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L Alexandre - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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serum fructosamine predicts Macrosomia in well controlled hyperglycaemic pregnant women an observational cross sectional study
Diabetes & Metabolism, 2020Co-Authors: Pauline Poupon, Ninon Foussard, Catherine Helmer, Audrey Cougnardgregoire, K Rajaobelina, Cecile Delcourt, T Lamireau, M Haissaguerre, Laurence Blanco, L AlexandreAbstract:Abstract Aim While serum fructosamine may be a good marker of glucose control in pregnant women with diabetes, its relationship with Macrosomia is still uncertain. Methods In 130 hyperglycaemic women with singleton pregnancies (117 gestational diabetes mellitus, 13 pregestational diabetes), serum fructosamine and HbA1c levels were measured at 25 ± 7 weeks of gestation. Levels in mothers of infants with and without macrosomic newborns (birth weight > 4000 g and/or large-for-gestational-age birth weight > 90th percentile) were compared using logistic regression analysis adjusted for Macrosomia risk factors. Results These 130 pregnant women were 33 ± 5 years old; their BMI before pregnancy was 27.7 ± 6.9 kg/m2, and they gained 7.5 ± 5.1 kg during the first 6 months of gestation. Glucose control was good according to HbA1c levels (5.3 ± 0.3%; 34 ± 2 mmol/mol), yet 17/130 (13%) newborns had Macrosomia: 3900 ± 227 g vs 3057 ± 512 g (P 200 μmol/l vs 31.9% of mothers with non-macrosomic newborns (P Conclusion High fructosamine levels are associated with Macrosomia in the newborns of well-controlled hyperglycaemic pregnant women.
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Serum fructosamine predicts Macrosomia in well-controlled hyperglycaemic pregnant women: an observational cross-sectional study
Diabetes and Metabolism, 2020Co-Authors: Pauline Poupon, Ninon Foussard, Catherine Helmer, K Rajaobelina, Cecile Delcourt, T Lamireau, M Haissaguerre, Laurence Blanco, Audrey Cougnard-gregoire, L AlexandreAbstract:Aim While serum fructosamine may be a good marker of glucose control in pregnant women with diabetes, its relationship with Macrosomia is still uncertain. Methods In 130 hyperglycaemic women with singleton pregnancies (117 gestational diabetes mellitus, 13 pregestational diabetes), serum fructosamine and HbA1c levels were measured at 25 ± 7 weeks of gestation. Levels in mothers of infants with and without macrosomic newborns (birth weight > 4000 g and/or large-for-gestational-age birth weight > 90th percentile) were compared using logistic regression analysis adjusted for Macrosomia risk factors. Results These 130 pregnant women were 33 ± 5 years old; their BMI before pregnancy was 27.7 ± 6.9 kg/m2, and they gained 7.5 ± 5.1 kg during the first 6 months of gestation. Glucose control was good according to HbA1c levels (5.3 ± 0.3%; 34 ± 2 mmol/mol), yet 17/130 (13%) newborns had Macrosomia: 3900 ± 227 g vs 3057 ± 512 g (P < 0.001) in the others. These mothers were older and had higher parity, whereas their BMI scores before pregnancy and gestational weight gains did not differ. Fructosamine levels were also higher at 221 ± 40 μmol/L vs 192 ± 22 μmol/l (P < 0.001), respectively, and remained significant even after adjusting for maternal age, BMI, parity, type of diabetes, antecedents of Macrosomia and excessive gestational weight gain. By contrast, HbA1c did not differ between the two groups. In fact, nearly two-thirds (64.7%) of the mothers of macrosomic newborns had fructosamine levels > 200 μmol/l vs 31.9% of mothers with non-macrosomic newborns (P < 0.05). Conclusion High fructosamine levels are associated with Macrosomia in the newborns of well-controlled hyperglycaemic pregnant women.
