The Experts below are selected from a list of 120471 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Debra Street - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Recent Trends in U.S. Social Welfare Policy Minor Retrenchment or Major Transformation
Research on Aging, 2006Co-Authors: Jill Quadagno, Debra StreetAbstract:Many scholars have characterized the United States as a welfare state “laggard,” less generous than most other nations because of a peculiarly American set of historical circumstances and values. This article explores “American exceptionalism” in the context of welfare state reforms over the past two decades. The authors first describe recent social policy innovations in Western democracies, considering two competing views of welfare state change. The first asserts that welfare states have been fundamentally transformed into “enabling” states, characterized by efforts to promote work, privatize benefits and services, and target benefits to the most needy. The second holds that policy structures have remained essentially intact because of “path-dependent” processes that create institutional continuity. Although evidence for the United States is somewhat mixed, the general direction of policy decisions and current frameworks of policy debates is consistent with a transition toward an enabling state.
Jill Quadagno - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Recent Trends in U.S. Social Welfare Policy Minor Retrenchment or Major Transformation
Research on Aging, 2006Co-Authors: Jill Quadagno, Debra StreetAbstract:Many scholars have characterized the United States as a welfare state “laggard,” less generous than most other nations because of a peculiarly American set of historical circumstances and values. This article explores “American exceptionalism” in the context of welfare state reforms over the past two decades. The authors first describe recent social policy innovations in Western democracies, considering two competing views of welfare state change. The first asserts that welfare states have been fundamentally transformed into “enabling” states, characterized by efforts to promote work, privatize benefits and services, and target benefits to the most needy. The second holds that policy structures have remained essentially intact because of “path-dependent” processes that create institutional continuity. Although evidence for the United States is somewhat mixed, the general direction of policy decisions and current frameworks of policy debates is consistent with a transition toward an enabling state.
Alessandra Marino - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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occurrence and determination of herbicides and their Major Transformation products in environmental waters
Analytica Chimica Acta, 2002Co-Authors: Aldo Laganà, Alessandro Bacaloni, Ilaria De Leva, Angelo Faberi, Giovanna Fago, Alessandra MarinoAbstract:Abstract A method for the simultaneous determination of selected maize and grain herbicides (amidosulfuron, N -([{[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)amino]carbonyl}amino)sulfonyl]- N -methylmethanesulfonamide; bentazone, 3-(1-methylethyl)-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one2,2-dioxide; 2,4-D, (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid; MCPA, (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid; metosulam, N -(2,6′-dichloro-3-methylphenyl)-5,7-dimethoxy[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5- a ]pyrimidine-2-sulfonamide) and their Transformation products (TPs) (8-hydroxybentazone, 1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one,8-hydroxy-3-(1-methylethyl)-2,2-dioxide; bifenox acid, 5-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-2-nitrobenzoic acid; clodinafop acid; 2,4-dichlorophenol; 4-chloro-2-methylphenol) in environmental waters was developed. The procedure combines a solid-phase extraction (SPE) with column liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry detection utilizing a pneumatically assisted and heat-assisted electrospray interface in negative mode. The extraction of analytes from filtered drainage or river water samples was performed using as sorbent a graphitized carbon. The recovery, for drinking water, ranged from 91 to 98%, and from 84 to 95% for river water. Excellent method precision was demonstrated with percent relative standard deviation of less than 10% for all analytes at fortification level. Detection limits were at level of few nanograms per liter, except for 2,4-dichlorophenol and 4-chloro-2-methylphenol, that was in the range of tens of nanogram per liter. The present methodology was used for searching in river and drainage waters of maize-grain fields of the Tiber valley, during a typical period of herbicides application from April to July 2001. The levels detected of four compounds were in the range of: non-detectable (ND)–6.1, ND–27, ND–1.9 and ND–0.5 μg l −1 , for MCPA, bentazone, 8-hydroxybentazone and 2,4-D, respectively. Detectable amounts of bentazone-8-hydroxy at level of 0,3 μg l −1 was found to be transported into river. The highly satisfactory results for all target analytes demonstrate the potential of liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for the identification and the quantification of the polar and acidic herbicides at below 100 ng l −1 levels.
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Occurrence and determination of herbicides and their Major Transformation products in environmental waters
Analytica Chimica Acta, 2002Co-Authors: Aldo Laganà, Alessandro Bacaloni, Ilaria De Leva, Angelo Faberi, Giovanna Fago, Alessandra MarinoAbstract:A method for the simultaneous determination of selected maize and grain herbicides (amidosulfuron, N-([{[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)amino]carbonyl}amino)sulfonyl]-N-methylmethanesulfonamide; bentazone, 3-(1-methylethyl)-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one2,2-dioxide; 2,4-D, (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid; MCPA, (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid; metosulam, N-(2,6'-dichloro-3-methylphenyl)-5,7-dimethoxy[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-2-sulfonamide) and their Transformation products (TPs) (8-hydroxybentazone, 1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one,8-hydroxy-3-(1-methylethyl)-2, 2-dioxide; bifenox acid, 5-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-2-nitrobenzoic acid; clodinafop acid; 2,4-dichlorophenol; 4-chloro-2-methylphenol) in environmental waters was developed. The procedure combines a solid-phase extraction (SPE) with column liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry detection utilizing a pneumatically assisted and heat-assisted electrospray interface in negative mode. The extraction of analytes from filtered drainage or river water samples was performed using as sorbent a graphitized carbon. The recovery, for drinking water, ranged from 91 to 98%, and from 84 to 95% for river water. Excellent method precision was demonstrated with percent relative standard deviation of less than 10% for all analytes at fortification level. Detection limits were at level of few nanograms per liter, except for 2,4-dichlorophenol and 4-chloro-2-methylphenol, that was in the range of tens of nanogram per liter. The present methodology was used for searching in river and drainage waters of maize-grain fields of the Tiber valley, during a typical period of herbicides application from April to July 2001. The levels detected of four compounds were in the range of: non-detectable (ND)-6.1, ND-27, ND-1.9 and ND-0.5 mug l(-1), for MCPA, bentazone, 8-hydroxybentazone and 2,4-D, respectively. Detectable amounts of bentazone-8-hydroxy at level of 0,3 mug l(-1) was found to be transported into river. The highly satisfactory results for all target analytes demonstrate the potential of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the identification and the quantification of the polar and acidic herbicides at below 100 ng l(-1) levels. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved
J. Daniel Farrar - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Comparative and mixture sediment toxicity of trinitrotoluene and its Major Transformation products to a freshwater midge.
Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology, 2005Co-Authors: Guilherme R. Lotufo, J. Daniel FarrarAbstract:The explosive trinitrotoluene (TNT) is a prevalent contaminant in many military installations worldwide. Limited knowledge of the comparative toxicity of sediment-associated TNT and related compounds contributes to uncertainty when assessing ecological risks in contaminated sites. Trinitrotoluene undergoes Transformation when associated with soils and sediments and typically occurs as a mixture dominated by its reduction products. The objective of this study was to comparatively evaluate the single-compound toxicity of TNT and its Major Transformation products to the freshwater midge Chironomus tentans in 10-day exposures to sediment spiked with TNT, 2-aminodinitrotoluene (2-ADNT), 2,4-diaminonitrotoluene (2,4-DANT), or trinitrobenzene (TNB). In addition, the nature of the toxicological interactions of the latter compounds in a mixture was evaluated. Upon spiking to sediment, TNT and TNB rapidly degraded to reduced products, and disappearance of extractable compounds suggested irreversible binding to sediment particles. The high degree of Transformation and reactivity occurring during 10 days at spiking concentrations as high as 4000 μmol/kg dry weight suggests that TNT and related compounds are unlikely to be encountered in fine-grained sediments at contaminated sites. Similar to previous investigations, the high reactivity of the spiked compound hampered determination of accurate toxic concentrations of TNT and related compounds, and of the nature of toxicological interaction of compounds in a mixture in this study. Sediment concentrations associated with decreased survival were similar for all four compounds, with the 10-d median lethal concentrations (LC50s) determined using initial concentrations ranging from 175 (2-ADNT) to 605 (2,4-DANT) μmol/kg dry weight. Sublethal decrease in growth was not observed for any compound. Results from the mixture experiment suggest additive interaction among TNT and related compounds in sediment exposures.
Dicle Kortantamer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Governing Major Transformation portfolios in practice: illustrations from the UK central government
International Journal of Managing Projects in Business, 2019Co-Authors: Dicle KortantamerAbstract:Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine Major Transformation portfolio governing practices. Previous research focuses on the structure of project portfolio governance and is relatively silent on micro-practices of governing. This paper intends to respond to this gap. Design/methodology/approach This qualitative case study draws upon practice approaches and the theoretical lens of organisational routines. The empirical inquiry is conducted across six Major Transformation portfolios in two UK central government departments. The data are collected through conducting semi-structured interviews and gathering documentary reports and analysed by adopting an abductive approach. Findings The findings highlight that two governing practices that have not been previously discussed in the literature: structuring the policy relationship and structuring the business relationship. These practices can be associated with the complex ownership system of the UK central government. The findings also show that in complex ownership systems owners may have different governing and supporting orientations. The micro-dynamics of these governing practices illustrate that the ecology of governing practices is complex, both in terms of the co-existence of complementary and competitive relationships between practices, and in terms of bundles of practices enacting different control regimes. Research limitations/implications This qualitative case study supports further inquiry into Major Transformation portfolio governing and complex ownership systems. Originality/value The paper adopts a governance-as-practice approach and examines governing Major Transformation portfolios.
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governing Major Transformation portfolios in practice illustrations from the uk central government
International Journal of Managing Projects in Business, 2019Co-Authors: Dicle KortantamerAbstract:The purpose of this paper is to examine Major Transformation portfolio governing practices. Previous research focuses on the structure of project portfolio governance and is relatively silent on micro-practices of governing. This paper intends to respond to this gap.,This qualitative case study draws upon practice approaches and the theoretical lens of organisational routines. The empirical inquiry is conducted across six Major Transformation portfolios in two UK central government departments. The data are collected through conducting semi-structured interviews and gathering documentary reports and analysed by adopting an abductive approach.,The findings highlight that two governing practices that have not been previously discussed in the literature: structuring the policy relationship and structuring the business relationship. These practices can be associated with the complex ownership system of the UK central government. The findings also show that in complex ownership systems owners may have different governing and supporting orientations. The micro-dynamics of these governing practices illustrate that the ecology of governing practices is complex, both in terms of the co-existence of complementary and competitive relationships between practices, and in terms of bundles of practices enacting different control regimes.,This qualitative case study supports further inquiry into Major Transformation portfolio governing and complex ownership systems.,The paper adopts a governance-as-practice approach and examines governing Major Transformation portfolios.
