients with focal brain lesions were examined and compared with 77 healthy matched controls. The lesion subtraction method was used to define the area of overlap. Results indicate an important role of the left posterior parietal cortex in the binding of both categorical and coordinate positions with object information. Additionally, the hippocampus seems important for categorical object-Location Memory. This suggests that categorical and coordinate object-Location Memory depend on similar cognitive and neural systems.
-
how the brain remembers and forgets where things are the neurocognition of object Location Memory
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 2008Co-Authors: Albert Postma, Roy P. C. Kessels, Marieke Van AsselenAbstract:Remembering where things are - object-Location Memory - is essential for daily-life functioning. Functionally, it can be decomposed into at least three distinct processing mechanisms: (a) object processing, (b) spatial-Location processing and (c) object to Location binding. A neurocognitive model is sketched, which posits a mostly bilateral ventral cortical network supporting object-identity Memory, a left fronto-parietal circuit for categorical position processing and working Memory aspects, and a right fronto-parietal circuit for coordinate position processing and working Memory. Medial temporal lobes and in particular the hippocampus appear essential for object-Location binding. It is speculated that categorical object-Location binding and episodic Memory binding in general depend more on the left-sided areas, whereas coordinate object-Location processing and navigation in large scale space involve the right-sided counterparts. The various object-Location Memory components differ in the extent to which they are automatized or require central effort. While automatic routines protect against brain damage, neural deficits might potentially also lead to a shift upon the automatic-effortful continuum.
-
How the brain remembers and forgets where things are: The neurocognition of object–Location Memory
Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 2008Co-Authors: Albert Postma, Roy P. C. Kessels, Marieke Van AsselenAbstract:Remembering where things are - object-Location Memory - is essential for daily-life functioning. Functionally, it can be decomposed into at least three distinct processing mechanisms: (a) object processing, (b) spatial-Location processing and (c) object to Location binding. A neurocognitive model is sketched, which posits a mostly bilateral ventral cortical network supporting object-identity Memory, a left fronto-parietal circuit for categorical position processing and working Memory aspects, and a right fronto-parietal circuit for coordinate position processing and working Memory. Medial temporal lobes and in particular the hippocampus appear essential for object-Location binding. It is speculated that categorical object-Location binding and episodic Memory binding in general depend more on the left-sided areas, whereas coordinate object-Location processing and navigation in large scale space involve the right-sided counterparts. The various object-Location Memory components differ in the extent to which they are automatized or require central effort. While automatic routines protect against brain damage, neural deficits might potentially also lead to a shift upon the automatic-effortful continuum.
-
Categorical and coordinate spatial representations within object-Location Memory.
Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior, 2007Co-Authors: Marieke Van Asselen, Roy P. C. Kessels, L. Jaap Kappelle, Albert PostmaAbstract:An important aspect of spatial Memory is the ability to remember the positions of objects around us. There is evidence that spatial information can be represented in different ways, involving a coordinate representation (fine-grained, metric information) and a categorical representation (above/below, right/left relations). The current study is aimed at investigating possible lateralization effects for categorical and coordinate information when encoding position information alone and when integrating position information and object information in Memory. Twenty-five patients who had suffered from a stroke and 36 healthy controls were tested with different tests assessing categorical and coordinate position Memory, and categorical and coordinate object-to-position Memory. The identity task that was used by (Laeng, 1994) was included as well as a control task for measuring lateralization effect for categorical and coordinate information. Moreover, object-recognition and visuo-spatial perception were assessed. The results showed that processing categorical and coordinate spatial information were impaired by a lesion in the left and right hemisphere, respectively. No lateralization effects were found when spatial information had to be integrated with object information. These results bear on the functional components of object-Location Memory and their underlying hemispheric basis.
Lars Kuchinke - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Structural salience of landmark pictograms in maps as a predictor for object Location Memory performance
Journal of Environmental Psychology, 2020Co-Authors: Julian Keil, Dennis Edler, Frank Dickmann, Katrin Reichert, Lars KuchinkeAbstract:Abstract Landmarks, salient spatial elements, are often argued to play an important role in the formation of mental representations of space. They are likely to be perceived due to their salience and they can be used as spatial reference points to memorize the Locations of other spatial elements. In maps, landmarks are often represented as pictograms. Similar to real world objects, their likelihood to be perceived and used as spatial reference points depends on salience characteristics. In this paper, we investigate the structural salience of landmark pictograms in maps, based on their Location relative to a task-relevant object. Using eye tracking, we aimed to identify distance parameters that predict the structural salience of landmark pictograms in an object Location Memory task. Additionally, we investigated whether the availability of structurally salient landmark pictograms improves object Location Memory. Our results show that landmark pictograms close to a to-be-learned object and the cardinal axes of the to-be-learned object were fixated more often. However, only the distance to the to-be-learned object was found to be related to object Location Memory performance. An increased Location Memory performance was observed when landmark pictograms were available close to the to-be-learned object. We argue that proximity of a landmark pictogram to a task-relevant object Location and its cardinal axes can be used as parameters for its structural salience. We also found some first evidence that the availability of structurally salient landmark pictograms may improve object Location Memory performance.