Laurence Blanco - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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serum fructosamine predicts Macrosomia in well controlled hyperglycaemic pregnant women an observational cross sectional study
Diabetes & Metabolism, 2020Co-Authors: Pauline Poupon, Ninon Foussard, Catherine Helmer, Audrey Cougnardgregoire, K Rajaobelina, Cecile Delcourt, T Lamireau, M Haissaguerre, Laurence Blanco, L AlexandreAbstract:Abstract Aim While serum fructosamine may be a good marker of glucose control in pregnant women with diabetes, its relationship with Macrosomia is still uncertain. Methods In 130 hyperglycaemic women with singleton pregnancies (117 gestational diabetes mellitus, 13 pregestational diabetes), serum fructosamine and HbA1c levels were measured at 25 ± 7 weeks of gestation. Levels in mothers of infants with and without macrosomic newborns (birth weight > 4000 g and/or large-for-gestational-age birth weight > 90th percentile) were compared using logistic regression analysis adjusted for Macrosomia risk factors. Results These 130 pregnant women were 33 ± 5 years old; their BMI before pregnancy was 27.7 ± 6.9 kg/m2, and they gained 7.5 ± 5.1 kg during the first 6 months of gestation. Glucose control was good according to HbA1c levels (5.3 ± 0.3%; 34 ± 2 mmol/mol), yet 17/130 (13%) newborns had Macrosomia: 3900 ± 227 g vs 3057 ± 512 g (P 200 μmol/l vs 31.9% of mothers with non-macrosomic newborns (P Conclusion High fructosamine levels are associated with Macrosomia in the newborns of well-controlled hyperglycaemic pregnant women.
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Serum fructosamine predicts Macrosomia in well-controlled hyperglycaemic pregnant women: an observational cross-sectional study
Diabetes and Metabolism, 2020Co-Authors: Pauline Poupon, Ninon Foussard, Catherine Helmer, K Rajaobelina, Cecile Delcourt, T Lamireau, M Haissaguerre, Laurence Blanco, Audrey Cougnard-gregoire, L AlexandreAbstract:Aim While serum fructosamine may be a good marker of glucose control in pregnant women with diabetes, its relationship with Macrosomia is still uncertain. Methods In 130 hyperglycaemic women with singleton pregnancies (117 gestational diabetes mellitus, 13 pregestational diabetes), serum fructosamine and HbA1c levels were measured at 25 ± 7 weeks of gestation. Levels in mothers of infants with and without macrosomic newborns (birth weight > 4000 g and/or large-for-gestational-age birth weight > 90th percentile) were compared using logistic regression analysis adjusted for Macrosomia risk factors. Results These 130 pregnant women were 33 ± 5 years old; their BMI before pregnancy was 27.7 ± 6.9 kg/m2, and they gained 7.5 ± 5.1 kg during the first 6 months of gestation. Glucose control was good according to HbA1c levels (5.3 ± 0.3%; 34 ± 2 mmol/mol), yet 17/130 (13%) newborns had Macrosomia: 3900 ± 227 g vs 3057 ± 512 g (P < 0.001) in the others. These mothers were older and had higher parity, whereas their BMI scores before pregnancy and gestational weight gains did not differ. Fructosamine levels were also higher at 221 ± 40 μmol/L vs 192 ± 22 μmol/l (P < 0.001), respectively, and remained significant even after adjusting for maternal age, BMI, parity, type of diabetes, antecedents of Macrosomia and excessive gestational weight gain. By contrast, HbA1c did not differ between the two groups. In fact, nearly two-thirds (64.7%) of the mothers of macrosomic newborns had fructosamine levels > 200 μmol/l vs 31.9% of mothers with non-macrosomic newborns (P < 0.05). Conclusion High fructosamine levels are associated with Macrosomia in the newborns of well-controlled hyperglycaemic pregnant women.
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skin autofluorescence of pregnant women with diabetes predicts the Macrosomia of their children
Diabetes, 2019Co-Authors: Ninon Foussard, Catherine Helmer, Audrey Cougnardgregoire, K Rajaobelina, Cecile Delcourt, T Lamireau, C Gonzalez, Virginie Grouthier, Magalie Haissaguerre, Laurence BlancoAbstract:Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) accumulated during long-term hyperglycemia are involved in diabetes complications and can be estimated by skin autofluorescence (sAF). During pregnancy, hyperglycemia exposes women to the risk of having a macrosomic newborn. The aim of this study was to determine whether sAF of women with diabetes during a singleton pregnancy could predict Macrosomia in their newborns. Using an AGE Reader, we measured the sAF at the first visit of 343 women who were referred to our diabetology department during years 2011-2015. Thirty-nine women had pregestational diabetes, 95 early gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and 209 late GDM. Macrosomia was defined as birth weight ≥4,000 g and/or large for gestational age ≥90th percentile. Forty-six newborns were macrosomic. Their mothers had 11% higher sAF compared with other mothers: 2.03 ± 0.30 arbitrary units (AUs) vs. 1.80 ± 0.34 (P < 0.0001). Using multivariate logistic regression, the relation between sAF and Macrosomia was significant (odds ratio 4.13 for 1-AU increase of sAF [95% CI 1.46-11.71]) after adjusting for several potential confounders. This relation remained significant after further adjustment for HbA1c (among 263 women with available HbA1c) and for women with GDM only. sAF of pregnant women with diabetes, a marker of long-term hyperglycemic exposure, predicts Macrosomia in their newborns.
