The Experts below are selected from a list of 327 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
David C. Reutens - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Age-related differences in structural and functional prefrontal networks during a Logical Reasoning task
Brain Imaging and Behavior, 2020Co-Authors: Maryam Ziaei, Mohammad Reza Bonyadi, David C. ReutensAbstract:In Logical Reasoning, difficulties in inhibition of currently-held beliefs may lead to unwarranted conclusions, known as belief bias. Aging is associated with difficulties in inhibitory control, which may lead to deficits in inhibition of currently-held beliefs. No study to date, however, has investigated the underlying neural substrates of age-related differences in Logical Reasoning and the impact of belief load. The aim of the present study was to delineate age differences in brain activity during a syllogistic Logical Reasoning task while the believability load of Logical inferences was manipulated. Twenty-nine, healthy, younger and thirty, healthy, older adults (males and females) completed a functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment in which they were asked to determine the Logical validity of conclusions. Unlike younger adults, older adults engaged a large-scale network including anterior cingulate cortex and inferior frontal gyrus during conclusion stage. Our functional connectivity results suggest that while older adults engaged the anterior cingulate network to overcome their intuitive responses for believable inferences, the inferior frontal gyrus network contributed to higher control over responses during both believable and unbelievable conditions. Our functional results were further supported by structure-function-behavior analyses indicating the importance of cingulum bundle and uncinate fasciculus integrity in rejection of believable statements. These novel findings lend evidence for age-related differences in belief bias, with potentially important implications for decision making where currently-held beliefs and given assumptions are in conflict.
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role of the hippocampus during Logical Reasoning and belief bias in aging
bioRxiv, 2020Co-Authors: Maryam Ziaei, Mohammad Reza Bonyadi, David C. ReutensAbstract:Reasoning requires initial encoding of the semantic association between premises or assumptions, retrieval of these semantic associations from memory, and recombination of information to draw a Logical conclusion. Currently-held beliefs can interfere with the content of the assumptions if not congruent and inhibited. This study aimed to investigate the role of the hippocampus and hippocampal networks during Logical Reasoning tasks in which the congruence between currently-held beliefs and assumptions varies. Participants of younger and older age completed a series of syllogistic Reasoning tasks in which two premises and one conclusion were presented and they were required to decide if the conclusion Logically followed the premises. The belief load of premises was manipulated to be either congruent or incongruent with currently-held beliefs. Our whole-brain results showed that older adults recruited the hippocampus during the premise integration stage more than their younger counterparts. Functional connectivity using a hippocampal seed revealed that older, but not younger, adults recruited a hippocampal network that included anterior cingulate and inferior frontal regions when premises were believable. Importantly, this network contributed to better performance in believable inferences, only in older adults group. Further analyses suggested that, in older adults group, the integrity of the left cingulum bundle was associated with the higher correct rejection of believable premises more than unbelievable ones. Using multimodal imaging, this study highlights the importance of the hippocampus during premise integration and supports the compensatory role of the hippocampal network during a Logical Reasoning task among older adults.
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role of the hippocampus during Logical Reasoning and belief bias in aging
Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 2020Co-Authors: Maryam Ziaei, Mohammad Reza Bonyadi, David C. ReutensAbstract:Reasoning requires initial encoding of the semantic association between premises or assumptions, retrieval of these semantic associations from memory, and recombination of information to draw a Logical conclusion. Currently-held beliefs can interfere with the content of the assumptions if not congruent and inhibited. This study aimed to investigate the role of the hippocampus and hippocampal networks during Logical Reasoning tasks in which the congruence between currently-held beliefs and assumptions varies. Participants of younger and older age completed a series of syllogistic Reasoning tasks in which two premises and one conclusion were presented and they were required to decide if the conclusion Logically followed the premises. The belief load of premises was manipulated to be either congruent or incongruent with currently-held beliefs. Our whole-brain results showed that older adults recruited the hippocampus during the premise integration stage more than their younger counterparts. Functional connectivity using a hippocampal seed revealed that older, but not younger, adults recruited a hippocampal network that included anterior cingulate and inferior frontal regions when premises were believable. Importantly, this network contributed to better performance in believable inferences, only in older adults group. Further analyses suggested that, in older adults group, the integrity of the left cingulum bundle was associated with the higher rejection of believable premises more than unbelievable ones. Using multimodal imaging, this study highlights the importance of the hippocampus during premise integration and supports compensatory role of the hippocampal network during a Logical Reasoning task among older adults.
