Lyotropic Liquid Crystal

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Douglas L. Gin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Richard D Noble - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • evaluation of a nanoporous Lyotropic Liquid Crystal polymer membrane for the treatment of hydraulic fracturing produced water via cross flow filtration
    Journal of Membrane Science, 2019
    Co-Authors: Sarah M Dischinge, James Rosenblum, Richard D Noble
    Abstract:

    Abstract Current commercial nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes are limited in scope and performance due to their physicochemical properties. Desalination of hydraulic fracturing wastewater poses a particular challenge to membrane filtration given the high concentrations of both organic compounds and salts present in these waters. The recently-developed nanoporous, bicontinuous cubic, Lyotropic Liquid Crystal, thin-film-composite polymer membrane (TFC QI membrane), having unique physicochemical properties, enables an alternative treatment of hydraulic fracturing wastewater. Specifically, the TFC QI membrane recovers the organic compounds from this high-salinity wastewater, enabling biodegradation to occur after desalination. However, other performance criteria must be demonstrated for a membrane to reach application. The work presented herein demonstrates the stable performance of the TFC QI membrane during 66 h of cross-flow filtration of hydraulic fracturing produced water. Compared to the commercial NF90 membrane, the TFC QI membrane recovered a larger portion of the organic compounds, had a higher thickness-normalized water flux, and fouled less. The combination of the TFC QI membrane’s selectivity with its reduced fouling propensity makes possible a treatment for hydraulic fracturing wastewater and other complex aqueous streams inaccessible by most commercial membranes, motivating the further study and development of the TFC QI membrane.

  • polymerization of counteranions in the cationic nanoporesof a cross linked Lyotropic Liquid Crystal network to modify ion transportproperties
    ACS Materials Letters, 2019
    Co-Authors: Michael J Mcgrath, Gregory E. Dwulet, Douglas L. Gin, Samantha H Hardy, Andrew J Basalla, Bryce C Manubay, John J Malecha, Zhangxing Shi, Hans H Funke, Richard D Noble
    Abstract:

    The nanopores of an as-synthesized cross-linked, cationic, type I bicontinuous cubic (QI)-phase Lyotropic Liquid Crystal network were modified by exchange of its Br– counteranions in the pores with...

  • application of a Lyotropic Liquid Crystal nanofiltration membrane for hydraulic fracturing flowback water selectivity and implications for treatment
    Journal of Membrane Science, 2017
    Co-Authors: Sarah M Dischinger, James Rosenblum, Richard D Noble, Douglas L. Gin, Karl G Linden
    Abstract:

    Abstract A thin-film composite, bicontinuous cubic Lyotropic Liquid Crystal polymer (TFC Q I ) membrane with uniform-size, ionic nanopores was studied for the treatment of hydraulic fracturing flowback water. The TFC Q I membrane performance was compared to those of a commercial nanofiltration (NF) membrane (NF270) and a commercial reverse osmosis (RO) membrane (SW30HR) for the filtration of flowback water from the Denver-Julesburg Basin. The permeability, salt rejection, and organic solute rejection for each membrane was evaluated. The results illustrate that the TFC Q I membrane maintained its performance to a similar degree as the commercial NF and RO membranes while demonstrating a unique selectivity not observed in the commercial membranes. Specifically, the TFC Q I membrane rejected 75% of the salt while recovering 9.6% of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and 50% of the water. Of particular interest was the recovery of labile DOC, which was assessed through biodegradation experiments. Analysis following biodegradation of the TFC Q I membrane permeate demonstrates the membrane's ability to recover labile DOC in a reduced-saline permeate. Improved recovery of labile DOC (increased to 22%) was demonstrated by reducing the pH of the flowback water. Therefore, the selectivity of the TFC Q I membrane provides an opportunity to recover resources from hydraulic fracturing flowback.