Ninon Foussard - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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serum fructosamine predicts Macrosomia in well controlled hyperglycaemic pregnant women an observational cross sectional study
Diabetes & Metabolism, 2020Co-Authors: Pauline Poupon, Ninon Foussard, Catherine Helmer, Audrey Cougnardgregoire, K Rajaobelina, Cecile Delcourt, T Lamireau, M Haissaguerre, Laurence Blanco, L AlexandreAbstract:Abstract Aim While serum fructosamine may be a good marker of glucose control in pregnant women with diabetes, its relationship with Macrosomia is still uncertain. Methods In 130 hyperglycaemic women with singleton pregnancies (117 gestational diabetes mellitus, 13 pregestational diabetes), serum fructosamine and HbA1c levels were measured at 25 ± 7 weeks of gestation. Levels in mothers of infants with and without macrosomic newborns (birth weight > 4000 g and/or large-for-gestational-age birth weight > 90th percentile) were compared using logistic regression analysis adjusted for Macrosomia risk factors. Results These 130 pregnant women were 33 ± 5 years old; their BMI before pregnancy was 27.7 ± 6.9 kg/m2, and they gained 7.5 ± 5.1 kg during the first 6 months of gestation. Glucose control was good according to HbA1c levels (5.3 ± 0.3%; 34 ± 2 mmol/mol), yet 17/130 (13%) newborns had Macrosomia: 3900 ± 227 g vs 3057 ± 512 g (P 200 μmol/l vs 31.9% of mothers with non-macrosomic newborns (P Conclusion High fructosamine levels are associated with Macrosomia in the newborns of well-controlled hyperglycaemic pregnant women.
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Serum fructosamine predicts Macrosomia in well-controlled hyperglycaemic pregnant women: an observational cross-sectional study
Diabetes and Metabolism, 2020Co-Authors: Pauline Poupon, Ninon Foussard, Catherine Helmer, K Rajaobelina, Cecile Delcourt, T Lamireau, M Haissaguerre, Laurence Blanco, Audrey Cougnard-gregoire, L AlexandreAbstract:Aim While serum fructosamine may be a good marker of glucose control in pregnant women with diabetes, its relationship with Macrosomia is still uncertain. Methods In 130 hyperglycaemic women with singleton pregnancies (117 gestational diabetes mellitus, 13 pregestational diabetes), serum fructosamine and HbA1c levels were measured at 25 ± 7 weeks of gestation. Levels in mothers of infants with and without macrosomic newborns (birth weight > 4000 g and/or large-for-gestational-age birth weight > 90th percentile) were compared using logistic regression analysis adjusted for Macrosomia risk factors. Results These 130 pregnant women were 33 ± 5 years old; their BMI before pregnancy was 27.7 ± 6.9 kg/m2, and they gained 7.5 ± 5.1 kg during the first 6 months of gestation. Glucose control was good according to HbA1c levels (5.3 ± 0.3%; 34 ± 2 mmol/mol), yet 17/130 (13%) newborns had Macrosomia: 3900 ± 227 g vs 3057 ± 512 g (P < 0.001) in the others. These mothers were older and had higher parity, whereas their BMI scores before pregnancy and gestational weight gains did not differ. Fructosamine levels were also higher at 221 ± 40 μmol/L vs 192 ± 22 μmol/l (P < 0.001), respectively, and remained significant even after adjusting for maternal age, BMI, parity, type of diabetes, antecedents of Macrosomia and excessive gestational weight gain. By contrast, HbA1c did not differ between the two groups. In fact, nearly two-thirds (64.7%) of the mothers of macrosomic newborns had fructosamine levels > 200 μmol/l vs 31.9% of mothers with non-macrosomic newborns (P < 0.05). Conclusion High fructosamine levels are associated with Macrosomia in the newborns of well-controlled hyperglycaemic pregnant women.
