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Frederic T. Chong - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • A Study of Reusing Smartphones to Augment Elementary School Education
    International Journal of Handheld Computing Research, 2012
    Co-Authors: Xun Li, Pablo J. Ortiz, Jeffrey Browne, John Y. Oliver, Roland Geyer, Yuanyuan Zhou, Diana Franklin, Frederic T. Chong
    Abstract:

    Society faces a severe environmental challenge posed by the rapid advance of technology scaling. The high cost in Manufacturing Energy, materials, and disposal is worrisome with the increasing number of smartphones. To mitigate the impact of future devices, the authors propose a design for reuse model in which obsolete devices will be reused for a class of applications that can be satisfied with older, less reliable technology. In particular, the authors find a good match between the reuse of smartphones and educational applications. The experiments indicate that the resource requirements of educational applications can be satisfied by repurposed smartphones. The key challenge is the design of software that can adapt to extreme heterogeneity of devices. To this end, the authors explore smartphone evolutions and characterize different types of heterogeneities among different generations of smartphones. The authors propose insights to aid establishing a sustainable model of designing mobile applications for phone reuse.

  • Mitigating the Environmental Impact of Smartphones with Device Reuse
    Sustainable ICTs and Management Systems for Green Computing, 2012
    Co-Authors: Xun Li, Brandon Kuczenski, Diana Franklin, Pablo Ortiz, Frederic T. Chong
    Abstract:

    The rapid growth of information technology has not only brought substantial economic and societal benefit but also led to an unsustainable disposable model in which mobile devices are replaced in a matter of months. The environmental impact of this stream of handsets in terms of Manufacturing Energy, materials, and disposal costs is alarming. This chapter aims at raising today’s environmental issues of the increasing smartphone market, as well as providing a quantitative analysis on the environmental impact of different life-cycle stages of the smartphones, including the Manufacturing stage, using stage, and recycling. To achieve sustainable computing and best utilize the Energy consumed during Manufacturing the large number of devices, this chapter demonstrates the methodology and techniques towards reusing smartphones by presenting a case study on reusing smartphones for elementary school education.

Lee Schipper - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Carbon emissions from Manufacturing Energy use in 13 IEA countries: long-term trends through 1995
    Energy Policy, 2001
    Co-Authors: Lee Schipper, Sohbet Karbuz, Marta Khrushch, Michael Ting, Scott Murtishaw, Fridtjof Unander
    Abstract:

    Abstract This paper analyses the evolution of carbon emissions from the Manufacturing sectors of 13 IEA countries, based on national data at the 2 or 3 sector ISIC level of disaggregation. We carry out an Adaptive-Weighting-Divisia decomposition of changes into factors representing sub-sectoral branch Energy intensities, output mix or structure, final fuel mix, and utility fuel mix. We also carry out a detailed comparison of emissions by country and sub-sector for 1994. We find that by the mid-1990s, emissions from Manufacturing in most countries were close to their 1973 levels. The main reasons were lower branch Energy intensities and in some countries changes in utility fuel mix. Changes in the mix of output had small downward effects in a few large countries (Japan and the United States), while these shifts increased emissions in others (Australia, Norway, Netherlands). Fuel mix changes lowered emissions slightly, principally through moves away from coal and oil towards gas. The comparison of countries shows that after overall output, Energy intensities explain most of the differences in per capita emissions from Manufacturing. Fuel mix and utility fuel mix play an important role for some countries with very CO 2 — free power sectors (Sweden, Norway, France) or CO 2 intensive power sectors (Australia). Some of the differences in Energy intensities, however, arise because of hidden sub-sectoral mix effects that cannot be resolved at the 3-digit ISIC level of disaggregation. Emissions have been rising since 1990, largely because Energy intensities are not falling as fast as they did before 1990. What this means for the Kyoto Accord and other concerns related to global carbon emissions remains to be seen.