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age related differences in structural and functional prefrontal networks during a Logical Reasoning task
bioRxiv, 2019Co-Authors: Maryam Ziaei, Mohammad Reza Bonyadi, David C. ReutensAbstract:In Logical Reasoning, difficulties in inhibition of currently-held beliefs may lead to unwarranted conclusions, known as belief bias. Aging is associated with difficulties in inhibitory control, which may lead to deficits in inhibition of currently-held beliefs. But, no study, to date, has investigated the underlying neural substrates of age-related differences in Logical Reasoning and the impact of belief loads. The aim of the present study was to delineate age differences in brain activity during a syllogistic Logical Reasoning task while the believability load of the Logical inferences was manipulated. Twenty-nine, healthy, younger and thirty, healthy, older adults (males and females) completed a functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment in which they were asked to determine the Logical validity of conclusions. Unlike younger adults, older adults engaged a large-scale network including anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) during conclusion stage. Our functional connectivity results suggest that while older adults engaged the ACC network to overcome their intuitive responses for believable inferences, the IFG network contributed to higher control over responses during both believable and unbelievable conditions. This result was further supported by mediation analysis indicating the role of Uncinate Fasciculus tract as a mediator for a relationship between age and rejection of believable statements. These novel findings lend evidence for age-related differences in belief bias, with potentially important implications for socially-relevant decision making where currently-held beliefs and given assumptions are in conflict.
Maryam Ziaei - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Age-related differences in structural and functional prefrontal networks during a Logical Reasoning task
Brain Imaging and Behavior, 2020Co-Authors: Maryam Ziaei, Mohammad Reza Bonyadi, David C. ReutensAbstract:In Logical Reasoning, difficulties in inhibition of currently-held beliefs may lead to unwarranted conclusions, known as belief bias. Aging is associated with difficulties in inhibitory control, which may lead to deficits in inhibition of currently-held beliefs. No study to date, however, has investigated the underlying neural substrates of age-related differences in Logical Reasoning and the impact of belief load. The aim of the present study was to delineate age differences in brain activity during a syllogistic Logical Reasoning task while the believability load of Logical inferences was manipulated. Twenty-nine, healthy, younger and thirty, healthy, older adults (males and females) completed a functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment in which they were asked to determine the Logical validity of conclusions. Unlike younger adults, older adults engaged a large-scale network including anterior cingulate cortex and inferior frontal gyrus during conclusion stage. Our functional connectivity results suggest that while older adults engaged the anterior cingulate network to overcome their intuitive responses for believable inferences, the inferior frontal gyrus network contributed to higher control over responses during both believable and unbelievable conditions. Our functional results were further supported by structure-function-behavior analyses indicating the importance of cingulum bundle and uncinate fasciculus integrity in rejection of believable statements. These novel findings lend evidence for age-related differences in belief bias, with potentially important implications for decision making where currently-held beliefs and given assumptions are in conflict.
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role of the hippocampus during Logical Reasoning and belief bias in aging
bioRxiv, 2020Co-Authors: Maryam Ziaei, Mohammad Reza Bonyadi, David C. ReutensAbstract:Reasoning requires initial encoding of the semantic association between premises or assumptions, retrieval of these semantic associations from memory, and recombination of information to draw a Logical conclusion. Currently-held beliefs can interfere with the content of the assumptions if not congruent and inhibited. This study aimed to investigate the role of the hippocampus and hippocampal networks during Logical Reasoning tasks in which the congruence between currently-held beliefs and assumptions varies. Participants of younger and older age completed a series of syllogistic Reasoning tasks in which two premises and one conclusion were presented and they were required to decide if the conclusion Logically followed the premises. The belief load of premises was manipulated to be either congruent or incongruent with currently-held beliefs. Our whole-brain results showed that older adults recruited the hippocampus during the premise integration stage more than their younger counterparts. Functional connectivity using a hippocampal seed revealed that older, but not younger, adults recruited a hippocampal network that included anterior cingulate and inferior frontal regions when premises were believable. Importantly, this network contributed to better performance in believable inferences, only in older adults group. Further analyses suggested that, in older adults group, the integrity of the left cingulum bundle was associated with the higher correct rejection of believable premises more than unbelievable ones. Using multimodal imaging, this study highlights the importance of the hippocampus during premise integration and supports the compensatory role of the hippocampal network during a Logical Reasoning task among older adults.