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skin autofluorescence of pregnant women with diabetes predicts the Macrosomia of their children
Diabetes, 2019Co-Authors: Ninon Foussard, Catherine Helmer, Audrey Cougnardgregoire, K Rajaobelina, Cecile Delcourt, T Lamireau, C Gonzalez, Virginie Grouthier, Magalie Haissaguerre, Laurence BlancoAbstract:Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) accumulated during long-term hyperglycemia are involved in diabetes complications and can be estimated by skin autofluorescence (sAF). During pregnancy, hyperglycemia exposes women to the risk of having a macrosomic newborn. The aim of this study was to determine whether sAF of women with diabetes during a singleton pregnancy could predict Macrosomia in their newborns. Using an AGE Reader, we measured the sAF at the first visit of 343 women who were referred to our diabetology department during years 2011-2015. Thirty-nine women had pregestational diabetes, 95 early gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and 209 late GDM. Macrosomia was defined as birth weight ≥4,000 g and/or large for gestational age ≥90th percentile. Forty-six newborns were macrosomic. Their mothers had 11% higher sAF compared with other mothers: 2.03 ± 0.30 arbitrary units (AUs) vs. 1.80 ± 0.34 (P < 0.0001). Using multivariate logistic regression, the relation between sAF and Macrosomia was significant (odds ratio 4.13 for 1-AU increase of sAF [95% CI 1.46-11.71]) after adjusting for several potential confounders. This relation remained significant after further adjustment for HbA1c (among 263 women with available HbA1c) and for women with GDM only. sAF of pregnant women with diabetes, a marker of long-term hyperglycemic exposure, predicts Macrosomia in their newborns.
Cecile Delcourt - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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serum fructosamine predicts Macrosomia in well controlled hyperglycaemic pregnant women an observational cross sectional study
Diabetes & Metabolism, 2020Co-Authors: Pauline Poupon, Ninon Foussard, Catherine Helmer, Audrey Cougnardgregoire, K Rajaobelina, Cecile Delcourt, T Lamireau, M Haissaguerre, Laurence Blanco, L AlexandreAbstract:Abstract Aim While serum fructosamine may be a good marker of glucose control in pregnant women with diabetes, its relationship with Macrosomia is still uncertain. Methods In 130 hyperglycaemic women with singleton pregnancies (117 gestational diabetes mellitus, 13 pregestational diabetes), serum fructosamine and HbA1c levels were measured at 25 ± 7 weeks of gestation. Levels in mothers of infants with and without macrosomic newborns (birth weight > 4000 g and/or large-for-gestational-age birth weight > 90th percentile) were compared using logistic regression analysis adjusted for Macrosomia risk factors. Results These 130 pregnant women were 33 ± 5 years old; their BMI before pregnancy was 27.7 ± 6.9 kg/m2, and they gained 7.5 ± 5.1 kg during the first 6 months of gestation. Glucose control was good according to HbA1c levels (5.3 ± 0.3%; 34 ± 2 mmol/mol), yet 17/130 (13%) newborns had Macrosomia: 3900 ± 227 g vs 3057 ± 512 g (P 200 μmol/l vs 31.9% of mothers with non-macrosomic newborns (P Conclusion High fructosamine levels are associated with Macrosomia in the newborns of well-controlled hyperglycaemic pregnant women.