  • effect of post polymerization anion exchange on the rejection of uncharged aqueous solutes in nanoporous ionic Lyotropic Liquid Crystal polymer membranes
    Journal of Membrane Science, 2017
    Co-Authors: Sarah M Dischinger, Michael J Mcgrath, Kimberly R Bourland, Richard D Noble
    Abstract:

    Abstract The selectivity of a bicontinuous cubic, Lyotropic Liquid Crystal (LLC) polymer nanofiltration membrane containing uniform cationic nanopores was manipulated via anion-exchange at the pore wall by soaking the fabricated membranes in aqueous salt solutions. Monovalent organosulfonate anions of various sizes were completely exchanged as the counterion at the pore walls to explore the impact of anion size on uncharged molecular solute rejection and water permeance. It was found that larger organosulfonate anions associated at the pore walls induced a higher rejection of uncharged solutes and a lower water permeance. The change in selectivity of the nanopores was described quantitatively through the calculation of the effective pore radius. The effective pore radius in these modified membranes was found to vary from 0.9±0.2 to 0.55±0.08 nm depending on the resident organosulfonate counterion, demonstrating sub-1-nm resolution in pore size manipulation. An empirical model was used to demonstrate that physicochemical properties (molecular volume and hydrophobicity) of the resident counterion correlate with the observed solute rejection, suggesting that the counterion can be chosen to target a desired membrane performance. The ability to manipulate uniform, nm-sized pores with sub-1-nm resolution via simple anion-exchange offers a new avenue to tailor nanofiltration membrane performance.

  • nanoporous bicontinuous cubic Lyotropic Liquid Crystal networks via polymerizable gemini ammonium surfactants
    Chemistry of Materials, 2010
    Co-Authors: Evan S Hatakeyama, Brian R Wiesenauer, Richard D Noble, Christopher J Gabriel, Douglas L. Gin
    Abstract:

    New polymerizable gemini ammonium surfactants can be cross-linked in a type I bicontinuous cubic Lyotropic Liquid Crystal phase with water to afford nanoporous polymer membranes with sub-1 nm 3D pores for water nanofiltration applications.

Meijuan Zhou - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • new type of membrane material for water desalination based on a cross linked bicontinuous cubic Lyotropic Liquid Crystal assembly
    Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2007
    Co-Authors: Meijuan Zhou, Richard D Noble, Xiaohui Zeng, Evan S Hatakeyama, Parag R Nemade, Douglas L. Gin
    Abstract:

    A polymeric membrane material for efficient water desalination based on a cross-linked type I bicontinuous cubic (QI) Lyotropic Liquid Crystal (LLC) assembly is described. This ordered, nanoporous, polymer material is formed by the self-assembly of a cross-linkable gemini amphiphile in water and contains interpenetrating organic networks separated from one another by a continuous, ultrathin water layer surface (ca. 0.75 nm gap spacing) with overall cubic symmetry. Supported membranes of this material are produced by hot-pressing the initial LLC monomer gel at high pressure through a commercial microporous hydrophilic membrane support at 70 °C and then radically photocross-linking the infused QI monomer phase. In stirred dead-end water filtration tests, the resulting 40-μm thick, optically transparent, supported LLC membranes exhibit 95−99.9% rejection of dissolved salt ions, neutral molecules and macromolecules, and molecular ions in the 0.64−1.2 nm size range in a single pass. This rejection performance ...

  • crosslinked bicontinuous cubic Lyotropic Liquid Crystal butyl rubber composites highly selective breathable barrier materials for chemical agent protection
    Advanced Materials, 2006
    Co-Authors: Vinh Dinh Nguyen, Xiaohui Zeng, Brian J Elliott, Meijuan Zhou, Jizhu Jin, Douglas L. Gin
    Abstract:

    Effective personal protection against exposure to toxic chemical agents in vapor form is a major operational safety concern in industry. This concern has also become extremely important in the military and in civilian defense because of the combined threats of chemical warfare and terrorism. One widely used and highly effective protective garment material is butyl rubber (BR), i.e., linear poly(methylpropene-co-2methyl-1,3-butadiene), which can be crosslinked to varying degrees via the residual double bonds in the polymer. Crosslinked BR has excellent chemical resistance and very low permeability to most toxic chemical agents in vapor or Liquid form. However, one serious drawback of BR is that it also has very low permeability to water vapor and respiratory gases. Under heavy workload and warm temperatures, an individual wearing a BR protective garment can easily develop heat stress due to ineffective evaporative cooling. The ideal protective garment material should have the ability to selectively block toxic substances while being permeable to water vapor and air (i.e., “breathable”) to avoid discomfort and heat stress. Advanced protective garments containing functional entities such as selectively permeable membranes, and reagents and catalytic entities that degrade or neutralize chemical agents have recently been developed. Recently, our research groups demonstrated a new approach to making selectively permeable BR-based materials that permit good water vapor transport as well as a high degree of chemical-agent rejection. This method involves blending and radically copolymerizing BR with a crosslinkable Lyotropic Liquid Crystal (LLC) monomer (1) that self-organizes around H2O to yield domains with ordered, cylindrical aqueous nanopores that are ca. 1.2 nm in diameter (Fig. 1). The LLC nanopores provide small, discrete hydrophilic pathways for water transport through the material. Chemical agents generally have low water solubility at ambient temperature, and are unable to easily dissolve in, or diffuse through, the crosslinked BR domains or the aqueous nanopores. Although the LLC nanopores are too large to selectively block small vapor molecules via size discrimination, they do exhibit large capillary and ionic attraction forces that allow the pores to reC O M M U N IC A TI O N

  • recent advances in the design of polymerizable Lyotropic Liquid Crystal assemblies for heterogeneous catalysis and selective separations
    Advanced Functional Materials, 2006
    Co-Authors: Douglas L. Gin, Parag R Nemade, Cory S Pecinovsky, Meijuan Zhou
    Abstract:

    Organic Lyotropic Liquid-Crystal (LLC) assemblies mimic molecular sieves in their nanoporous structures and their ability to incorporate catalytic functional groups. This article focuses on recent advances made by our research group in incorporating new catalytic properties into polymerizable LLC assemblies and studying the molecular-transport properties of the crosslinked networks.

Brian J Elliott - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • effect of varying the composition and nanostructure of organic carbonate containing Lyotropic Liquid Crystal polymer electrolytes on their ionic conductivity
    Polymer Journal, 2016
    Co-Authors: Robert L Kerr, Brian J Elliott, Julian P Edwards, Simon C Jones, Douglas L. Gin
    Abstract:

    Nanostructured composite electrolyte films consisting of a cross-linked Lyotropic Liquid Crystal (LLC) monomer, an organic carbonate Liquid electrolyte (propylene carbonate, dimethylcarbonate, diethylcarbonate) and a Li salt (LiClO_4, LiBF_4, LiPF_6) were systematically prepared and characterized at two electrolyte concentrations (0.245 and 1.0 m) and four Liquid loading levels (5, 15, 30, 50 wt %). The LLC morphology of the films was investigated using polarized light microscopy and powder X-ray diffraction; their ionic conductivity was investigated using AC impedance measurements. Higher Liquid electrolyte loadings and Li salt concentrations generally increased ionic conductivity, regardless of the Liquid electrolyte or salt used. Some mixed-phase LLC morphologies displayed good ionic conductivity; however, as initially prepared, these formulations were at the limit of Liquid uptake. In contrast, composites with a type II bicontinuous cubic (QII) LLC phase containing ordered, three-dimensional interconnected nanopores exhibited good conductivity using much less Liquid electrolyte and a lower Li salt concentration, indicating that this structure is more amenable to ion transport than less ordered/uniform morphologies. When wetted with electrolyte solution and integrated into Li/fluorinated carbon coin cells, the QII films were sufficiently strong to act as an ion-conductive separator and displayed stable open-circuit potentials. Many of the mixed-phase films gave shorted cells.