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role of the hippocampus during Logical Reasoning and belief bias in aging
Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 2020Co-Authors: Maryam Ziaei, Mohammad Reza Bonyadi, David C. ReutensAbstract:Reasoning requires initial encoding of the semantic association between premises or assumptions, retrieval of these semantic associations from memory, and recombination of information to draw a Logical conclusion. Currently-held beliefs can interfere with the content of the assumptions if not congruent and inhibited. This study aimed to investigate the role of the hippocampus and hippocampal networks during Logical Reasoning tasks in which the congruence between currently-held beliefs and assumptions varies. Participants of younger and older age completed a series of syllogistic Reasoning tasks in which two premises and one conclusion were presented and they were required to decide if the conclusion Logically followed the premises. The belief load of premises was manipulated to be either congruent or incongruent with currently-held beliefs. Our whole-brain results showed that older adults recruited the hippocampus during the premise integration stage more than their younger counterparts. Functional connectivity using a hippocampal seed revealed that older, but not younger, adults recruited a hippocampal network that included anterior cingulate and inferior frontal regions when premises were believable. Importantly, this network contributed to better performance in believable inferences, only in older adults group. Further analyses suggested that, in older adults group, the integrity of the left cingulum bundle was associated with the higher rejection of believable premises more than unbelievable ones. Using multimodal imaging, this study highlights the importance of the hippocampus during premise integration and supports compensatory role of the hippocampal network during a Logical Reasoning task among older adults.
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age related differences in structural and functional prefrontal networks during a Logical Reasoning task
bioRxiv, 2019Co-Authors: Maryam Ziaei, Mohammad Reza Bonyadi, David C. ReutensAbstract:In Logical Reasoning, difficulties in inhibition of currently-held beliefs may lead to unwarranted conclusions, known as belief bias. Aging is associated with difficulties in inhibitory control, which may lead to deficits in inhibition of currently-held beliefs. But, no study, to date, has investigated the underlying neural substrates of age-related differences in Logical Reasoning and the impact of belief loads. The aim of the present study was to delineate age differences in brain activity during a syllogistic Logical Reasoning task while the believability load of the Logical inferences was manipulated. Twenty-nine, healthy, younger and thirty, healthy, older adults (males and females) completed a functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment in which they were asked to determine the Logical validity of conclusions. Unlike younger adults, older adults engaged a large-scale network including anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) during conclusion stage. Our functional connectivity results suggest that while older adults engaged the ACC network to overcome their intuitive responses for believable inferences, the IFG network contributed to higher control over responses during both believable and unbelievable conditions. This result was further supported by mediation analysis indicating the role of Uncinate Fasciculus tract as a mediator for a relationship between age and rejection of believable statements. These novel findings lend evidence for age-related differences in belief bias, with potentially important implications for socially-relevant decision making where currently-held beliefs and given assumptions are in conflict.
Christoph Benzmuller - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Universal (meta-)Logical Reasoning: The Wise Men Puzzle (Isabelle/HOL dataset).
Data in Brief, 2019Co-Authors: Christoph BenzmullerAbstract:Abstract The authors universal (meta-)Logical Reasoning approach is demonstrated and assessed with a prominent riddle in epistemic Reasoning: the Wise Men Puzzle. The presented solution puts a particular emphasis on the adequate modeling of common knowledge and it illustrates the elegance and the practical relevance of the shallow semantical embedding approach when utilized within modern proof assistant systems such as Isabelle/HOL. The contributed dataset provides supporting evidence for claims made in the article “Universal (meta-)Logical Reasoning: Recent successes” (Benzmuller, 2019).
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universal meta Logical Reasoning recent successes
Science of Computer Programming, 2019Co-Authors: Christoph BenzmullerAbstract:Abstract Classical higher-order logic, when utilized as a meta-logic in which various other (classical and non-classical) logics can be shallowly embedded, is suitable as a foundation for the development of a universal Logical Reasoning engine. Such an engine may be employed, as already envisioned by Leibniz, to support the rigorous formalisation and deep Logical analysis of rational arguments on the computer. A respective universal Logical Reasoning framework is described in this article and a range of successful first applications in philosophy, artificial intelligence and mathematics are surveyed.