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Serum fructosamine predicts Macrosomia in well-controlled hyperglycaemic pregnant women: an observational cross-sectional study
Diabetes and Metabolism, 2020Co-Authors: Pauline Poupon, Ninon Foussard, Catherine Helmer, K Rajaobelina, Cecile Delcourt, T Lamireau, M Haissaguerre, Laurence Blanco, Audrey Cougnard-gregoire, L AlexandreAbstract:Aim While serum fructosamine may be a good marker of glucose control in pregnant women with diabetes, its relationship with Macrosomia is still uncertain. Methods In 130 hyperglycaemic women with singleton pregnancies (117 gestational diabetes mellitus, 13 pregestational diabetes), serum fructosamine and HbA1c levels were measured at 25 ± 7 weeks of gestation. Levels in mothers of infants with and without macrosomic newborns (birth weight > 4000 g and/or large-for-gestational-age birth weight > 90th percentile) were compared using logistic regression analysis adjusted for Macrosomia risk factors. Results These 130 pregnant women were 33 ± 5 years old; their BMI before pregnancy was 27.7 ± 6.9 kg/m2, and they gained 7.5 ± 5.1 kg during the first 6 months of gestation. Glucose control was good according to HbA1c levels (5.3 ± 0.3%; 34 ± 2 mmol/mol), yet 17/130 (13%) newborns had Macrosomia: 3900 ± 227 g vs 3057 ± 512 g (P < 0.001) in the others. These mothers were older and had higher parity, whereas their BMI scores before pregnancy and gestational weight gains did not differ. Fructosamine levels were also higher at 221 ± 40 μmol/L vs 192 ± 22 μmol/l (P < 0.001), respectively, and remained significant even after adjusting for maternal age, BMI, parity, type of diabetes, antecedents of Macrosomia and excessive gestational weight gain. By contrast, HbA1c did not differ between the two groups. In fact, nearly two-thirds (64.7%) of the mothers of macrosomic newborns had fructosamine levels > 200 μmol/l vs 31.9% of mothers with non-macrosomic newborns (P < 0.05). Conclusion High fructosamine levels are associated with Macrosomia in the newborns of well-controlled hyperglycaemic pregnant women.
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skin autofluorescence of pregnant women with diabetes predicts the Macrosomia of their children
Diabetes, 2019Co-Authors: Ninon Foussard, Catherine Helmer, Audrey Cougnardgregoire, K Rajaobelina, Cecile Delcourt, T Lamireau, C Gonzalez, Virginie Grouthier, Magalie Haissaguerre, Laurence BlancoAbstract:Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) accumulated during long-term hyperglycemia are involved in diabetes complications and can be estimated by skin autofluorescence (sAF). During pregnancy, hyperglycemia exposes women to the risk of having a macrosomic newborn. The aim of this study was to determine whether sAF of women with diabetes during a singleton pregnancy could predict Macrosomia in their newborns. Using an AGE Reader, we measured the sAF at the first visit of 343 women who were referred to our diabetology department during years 2011-2015. Thirty-nine women had pregestational diabetes, 95 early gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and 209 late GDM. Macrosomia was defined as birth weight ≥4,000 g and/or large for gestational age ≥90th percentile. Forty-six newborns were macrosomic. Their mothers had 11% higher sAF compared with other mothers: 2.03 ± 0.30 arbitrary units (AUs) vs. 1.80 ± 0.34 (P < 0.0001). Using multivariate logistic regression, the relation between sAF and Macrosomia was significant (odds ratio 4.13 for 1-AU increase of sAF [95% CI 1.46-11.71]) after adjusting for several potential confounders. This relation remained significant after further adjustment for HbA1c (among 263 women with available HbA1c) and for women with GDM only. sAF of pregnant women with diabetes, a marker of long-term hyperglycemic exposure, predicts Macrosomia in their newborns.
T Lamireau - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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serum fructosamine predicts Macrosomia in well controlled hyperglycaemic pregnant women an observational cross sectional study
Diabetes & Metabolism, 2020Co-Authors: Pauline Poupon, Ninon Foussard, Catherine Helmer, Audrey Cougnardgregoire, K Rajaobelina, Cecile Delcourt, T Lamireau, M Haissaguerre, Laurence Blanco, L AlexandreAbstract:Abstract Aim While serum fructosamine may be a good marker of glucose control in pregnant women with diabetes, its relationship with Macrosomia is still uncertain. Methods In 130 hyperglycaemic women with singleton pregnancies (117 gestational diabetes mellitus, 13 pregestational diabetes), serum fructosamine and HbA1c levels were measured at 25 ± 7 weeks of gestation. Levels in mothers of infants with and without macrosomic newborns (birth weight > 4000 g and/or large-for-gestational-age birth weight > 90th percentile) were compared using logistic regression analysis adjusted for Macrosomia risk factors. Results These 130 pregnant women were 33 ± 5 years old; their BMI before pregnancy was 27.7 ± 6.9 kg/m2, and they gained 7.5 ± 5.1 kg during the first 6 months of gestation. Glucose control was good according to HbA1c levels (5.3 ± 0.3%; 34 ± 2 mmol/mol), yet 17/130 (13%) newborns had Macrosomia: 3900 ± 227 g vs 3057 ± 512 g (P 200 μmol/l vs 31.9% of mothers with non-macrosomic newborns (P Conclusion High fructosamine levels are associated with Macrosomia in the newborns of well-controlled hyperglycaemic pregnant women.