  • Effect of varying the composition and nanostructure of organic carbonate-containing Lyotropic Liquid Crystal polymer electrolytes on their ionic conductivity
    Polymer Journal, 2016
    Co-Authors: Robert L Kerr, Julian P Edwards, Simon C Jones, Brian J Elliott
    Abstract:

    Nanostructured composite electrolyte films consisting of a cross-linked Lyotropic Liquid Crystal (LLC) monomer, an organic carbonate Liquid electrolyte (propylene carbonate, dimethylcarbonate, diethylcarbonate) and a Li salt (LiClO_4, LiBF_4, LiPF_6) were systematically prepared and characterized at two electrolyte concentrations (0.245 and 1.0  m ) and four Liquid loading levels (5, 15, 30, 50 wt %). The LLC morphology of the films was investigated using polarized light microscopy and powder X-ray diffraction; their ionic conductivity was investigated using AC impedance measurements. Higher Liquid electrolyte loadings and Li salt concentrations generally increased ionic conductivity, regardless of the Liquid electrolyte or salt used. Some mixed-phase LLC morphologies displayed good ionic conductivity; however, as initially prepared, these formulations were at the limit of Liquid uptake. In contrast, composites with a type II bicontinuous cubic (Q_II) LLC phase containing ordered, three-dimensional interconnected nanopores exhibited good conductivity using much less Liquid electrolyte and a lower Li salt concentration, indicating that this structure is more amenable to ion transport than less ordered/uniform morphologies. When wetted with electrolyte solution and integrated into Li/fluorinated carbon coin cells, the Q_II films were sufficiently strong to act as an ion-conductive separator and displayed stable open-circuit potentials. Many of the mixed-phase films gave shorted cells. Nanostructured composite electrolyte films consisting of a cross-linked Lyotropic Liquid Crystal monomer and varying amounts of an organic carbonate Liquid electrolyte and a Li salt were systematically prepared and characterized for their ionic conductivity and ability to function as the separator membrane in a Li-metal/fluorinated carbon test cell. Films with a well-defined bicontinuous cubic phase were sufficiently strong to act as an ion-conductive separator and displayed stable open-circuit potentials, whereas the majority of the mixed-phase films gave shorted cells.

  • polymerized Lyotropic Liquid Crystal assemblies for membrane applications
    Macromolecular Rapid Communications, 2008
    Co-Authors: Douglas L. Gin, Richard D Noble, Jason E Bara, Brian J Elliott
    Abstract:

    Cross-linked Lyotropic Liquid Crystal (LLC) assemblies represent a new class of polymer materials for membrane applications. These materials are formed by the phase-segregation and self-assembly of polymerizable amphiphiles in water into condensed ordered ensembles that can be cross-linked in situ with retention of microstructure. The resulting LLC polymer networks have ordered, nanometer-scale aqueous and cross-linked organic domains, which can be used to affect gas solubility and diffusivity through the polymer to help separate molecules via the solution-diffusion mechanism. The open aqueous domains can also be used for pore transport and size exclusion with resolution on the molecular size level. The use and application potential of cross-linked LLC assemblies as gas separation membranes, selective vapor barrier materials, and water nanofiltration and desalination membranes are presented.

  • crosslinked bicontinuous cubic Lyotropic Liquid Crystal butyl rubber composites highly selective breathable barrier materials for chemical agent protection
    Advanced Materials, 2006
    Co-Authors: Vinh Dinh Nguyen, Xiaohui Zeng, Brian J Elliott, Meijuan Zhou, Jizhu Jin, Douglas L. Gin
    Abstract:

    Effective personal protection against exposure to toxic chemical agents in vapor form is a major operational safety concern in industry. This concern has also become extremely important in the military and in civilian defense because of the combined threats of chemical warfare and terrorism. One widely used and highly effective protective garment material is butyl rubber (BR), i.e., linear poly(methylpropene-co-2methyl-1,3-butadiene), which can be crosslinked to varying degrees via the residual double bonds in the polymer. Crosslinked BR has excellent chemical resistance and very low permeability to most toxic chemical agents in vapor or Liquid form. However, one serious drawback of BR is that it also has very low permeability to water vapor and respiratory gases. Under heavy workload and warm temperatures, an individual wearing a BR protective garment can easily develop heat stress due to ineffective evaporative cooling. The ideal protective garment material should have the ability to selectively block toxic substances while being permeable to water vapor and air (i.e., “breathable”) to avoid discomfort and heat stress. Advanced protective garments containing functional entities such as selectively permeable membranes, and reagents and catalytic entities that degrade or neutralize chemical agents have recently been developed. Recently, our research groups demonstrated a new approach to making selectively permeable BR-based materials that permit good water vapor transport as well as a high degree of chemical-agent rejection. This method involves blending and radically copolymerizing BR with a crosslinkable Lyotropic Liquid Crystal (LLC) monomer (1) that self-organizes around H2O to yield domains with ordered, cylindrical aqueous nanopores that are ca. 1.2 nm in diameter (Fig. 1). The LLC nanopores provide small, discrete hydrophilic pathways for water transport through the material. Chemical agents generally have low water solubility at ambient temperature, and are unable to easily dissolve in, or diffuse through, the crosslinked BR domains or the aqueous nanopores. Although the LLC nanopores are too large to selectively block small vapor molecules via size discrimination, they do exhibit large capillary and ionic attraction forces that allow the pores to reC O M M U N IC A TI O N

  • Lyotropic Liquid Crystal - Butyl Rubber Blended Nanomaterials
    2003
    Co-Authors: Jizhu Jin, Brian J Elliott, Vinh Nguyen, Douglas L. Gin
    Abstract:

    Abstract : Butyl Rubber (BR) is a highly effective barrier material fabric liner with excellent chemical stability and low permeability toward organic solvents and reactive chemicals. However, it has poor air and water vapor permeability. Used as a liner in protective clothing against chemical warfare agents, this disadvantage can lead to fatigue and heat stress in wearer. But blend BR with Lyotropic Liquid Crystals (LLCs) form inverted hexagonal (HII) phase, creating a nanoporous breathable LLC-BR composite.

Calum J Drummond - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Lyotropic Liquid Crystal engineering moving beyond binary compositional space ordered nanostructured amphiphile self assembly materials by design
    Chemical Society Reviews, 2017
    Co-Authors: Calum J Drummond, Leonie Van T Hag, Sally L Gras, Charlotte E Conn
    Abstract:

    Ordered amphiphile self-assembly materials with a tunable three-dimensional (3D) nanostructure are of fundamental interest, and crucial for progressing several biological and biomedical applications, including in meso membrane protein Crystallization, as drug and medical contrast agent delivery vehicles, and as biosensors and biofuel cells. In binary systems consisting of an amphiphile and a solvent, the ability to tune the 3D cubic phase nanostructure, lipid bilayer properties and the lipid mesophase is limited. A move beyond the binary compositional space is therefore required for efficient engineering of the required material properties. In this critical review, the phase transitions upon encapsulation of more than 130 amphiphilic and soluble additives into the bicontinuous lipidic cubic phase under excess hydration are summarized. The data are interpreted using geometric considerations, interfacial curvature, electrostatic interactions, partition coefficients and miscibility of the alkyl chains. The obtained Lyotropic Liquid Crystal engineering design rules can be used to enhance the formulation of self-assembly materials and provides a large library of these materials for use in biomedical applications (242 references).

  • Lyotropic Liquid Crystal engineering ordered nanostructured small molecule amphiphile self assembly materials by design
    Chemical Society Reviews, 2012
    Co-Authors: Celesta Fong, Tu C Le, Calum J Drummond
    Abstract:

    Future nanoscale soft matter design will be guided to a large extent by the teachings of amphiphile (lipid or surfactant) self-assembly. Ordered nanostructured Lyotropic Liquid Crystalline mesophases may form in select mixtures of amphiphile and solvent. To reproducibly engineer the low energy amphiphile self-assembly of materials for the future, we must first learn the design principles. In this critical review we discuss the evolution of these design rules and in particular discuss recent key findings regarding (i) what drives amphiphile self-assembly, (ii) what governs the self-assembly structures that are formed, and (iii) how can amphiphile self-assembly materials be used to enhance product formulations, including drug delivery vehicles, medical imaging contrast agents, and integral membrane protein Crystallisation media. We focus upon the generation of ‘dilutable’ Lyotropic Liquid Crystal phases with two- and three-dimensional geometries from amphiphilic small molecules (225 references).

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