Mohammad Reza Bonyadi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Age-related differences in structural and functional prefrontal networks during a Logical Reasoning task
Brain Imaging and Behavior, 2020Co-Authors: Maryam Ziaei, Mohammad Reza Bonyadi, David C. ReutensAbstract:In Logical Reasoning, difficulties in inhibition of currently-held beliefs may lead to unwarranted conclusions, known as belief bias. Aging is associated with difficulties in inhibitory control, which may lead to deficits in inhibition of currently-held beliefs. No study to date, however, has investigated the underlying neural substrates of age-related differences in Logical Reasoning and the impact of belief load. The aim of the present study was to delineate age differences in brain activity during a syllogistic Logical Reasoning task while the believability load of Logical inferences was manipulated. Twenty-nine, healthy, younger and thirty, healthy, older adults (males and females) completed a functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment in which they were asked to determine the Logical validity of conclusions. Unlike younger adults, older adults engaged a large-scale network including anterior cingulate cortex and inferior frontal gyrus during conclusion stage. Our functional connectivity results suggest that while older adults engaged the anterior cingulate network to overcome their intuitive responses for believable inferences, the inferior frontal gyrus network contributed to higher control over responses during both believable and unbelievable conditions. Our functional results were further supported by structure-function-behavior analyses indicating the importance of cingulum bundle and uncinate fasciculus integrity in rejection of believable statements. These novel findings lend evidence for age-related differences in belief bias, with potentially important implications for decision making where currently-held beliefs and given assumptions are in conflict.
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role of the hippocampus during Logical Reasoning and belief bias in aging
bioRxiv, 2020Co-Authors: Maryam Ziaei, Mohammad Reza Bonyadi, David C. ReutensAbstract:Reasoning requires initial encoding of the semantic association between premises or assumptions, retrieval of these semantic associations from memory, and recombination of information to draw a Logical conclusion. Currently-held beliefs can interfere with the content of the assumptions if not congruent and inhibited. This study aimed to investigate the role of the hippocampus and hippocampal networks during Logical Reasoning tasks in which the congruence between currently-held beliefs and assumptions varies. Participants of younger and older age completed a series of syllogistic Reasoning tasks in which two premises and one conclusion were presented and they were required to decide if the conclusion Logically followed the premises. The belief load of premises was manipulated to be either congruent or incongruent with currently-held beliefs. Our whole-brain results showed that older adults recruited the hippocampus during the premise integration stage more than their younger counterparts. Functional connectivity using a hippocampal seed revealed that older, but not younger, adults recruited a hippocampal network that included anterior cingulate and inferior frontal regions when premises were believable. Importantly, this network contributed to better performance in believable inferences, only in older adults group. Further analyses suggested that, in older adults group, the integrity of the left cingulum bundle was associated with the higher correct rejection of believable premises more than unbelievable ones. Using multimodal imaging, this study highlights the importance of the hippocampus during premise integration and supports the compensatory role of the hippocampal network during a Logical Reasoning task among older adults.
-
role of the hippocampus during Logical Reasoning and belief bias in aging
Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 2020Co-Authors: Maryam Ziaei, Mohammad Reza Bonyadi, David C. ReutensAbstract:Reasoning requires initial encoding of the semantic association between premises or assumptions, retrieval of these semantic associations from memory, and recombination of information to draw a Logical conclusion. Currently-held beliefs can interfere with the content of the assumptions if not congruent and inhibited. This study aimed to investigate the role of the hippocampus and hippocampal networks during Logical Reasoning tasks in which the congruence between currently-held beliefs and assumptions varies. Participants of younger and older age completed a series of syllogistic Reasoning tasks in which two premises and one conclusion were presented and they were required to decide if the conclusion Logically followed the premises. The belief load of premises was manipulated to be either congruent or incongruent with currently-held beliefs. Our whole-brain results showed that older adults recruited the hippocampus during the premise integration stage more than their younger counterparts. Functional connectivity using a hippocampal seed revealed that older, but not younger, adults recruited a hippocampal network that included anterior cingulate and inferior frontal regions when premises were believable. Importantly, this network contributed to better performance in believable inferences, only in older adults group. Further analyses suggested that, in older adults group, the integrity of the left cingulum bundle was associated with the higher rejection of believable premises more than unbelievable ones. Using multimodal imaging, this study highlights the importance of the hippocampus during premise integration and supports compensatory role of the hippocampal network during a Logical Reasoning task among older adults.