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Serum fructosamine predicts Macrosomia in well-controlled hyperglycaemic pregnant women: an observational cross-sectional study
Diabetes and Metabolism, 2020Co-Authors: Pauline Poupon, Ninon Foussard, Catherine Helmer, K Rajaobelina, Cecile Delcourt, T Lamireau, M Haissaguerre, Laurence Blanco, Audrey Cougnard-gregoire, L AlexandreAbstract:Aim While serum fructosamine may be a good marker of glucose control in pregnant women with diabetes, its relationship with Macrosomia is still uncertain. Methods In 130 hyperglycaemic women with singleton pregnancies (117 gestational diabetes mellitus, 13 pregestational diabetes), serum fructosamine and HbA1c levels were measured at 25 ± 7 weeks of gestation. Levels in mothers of infants with and without macrosomic newborns (birth weight > 4000 g and/or large-for-gestational-age birth weight > 90th percentile) were compared using logistic regression analysis adjusted for Macrosomia risk factors. Results These 130 pregnant women were 33 ± 5 years old; their BMI before pregnancy was 27.7 ± 6.9 kg/m2, and they gained 7.5 ± 5.1 kg during the first 6 months of gestation. Glucose control was good according to HbA1c levels (5.3 ± 0.3%; 34 ± 2 mmol/mol), yet 17/130 (13%) newborns had Macrosomia: 3900 ± 227 g vs 3057 ± 512 g (P < 0.001) in the others. These mothers were older and had higher parity, whereas their BMI scores before pregnancy and gestational weight gains did not differ. Fructosamine levels were also higher at 221 ± 40 μmol/L vs 192 ± 22 μmol/l (P < 0.001), respectively, and remained significant even after adjusting for maternal age, BMI, parity, type of diabetes, antecedents of Macrosomia and excessive gestational weight gain. By contrast, HbA1c did not differ between the two groups. In fact, nearly two-thirds (64.7%) of the mothers of macrosomic newborns had fructosamine levels > 200 μmol/l vs 31.9% of mothers with non-macrosomic newborns (P < 0.05). Conclusion High fructosamine levels are associated with Macrosomia in the newborns of well-controlled hyperglycaemic pregnant women.
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skin autofluorescence of pregnant women with diabetes predicts the Macrosomia of their children
Diabetes, 2019Co-Authors: Ninon Foussard, Catherine Helmer, Audrey Cougnardgregoire, K Rajaobelina, Cecile Delcourt, T Lamireau, C Gonzalez, Virginie Grouthier, Magalie Haissaguerre, Laurence BlancoAbstract:Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) accumulated during long-term hyperglycemia are involved in diabetes complications and can be estimated by skin autofluorescence (sAF). During pregnancy, hyperglycemia exposes women to the risk of having a macrosomic newborn. The aim of this study was to determine whether sAF of women with diabetes during a singleton pregnancy could predict Macrosomia in their newborns. Using an AGE Reader, we measured the sAF at the first visit of 343 women who were referred to our diabetology department during years 2011-2015. Thirty-nine women had pregestational diabetes, 95 early gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and 209 late GDM. Macrosomia was defined as birth weight ≥4,000 g and/or large for gestational age ≥90th percentile. Forty-six newborns were macrosomic. Their mothers had 11% higher sAF compared with other mothers: 2.03 ± 0.30 arbitrary units (AUs) vs. 1.80 ± 0.34 (P < 0.0001). Using multivariate logistic regression, the relation between sAF and Macrosomia was significant (odds ratio 4.13 for 1-AU increase of sAF [95% CI 1.46-11.71]) after adjusting for several potential confounders. This relation remained significant after further adjustment for HbA1c (among 263 women with available HbA1c) and for women with GDM only. sAF of pregnant women with diabetes, a marker of long-term hyperglycemic exposure, predicts Macrosomia in their newborns.