  • Manufacturing Energy use in OECD countries: decomposition of long-term trends
    Energy Policy, 1999
    Co-Authors: Fridtjof Unander, Sohbet Karbuz, Lee Schipper, Marta Khrushch, Michael Ting
    Abstract:

    Abstract In this paper we examine Manufacturing Energy use in 13 OECD countries over the period 1971–1995. We describe changes in aggregate Energy intensity using the Adaptive Weighting Divisia decomposition method. We contrast the development in the periods after the oil price shocks of 1973 and 1979 with the period of relatively stable Energy prices after the oil price crash of 1986. The results show that Manufacturing output grew in most countries, pushing up Energy use. The share of electricity increased in almost every sector, while there was a clear trend away from oil and coal towards natural gas. Changes in the structure of output drove up Energy use between 1973 and 1994 in some countries and down in others. Changes in Energy intensities had a profound and downward effect on Manufacturing Energy use in all countries. However, contrasting the period after oil prices fell in 1986 with earlier years we see that for most countries the rate of Energy intensity decline slowed slightly but did not reverse with falling prices. In a few countries efficiency improvements continued to have a strong effect. This suggests that even without higher prices improvements of Energy efficiency seems to take place.

  • Long-term trends in U.S. Manufacturing Energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions
    Energy, 1996
    Co-Authors: William Golove, Lee Schipper
    Abstract:

    This paper describes our most recent analysis of U.S. Manufacturing Energy consumption and extends our previous efforts in two important ways. We have acquired new data that enable us to extend our previous period of study and thus examine three distinct time periods, two with stable Energy prices (1958–1973 and 1985–1991) and one in which Energy prices rose significantly (1973–1985). We have also adapted our method to examine the historical trends of carbon emissions associated with Manufacturing.

  • Manufacturing Energy Use in Eight OECD Countries: Trends through 1988
    The Energy Journal, 1991
    Co-Authors: Richard B. Howarth, Lee Schipper
    Abstract:

    This paper reviews the evolution of Manufacturing Energy use in eight industrialized nations: West Germany, Denmark, France, Japan, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Manufacturing Energy use fell in these nations by 16% between 1973 and 1988 while Manufacturing valueadded increased by 41%. Reduced Energy intensities in six industry groups --paper and pulp; chemicals; stone, clay and glass; iron and steel; nonferrous metals; and other Manufacturing -- were the primary source of this apparent decoupling of Energy use and output. Between 1973 and 1988, intensity reductions would have driven down sectoral Energy use by 32% if the level and composition of output had remained constant. Structural change, or shifts in the product mi, would have reduced Energy use by 11% if the total level of output and the Energy intensities of each industry group had remained constant.

  • Manufacturing Energy use in eight oecd countries decomposing the impacts of changes in output industry structure and Energy intensity
    Energy Economics, 1991
    Co-Authors: Richard B. Howarth, Lee Schipper, Peter A Duerr, Steinar Strom
    Abstract:

    This paper examines trends in Manufacturing Energy use in eight OECD countries, decomposing the changes that occured between 1973 and 1987 into the effects of changes in aggregate Manufacturing activity, industry structure and Energy intensities measured at the industry group level. While Manufacturing production grew in every country except the UK, the rate of growth was variable from nation to nation. Structural change led to modest reductions in Energy use in most countries, although in Norway structural change led to substantial growth in Energy use. The reduction in Energy intensities was strikingly uniform across all nations, ranging from 20% (Norway) to 36% (Japan) over the period of the analysis. While other studies have used Divisia decomposition techniques, we use an alternative method based on Laspeyres indices. A comparison of the two techniques shows that they yield closely similar empirical results, although the Laspeyres approach is more easily interpreted. While the interactions between changes in structure and intensity are arbitrarily assigned to the two factors by the Divisia approach, the Lapeyres method yields interaction terms that explicitly account for such effects.

