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Finnbogi Oskarsson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the iceland deep drilling project at reykjanes drilling into the root zone of a black smoker analog
Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 2020Co-Authors: Guðmundur Omar Friðleifsson, Wa Elders, Ra Zierenberg, Andrew P G Fowler, Tobias B Weisenberger, Kiflom G Mesfin, Omar Sigurðsson, Steinþor Nielsson, Gunnlaugur Einarsson, Finnbogi OskarssonAbstract:The aim of the Iceland Deep Drilling Project is to drill into supercritical geothermal systems and examine their economic potential. The exploratory well IDDP-2 was drilled in the Reykjanes geothermal field in SW Iceland, on the landward extension of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The Reykjanes geothermal field produces from a <300 °C reservoir at 1 to 2.5 km depth and is unusual because it is recharged by seawater. The well was cased to 3000 m depth, and then angled towards the main up-flow zone of the system, to a total slant depth of 4659 m (~4500 m vertical depth). Based on alteration mineral assemblages, joint inversion of wireline logging, and rate of heating measurements, the bottom hole temperature is estimated to be about 535 °C. The major problem encountered during drilling was the total Loss of Circulation below 3 km depth and continuing to the final depth. Drilling continued without recovering drill cuttings, consequently spot coring provided the only deep rock samples from the well. These cores are characteristic of a basaltic sheeted dike complex, with hydrothermal alteration mineral assemblages that range from greenschist to amphibolite facies, hornblende hornfels, and pyroxene hornfels, allowing the opportunity to investigate water-rock interaction in the active roots of an analog of a submarine hydrothermal system. As they have not yet been sampled, the composition of the deep fluids at Reykjanes is unknown at present. Cold water is currently being injected with the aim of enhancing permeability at depth, before allowing the well to heat up prior to flow tests planned for early 2019. The well has at least two fluid feed zones, a dominant one at 3.4 km depth and a second smaller one at 4.5 km. Extensive geophysical surveys of the Reykjanes Peninsula completed recently allow correlation of geophysical signals with rocks properties and in-situ conditions in the subsurface. Earthquake activity monitored with a local seismic network during drilling the IDDP-2 drilling detected abundant small earthquakes (ML ≤ 2) within the depth range of 3–5 km. A zone at 3–5 km depth below the producing geothermal field that was generally aseismic prior to drilling, but became seismically active during the drilling. The drilling of the IDDP-2 has achieved number of scientific and engineering firsts. It is the deepest and hottest drill hole so far sited on an active mid-ocean spreading center. It penetrated an active supercritical hydrothermal environment at depths analogous to those postulated as the high temperature reaction zones feeding black smoker systems.
Abdulazeez Abdulraheem - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Data-Driven Framework to Predict the Rheological Properties of CaCl 2 Brine-Based Drill-in Fluid Using Artificial Neural Network
Energies, 2019Co-Authors: Ahmed Gowida, Emad Ramadan, Abdulazeez AbdulraheemAbstract:Calcium chloride brine-based drill-in fluid is commonly used within the reservoir section, as it is specially formulated to maximize drilling experience, and to protect the reservoir from being damaged. Monitoring the drilling fluid rheology including plastic viscosity, P V , apparent viscosity, A V , yield point, Y p , flow behavior index, n , and flow consistency index, k , has great importance in evaluating hole cleaning and optimizing drilling hydraulics. Therefore, it is very crucial for the mud rheology to be checked periodically during drilling, in order to control its persistent change. Such properties are often measured in the field twice a day, and in practice, this takes a long time (2–3 h for taking measurements and cleaning the instruments). However, mud weight, M W , and Marsh funnel viscosity, M F , are periodically measured every 15–20 min. The objective of this study is to develop new models using artificial neural network, ANN, to predict the rheological properties of calcium chloride brine-based mud using M W and M F measurements then extract empirical correlations in a white-box mode to predict these properties based on M W and M F . Field measurements, 515 points, representing actual mud samples, were collected to build the proposed ANN models. The optimized parameters of these models resulted in highly accurate results indicated by a high correlation coefficient, R , between the predicted and measured values, which exceeded 0.97, with an average absolute percentage error, AAPE , that did not exceed 6.1%. Accordingly, the developed models are very useful for monitoring the mud rheology to optimize the drilling operation and avoid many problems such as hole cleaning issues, pipe sticking and Loss of Circulation.