-
exploiting illusory grid lines for object Location Memory performance in urban topographic maps
Cartographic Journal, 2017Co-Authors: Frank Dickmann, Dennis Edler, Annekathrin Bestgen, Lars KuchinkeAbstract:In order to be successful in spatial orientation tasks, people need to recall Locations and configurations of spatial objects from their Memory. This understanding of geographic space often arises from experience with cartographic media representing topographic and topological information by graphic symbols. Learning spatial information from graphic media is influenced by different perception-based grouping effects distorting the accuracy of spatial object-positions and their relations. Such geometric inaccuracies can be softened by adding a grid layer, which regionalizes the map and can be used as an additional orientation pattern. This grid layer usually consists of solid lines and overlays semantic information. The present paper reports the results of two empirical studies on object-Location Memory (OLM) performance. In these studies, the amount of visual detail of the grid layer was reduced. By positioning the grid layer below specific urban topographic objects (study 1), the grid pattern was graphica...
-
true 3d accentuating of grids and streets in urban topographic maps enhances human object Location Memory
PLOS ONE, 2015Co-Authors: Dennis Edler, Annekathrin Bestgen, Lars Kuchinke, Frank DickmannAbstract:Cognitive representations of learned map information are subject to systematic distortion errors. Map elements that divide a map surface into regions, such as content-related linear symbols (e.g. streets, rivers, railway systems) or additional artificial layers (coordinate grids), provide an orientation pattern that can help users to reduce distortions in their mental representations. In recent years, the television industry has started to establish True-3D (autostereoscopic) displays as mass media. These modern displays make it possible to watch dynamic and static images including depth illusions without additional devices, such as 3D glasses. In these images, visual details can be distributed over different positions along the depth axis. Some empirical studies of vision research provided first evidence that 3D stereoscopic content attracts higher attention and is processed faster. So far, the impact of True-3D accentuating has not yet been explored concerning spatial Memory tasks and cartography. This paper reports the results of two empirical studies that focus on investigations whether True-3D accentuating of artificial, regular overlaying line features (i.e. grids) and content-related, irregular line features (i.e. highways and main streets) in official urban topographic maps (scale 1/10,000) further improves human object Location Memory performance. The Memory performance is measured as both the percentage of correctly recalled object Locations (hit rate) and the mean distances of correctly recalled objects (spatial accuracy). It is shown that the True-3D accentuating of grids (depth offset: 5 cm) significantly enhances the spatial accuracy of recalled map object Locations, whereas the True-3D emphasis of streets significantly improves the hit rate of recalled map object Locations. These results show the potential of True-3D displays for an improvement of the cognitive representation of learned cartographic information.
-
the effects of grid line separation in topographic maps for object Location Memory
Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization, 2014Co-Authors: Dennis Edler, Frank Dickmann, Annekathrin Bestgen, Lars KuchinkeAbstract:Research from the field of cognitive psychology provides evidence that cognitive representations of space based on maps or map-like sketches are subject to systematic distortion tendencies. These distortions influence the orientation capacity as they represent errors in spatial Memory. Map grids are a traditional feature of map graphics that has rarely been considered in research on spatial distortions in cognitive maps. Grids traditionally assist the map reader in finding coordinates and objects, but they also provide a systematic and homogeneous structure for dividing up map information into smaller units supporting perception and spatial Memory. In a previous study it was shown that grids improve object Location Memory. The aim of this study was to determine whether different sizes of grid cells have an effect on the quality of object Location Memory. Therefore, an empirical study including the test performances of 33 participants was carried out: the Memory performance was measured as both the percentage of correctly recalled object Locations ( hit rate ) and the mean distance errors of correctly recalled objects ( spatial accuracy ). Three different intervals of grid line spacing ( Separation ) were applied to topographic maps. These maps varied in their type of characteristic geographical areas, accompanied by three different levels of map complexity ( Landscape ). The results of this study show that both factors have an impact on object Location Memory in topographic maps. RESUME: La recherche sur la psychologie cognitive demontre que les representations cognitives de l’espace fondees sur des cartes ou des croquis ont tendance a faire l’objet de distorsion systematique. Ces distorsions influencent la capacite d’orientation puisqu’elles representent des erreurs dans la memoire spatiale. On a rarement tenu compte des grilles cartographiques, une caracteristique traditionnelle des representations graphiques de cartes, lors des recherches sur les distorsions spatiales dans les cartes cognitives. Par tradition, les grilles aident le lecteur d’une carte a trouver les coordonnees et les objets, mais elles fournissent egalement une structure systematique et homogene qui permet de diviser les renseignements contenus sur une carte en de plus petites unites, facilitant ainsi la perception et la memoire spatiale. Une etude realisee anterieurement a demontre que les grilles ameliorent la memoire servant a localiser les objets; cet article decrit une experience concue pour determiner si les differentes dimensions des cellules des grilles ont un effet sur la qualite de ce type de memoire. Dans une etude empirique des performances realisees par 33 participants a un test, la performance de la memoire a ete mesuree a la fois selon le pourcentage d’objets correctement localises( taux de succes ) et selon les erreurs de distance moyennes des objets correctement localises( exactitude spatiale ). Le test utilisait trois differents intervalles d’espacements des lignes des grilles ( separation ), intervalles appliques a des cartes topographiques de diverses regions geographiques selon trois differents niveaux de complexite cartographique ( topographie ). Les resultats ont revele que les facteurs pour la separation et la topographie ont tous deux des effets sur la memoire servant a localiser les objets sur les cartes topographiques.