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age related differences in structural and functional prefrontal networks during a Logical Reasoning task
bioRxiv, 2019Co-Authors: Maryam Ziaei, Mohammad Reza Bonyadi, David C. ReutensAbstract:In Logical Reasoning, difficulties in inhibition of currently-held beliefs may lead to unwarranted conclusions, known as belief bias. Aging is associated with difficulties in inhibitory control, which may lead to deficits in inhibition of currently-held beliefs. But, no study, to date, has investigated the underlying neural substrates of age-related differences in Logical Reasoning and the impact of belief loads. The aim of the present study was to delineate age differences in brain activity during a syllogistic Logical Reasoning task while the believability load of the Logical inferences was manipulated. Twenty-nine, healthy, younger and thirty, healthy, older adults (males and females) completed a functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment in which they were asked to determine the Logical validity of conclusions. Unlike younger adults, older adults engaged a large-scale network including anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) during conclusion stage. Our functional connectivity results suggest that while older adults engaged the ACC network to overcome their intuitive responses for believable inferences, the IFG network contributed to higher control over responses during both believable and unbelievable conditions. This result was further supported by mediation analysis indicating the role of Uncinate Fasciculus tract as a mediator for a relationship between age and rejection of believable statements. These novel findings lend evidence for age-related differences in belief bias, with potentially important implications for socially-relevant decision making where currently-held beliefs and given assumptions are in conflict.
Jiashi Feng - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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ICLR - ReClor: A Reading Comprehension Dataset Requiring Logical Reasoning
2020Co-Authors: Weihao Yu, Zihang Jiang, Yanfei Dong, Jiashi FengAbstract:Recent powerful pre-trained language models have achieved remarkable performance on most of the popular datasets for reading comprehension. It is time to introduce more challenging datasets to push the development of this field towards more comprehensive Reasoning of text. In this paper, we introduce a new Reading Comprehension dataset requiring Logical Reasoning (ReClor) extracted from standardized graduate admission examinations. As earlier studies suggest, human-annotated datasets usually contain biases, which are often exploited by models to achieve high accuracy without truly understanding the text. In order to comprehensively evaluate the Logical Reasoning ability of models on ReClor, we propose to identify biased data points and separate them into EASY set while the rest as HARD set. Empirical results show that the state-of-the-art models have an outstanding ability to capture biases contained in the dataset with high accuracy on EASY set. However, they struggle on HARD set with poor performance near that of random guess, indicating more research is needed to essentially enhance the Logical Reasoning ability of current models.
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reclor a reading comprehension dataset requiring Logical Reasoning
International Conference on Learning Representations, 2020Co-Authors: Weihao Yu, Zihang Jiang, Yanfei Dong, Jiashi FengAbstract:Recent powerful pre-trained language models have achieved remarkable performance on most of the popular datasets for reading comprehension. It is time to introduce more challenging datasets to push the development of this field towards more comprehensive Reasoning of text. In this paper, we introduce a new Reading Comprehension dataset requiring Logical Reasoning (ReClor) extracted from standardized graduate admission examinations. As earlier studies suggest, human-annotated datasets usually contain biases, which are often exploited by models to achieve high accuracy without truly understanding the text. In order to comprehensively evaluate the Logical Reasoning ability of models on ReClor, we propose to identify biased data points and separate them into EASY set while the rest as HARD set. Empirical results show that the state-of-the-art models have an outstanding ability to capture biases contained in the dataset with high accuracy on EASY set. However, they struggle on HARD set with poor performance near that of random guess, indicating more research is needed to essentially enhance the Logical Reasoning ability of current models.
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reclor a reading comprehension dataset requiring Logical Reasoning
arXiv: Computation and Language, 2020Co-Authors: Weihao Yu, Zihang Jiang, Yanfei Dong, Jiashi FengAbstract:Recent powerful pre-trained language models have achieved remarkable performance on most of the popular datasets for reading comprehension. It is time to introduce more challenging datasets to push the development of this field towards more comprehensive Reasoning of text. In this paper, we introduce a new Reading Comprehension dataset requiring Logical Reasoning (ReClor) extracted from standardized graduate admission examinations. As earlier studies suggest, human-annotated datasets usually contain biases, which are often exploited by models to achieve high accuracy without truly understanding the text. In order to comprehensively evaluate the Logical Reasoning ability of models on ReClor, we propose to identify biased data points and separate them into EASY set while the rest as HARD set. Empirical results show that state-of-the-art models have an outstanding ability to capture biases contained in the dataset with high accuracy on EASY set. However, they struggle on HARD set with poor performance near that of random guess, indicating more research is needed to essentially enhance the Logical Reasoning ability of current models.