Guðmundur Omar Friðleifsson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the iceland deep drilling project at reykjanes drilling into the root zone of a black smoker analog
Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 2020Co-Authors: Guðmundur Omar Friðleifsson, Wa Elders, Ra Zierenberg, Andrew P G Fowler, Tobias B Weisenberger, Kiflom G Mesfin, Omar Sigurðsson, Steinþor Nielsson, Gunnlaugur Einarsson, Finnbogi OskarssonAbstract:The aim of the Iceland Deep Drilling Project is to drill into supercritical geothermal systems and examine their economic potential. The exploratory well IDDP-2 was drilled in the Reykjanes geothermal field in SW Iceland, on the landward extension of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The Reykjanes geothermal field produces from a <300 °C reservoir at 1 to 2.5 km depth and is unusual because it is recharged by seawater. The well was cased to 3000 m depth, and then angled towards the main up-flow zone of the system, to a total slant depth of 4659 m (~4500 m vertical depth). Based on alteration mineral assemblages, joint inversion of wireline logging, and rate of heating measurements, the bottom hole temperature is estimated to be about 535 °C. The major problem encountered during drilling was the total Loss of Circulation below 3 km depth and continuing to the final depth. Drilling continued without recovering drill cuttings, consequently spot coring provided the only deep rock samples from the well. These cores are characteristic of a basaltic sheeted dike complex, with hydrothermal alteration mineral assemblages that range from greenschist to amphibolite facies, hornblende hornfels, and pyroxene hornfels, allowing the opportunity to investigate water-rock interaction in the active roots of an analog of a submarine hydrothermal system. As they have not yet been sampled, the composition of the deep fluids at Reykjanes is unknown at present. Cold water is currently being injected with the aim of enhancing permeability at depth, before allowing the well to heat up prior to flow tests planned for early 2019. The well has at least two fluid feed zones, a dominant one at 3.4 km depth and a second smaller one at 4.5 km. Extensive geophysical surveys of the Reykjanes Peninsula completed recently allow correlation of geophysical signals with rocks properties and in-situ conditions in the subsurface. Earthquake activity monitored with a local seismic network during drilling the IDDP-2 drilling detected abundant small earthquakes (ML ≤ 2) within the depth range of 3–5 km. A zone at 3–5 km depth below the producing geothermal field that was generally aseismic prior to drilling, but became seismically active during the drilling. The drilling of the IDDP-2 has achieved number of scientific and engineering firsts. It is the deepest and hottest drill hole so far sited on an active mid-ocean spreading center. It penetrated an active supercritical hydrothermal environment at depths analogous to those postulated as the high temperature reaction zones feeding black smoker systems.
Ahmed Gowida - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Data-Driven Framework to Predict the Rheological Properties of CaCl 2 Brine-Based Drill-in Fluid Using Artificial Neural Network
Energies, 2019Co-Authors: Ahmed Gowida, Emad Ramadan, Abdulazeez AbdulraheemAbstract:Calcium chloride brine-based drill-in fluid is commonly used within the reservoir section, as it is specially formulated to maximize drilling experience, and to protect the reservoir from being damaged. Monitoring the drilling fluid rheology including plastic viscosity, P V , apparent viscosity, A V , yield point, Y p , flow behavior index, n , and flow consistency index, k , has great importance in evaluating hole cleaning and optimizing drilling hydraulics. Therefore, it is very crucial for the mud rheology to be checked periodically during drilling, in order to control its persistent change. Such properties are often measured in the field twice a day, and in practice, this takes a long time (2–3 h for taking measurements and cleaning the instruments). However, mud weight, M W , and Marsh funnel viscosity, M F , are periodically measured every 15–20 min. The objective of this study is to develop new models using artificial neural network, ANN, to predict the rheological properties of calcium chloride brine-based mud using M W and M F measurements then extract empirical correlations in a white-box mode to predict these properties based on M W and M F . Field measurements, 515 points, representing actual mud samples, were collected to build the proposed ANN models. The optimized parameters of these models resulted in highly accurate results indicated by a high correlation coefficient, R , between the predicted and measured values, which exceeded 0.97, with an average absolute percentage error, AAPE , that did not exceed 6.1%. Accordingly, the developed models are very useful for monitoring the mud rheology to optimize the drilling operation and avoid many problems such as hole cleaning issues, pipe sticking and Loss of Circulation.