Frank Dickmann - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Augmented Reality (AR) and Spatial Cognition: Effects of Holographic Grids on Distance Estimation and Location Memory in a 3D Indoor Scenario
PFG – Journal of Photogrammetry Remote Sensing and Geoinformation Science, 2020Co-Authors: Julian Keil, Dennis Edler, Annika Korte, Anna Ratmer, Frank DickmannAbstract:Recent advances in augmented reality (AR) technology enable the projection of holograms to a fixed Location in 3D space. This renders new possibilities for influencing peoples’ spatial perception and to address cognitive limitations as structural distortions in cognitive representations of space. The study presented in this paper investigated whether these structural distortions can be reduced by projecting a holographic grid into 3D space. Accuracy of the cognitive representation of space was assessed based on distance estimations and an object Location Memory task. The findings revealed that distance estimations were indeed more accurate when a holographic grid was available. Location Memory performance, on the other hand, was worse when a holographic grid was available. Based on feedback from the participants, it can be assumed that design characteristics of the used AR headset are at least partly responsible for this result. These characteristics include a reduced field of view and visual distortions in the peripheral areas of the field of view. Overall, the findings show that AR can be used to influence and, when applied correctly, improve peoples’ spatial perception. However, more research is needed to specify requirements, strengths, and weaknesses of geographic AR applications.
-
Augmented Reality (AR) and Spatial Cognition: Effects of Holographic Grids on Distance Estimation and Location Memory in a 3D Indoor Scenario
PFG – Journal of Photogrammetry Remote Sensing and Geoinformation Science, 2020Co-Authors: Julian Keil, Dennis Edler, Annika Korte, Anna Ratmer, Frank DickmannAbstract:Recent advances in augmented reality (AR) technology enable the projection of holograms to a fixed Location in 3D space. This renders new possibilities for influencing peoples’ spatial perception and to address cognitive limitations as structural distortions in cognitive representations of space. The study presented in this paper investigated whether these structural distortions can be reduced by projecting a holographic grid into 3D space. Accuracy of the cognitive representation of space was assessed based on distance estimations and an object Location Memory task. The findings revealed that distance estimations were indeed more accurate when a holographic grid was available. Location Memory performance, on the other hand, was worse when a holographic grid was available. Based on feedback from the participants, it can be assumed that design characteristics of the used AR headset are at least partly responsible for this result. These characteristics include a reduced field of view and visual distortions in the peripheral areas of the field of view. Overall, the findings show that AR can be used to influence and, when applied correctly, improve peoples’ spatial perception. However, more research is needed to specify requirements, strengths, and weaknesses of geographic AR applications. Augmented Reality (AR) und Raumwahrnehmung: Effekte holographischer Gitter auf die Distanzschätzung und das Positionsgedächtnis in einem 3D-Innenraum- Szenario . Jüngste Fortschritte in der Augmented-Reality (AR)-Technologie ermöglichen die Projektion von Hologrammen auf eine bestimmte Stelle im 3D-Raum. Dadurch ergeben sich neue Möglichkeiten, die menschliche Raumwahrnehmung zu beeinflussen und kognitive Einschränkungen, wie strukturelle Verzerrungen von mentalen räumlichen Repräsentationen, zu korrigieren. Die vorgestellte Studie untersuchte, ob solche Verzerrungen durch die Projektion eines holografischen Gitters in den 3D-Raum reduziert werden können. Die Genauigkeit des mentalen Raummodells wurde auf der Grundlage von Distanzschätzungen und einer Positionsgedächtnisaufgabe bewertet. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die Distanzschätzungen tatsächlich genauer waren, wenn ein holographisches Gitter zur Verfügung stand. Die Erinnerungsleistung der Objektpositionen war dagegen mit einem holographischen Gitter schlechter. Aufgrund der Einschätzungen durch die Probanden kann davon ausgegangen werden, dass die Designmerkmale des verwendeten AR-Headsets zumindest teilweise für dieses Ergebnis verantwortlich sind. Zu diesen Merkmalen gehören ein reduziertes Sichtfeld und visuelle Verzerrungen in dessen Randbereichen. Insgesamt zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass AR die räumliche Wahrnehmung des Menschen beeinflusst und bei richtiger Anwendung verbessern kann. Es sind jedoch weitere Untersuchungen erforderlich, um die Anforderungen, Stärken und Schwächen von geografischen AR-Anwendungen zu spezifizieren.