Hoteit Hussein - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Lost-Circulation diagnostics using derivative-based type-curves for non-Newtonian mud leakage into fractured formation
2021Co-Authors: Albattat Rami, Alsinan Marwa, Kwak Hyung, Hoteit HusseinAbstract:Drilling is a requisite operation for many industries to reach a targeted subsurface zone. Loss of Circulation is a common problem that often causes interruptions to the drilling process and a reduction in efficiency. In this work, a semi-analytical solution and mud type-curves (MTC) are proposed to offer a quick and accurate diagnostic model to assess the lost-Circulation of Herschel-Bulkley fluids in fractured media. Based on the observed transient pressure and mud-Loss trends, the model can estimate the effective fracture conductivity, the time-dependent cumulative mud-Loss volume, and the leakage period. The behavior of lost-Circulation into fractured formation can be quickly evaluated, at the drilling site, to perform useful diagnostics, such as the rate of fluid leakage, and the associated effective fracture hydraulic properties. Further, novel derivative-based mud-type-curves (DMTC) are developed to quantify the leakage of drilling fluid flow into fractures. The developed model is applied for non-Newtonian fluids exhibiting yield-power-law, including shear thickening and thinning, and Bingham plastic fluids. Proposing new dimensionless groups generates the dual type-curves, MTC and DMTC, which offer superior predictivity compared to traditional methods. Both type-curve sets are used in a dual trend matching, which significantly reduces the non-uniqueness issue that is typically encountered in type-curves. Data for lost Circulation from several field cases are presented to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method. The semi-analytical solver, combined with Monte Carlo simulations, is then applied to assess the sensitivity and uncertainty of various fluid and subsurface parameters. The proposed can serve as a quick diagnostic tool to evaluate lost-Circulation in drilling operations
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Modeling Lost-Circulation into Fractured Formation in Rock Drilling Operations
'IntechOpen', 2021Co-Authors: Albattat Rami, Hoteit HusseinAbstract:Loss of Circulation while drilling is a challenging problem that may interrupt drilling operations, reduce efficiency, and increases cost. When a drilled borehole intercepts conductive faults or fractures, lost Circulation manifests as a partial or total escape of drilling, workover, or cementing fluids into the surrounding rock formations. Studying drilling fluid Loss into a fractured system has been investigated using laboratory experiments, analytical modeling, and numerical simulations. Analytical modeling of fluid flow is a tool that can be quickly deployed to assess lost Circulation and perform diagnostics, including leakage rate decline and fracture conductivity. In this chapter, various analytical methods developed to model the flow of non-Newtonian drilling fluid in a fractured medium are discussed. The solution methods are applicable for yield-power-law, including shear-thinning, shear-thickening, and Bingham plastic fluids. Numerical solutions of the Cauchy equation are used to verify the analytical solutions. Type-curves are also described using dimensionless groups. The solution methods are used to estimate the range of fracture conductivity and time-dependent fluid Loss rate, and the ultimate total volume of lost fluid. The applicability of the proposed models is demonstrated for several field cases encountering lost Circulations
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A Semi-Analytical Approach to Model Drilling Fluid Leakage Into Fractured Formation
2020Co-Authors: Albattat Rami, Hoteit HusseinAbstract:Loss of Circulation while drilling is a challenging problem that may interrupt operations, reduce efficiency, and may contaminate the subsurface. When a drilled borehole intercepts conductive faults or fractures, lost Circulation manifests as a partial or total escape of drilling, workover, or cementing fluids, into the surrounding rock formations. Loss control materials (LCM) are often used in the mitigation process. Understanding the fracture effective hydraulic properties and fluid leakage behavior is crucial to mitigate this problem. Analytical modeling of fluid flow in fractures is a tool that can be quickly deployed to assess lost Circulation and perform diagnostics, including leakage rate decline, effective fracture conductivity, and selection of the LCM. Such models should be applicable to Newtonian and non-Newtonian yield-stress fluids, where the fluid rheology is a nonlinear function of fluid flow and shear stress. In this work, a new semi-analytical solution is developed to model the flow of non-Newtonian drilling fluid in a fractured medium. The solution model is applicable for various fluid types exhibiting yield-power-law (Herschel-Bulkley). We use high-resolution finite-element simulations based on the Cauchy equation to verify our solutions. We also generate type-curves and compare them to others in the literature. We demonstrate the applicability of the proposed model for two field cases encountering lost Circulations. To address the subsurface uncertainty, we combine the developed solutions with Monte-Carlo and generate probabilistic predictions. The solution method can estimate the range of fracture conductivity, parametrized by the fracture hydraulic aperture, and time-dependent fluid Loss rate that can predict the cumulative volume of lost fluid. The proposed approach is accurate and efficient enough to support decision-making for real-time drilling operations.Comment: 31 pages, 16 figure