-
Structural salience of landmark pictograms in maps as a predictor for object Location Memory performance
Journal of Environmental Psychology, 2020Co-Authors: Julian Keil, Dennis Edler, Frank Dickmann, Katrin Reichert, Lars KuchinkeAbstract:Abstract Landmarks, salient spatial elements, are often argued to play an important role in the formation of mental representations of space. They are likely to be perceived due to their salience and they can be used as spatial reference points to memorize the Locations of other spatial elements. In maps, landmarks are often represented as pictograms. Similar to real world objects, their likelihood to be perceived and used as spatial reference points depends on salience characteristics. In this paper, we investigate the structural salience of landmark pictograms in maps, based on their Location relative to a task-relevant object. Using eye tracking, we aimed to identify distance parameters that predict the structural salience of landmark pictograms in an object Location Memory task. Additionally, we investigated whether the availability of structurally salient landmark pictograms improves object Location Memory. Our results show that landmark pictograms close to a to-be-learned object and the cardinal axes of the to-be-learned object were fixated more often. However, only the distance to the to-be-learned object was found to be related to object Location Memory performance. An increased Location Memory performance was observed when landmark pictograms were available close to the to-be-learned object. We argue that proximity of a landmark pictogram to a task-relevant object Location and its cardinal axes can be used as parameters for its structural salience. We also found some first evidence that the availability of structurally salient landmark pictograms may improve object Location Memory performance.
-
exploiting illusory grid lines for object Location Memory performance in urban topographic maps
Cartographic Journal, 2017Co-Authors: Frank Dickmann, Dennis Edler, Annekathrin Bestgen, Lars KuchinkeAbstract:In order to be successful in spatial orientation tasks, people need to recall Locations and configurations of spatial objects from their Memory. This understanding of geographic space often arises from experience with cartographic media representing topographic and topological information by graphic symbols. Learning spatial information from graphic media is influenced by different perception-based grouping effects distorting the accuracy of spatial object-positions and their relations. Such geometric inaccuracies can be softened by adding a grid layer, which regionalizes the map and can be used as an additional orientation pattern. This grid layer usually consists of solid lines and overlays semantic information. The present paper reports the results of two empirical studies on object-Location Memory (OLM) performance. In these studies, the amount of visual detail of the grid layer was reduced. By positioning the grid layer below specific urban topographic objects (study 1), the grid pattern was graphica...
-
true 3d accentuating of grids and streets in urban topographic maps enhances human object Location Memory
PLOS ONE, 2015Co-Authors: Dennis Edler, Annekathrin Bestgen, Lars Kuchinke, Frank DickmannAbstract:Cognitive representations of learned map information are subject to systematic distortion errors. Map elements that divide a map surface into regions, such as content-related linear symbols (e.g. streets, rivers, railway systems) or additional artificial layers (coordinate grids), provide an orientation pattern that can help users to reduce distortions in their mental representations. In recent years, the television industry has started to establish True-3D (autostereoscopic) displays as mass media. These modern displays make it possible to watch dynamic and static images including depth illusions without additional devices, such as 3D glasses. In these images, visual details can be distributed over different positions along the depth axis. Some empirical studies of vision research provided first evidence that 3D stereoscopic content attracts higher attention and is processed faster. So far, the impact of True-3D accentuating has not yet been explored concerning spatial Memory tasks and cartography. This paper reports the results of two empirical studies that focus on investigations whether True-3D accentuating of artificial, regular overlaying line features (i.e. grids) and content-related, irregular line features (i.e. highways and main streets) in official urban topographic maps (scale 1/10,000) further improves human object Location Memory performance. The Memory performance is measured as both the percentage of correctly recalled object Locations (hit rate) and the mean distances of correctly recalled objects (spatial accuracy). It is shown that the True-3D accentuating of grids (depth offset: 5 cm) significantly enhances the spatial accuracy of recalled map object Locations, whereas the True-3D emphasis of streets significantly improves the hit rate of recalled map object Locations. These results show the potential of True-3D displays for an improvement of the cognitive representation of learned cartographic information.