Xun Li - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • A Study of Reusing Smartphones to Augment Elementary School Education
    International Journal of Handheld Computing Research, 2012
    Co-Authors: Xun Li, Pablo J. Ortiz, Jeffrey Browne, John Y. Oliver, Roland Geyer, Yuanyuan Zhou, Diana Franklin, Frederic T. Chong
    Abstract:

    Society faces a severe environmental challenge posed by the rapid advance of technology scaling. The high cost in Manufacturing Energy, materials, and disposal is worrisome with the increasing number of smartphones. To mitigate the impact of future devices, the authors propose a design for reuse model in which obsolete devices will be reused for a class of applications that can be satisfied with older, less reliable technology. In particular, the authors find a good match between the reuse of smartphones and educational applications. The experiments indicate that the resource requirements of educational applications can be satisfied by repurposed smartphones. The key challenge is the design of software that can adapt to extreme heterogeneity of devices. To this end, the authors explore smartphone evolutions and characterize different types of heterogeneities among different generations of smartphones. The authors propose insights to aid establishing a sustainable model of designing mobile applications for phone reuse.

  • Mitigating the Environmental Impact of Smartphones with Device Reuse
    Sustainable ICTs and Management Systems for Green Computing, 2012
    Co-Authors: Xun Li, Brandon Kuczenski, Diana Franklin, Pablo Ortiz, Frederic T. Chong
    Abstract:

    The rapid growth of information technology has not only brought substantial economic and societal benefit but also led to an unsustainable disposable model in which mobile devices are replaced in a matter of months. The environmental impact of this stream of handsets in terms of Manufacturing Energy, materials, and disposal costs is alarming. This chapter aims at raising today’s environmental issues of the increasing smartphone market, as well as providing a quantitative analysis on the environmental impact of different life-cycle stages of the smartphones, including the Manufacturing stage, using stage, and recycling. To achieve sustainable computing and best utilize the Energy consumed during Manufacturing the large number of devices, this chapter demonstrates the methodology and techniques towards reusing smartphones by presenting a case study on reusing smartphones for elementary school education.

Diana Franklin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • A Study of Reusing Smartphones to Augment Elementary School Education
    International Journal of Handheld Computing Research, 2012
    Co-Authors: Xun Li, Pablo J. Ortiz, Jeffrey Browne, John Y. Oliver, Roland Geyer, Yuanyuan Zhou, Diana Franklin, Frederic T. Chong
    Abstract:

    Society faces a severe environmental challenge posed by the rapid advance of technology scaling. The high cost in Manufacturing Energy, materials, and disposal is worrisome with the increasing number of smartphones. To mitigate the impact of future devices, the authors propose a design for reuse model in which obsolete devices will be reused for a class of applications that can be satisfied with older, less reliable technology. In particular, the authors find a good match between the reuse of smartphones and educational applications. The experiments indicate that the resource requirements of educational applications can be satisfied by repurposed smartphones. The key challenge is the design of software that can adapt to extreme heterogeneity of devices. To this end, the authors explore smartphone evolutions and characterize different types of heterogeneities among different generations of smartphones. The authors propose insights to aid establishing a sustainable model of designing mobile applications for phone reuse.

  • Mitigating the Environmental Impact of Smartphones with Device Reuse
    Sustainable ICTs and Management Systems for Green Computing, 2012
    Co-Authors: Xun Li, Brandon Kuczenski, Diana Franklin, Pablo Ortiz, Frederic T. Chong
    Abstract:

    The rapid growth of information technology has not only brought substantial economic and societal benefit but also led to an unsustainable disposable model in which mobile devices are replaced in a matter of months. The environmental impact of this stream of handsets in terms of Manufacturing Energy, materials, and disposal costs is alarming. This chapter aims at raising today’s environmental issues of the increasing smartphone market, as well as providing a quantitative analysis on the environmental impact of different life-cycle stages of the smartphones, including the Manufacturing stage, using stage, and recycling. To achieve sustainable computing and best utilize the Energy consumed during Manufacturing the large number of devices, this chapter demonstrates the methodology and techniques towards reusing smartphones by presenting a case study on reusing smartphones for elementary school education.

Ali Hasanbeigi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.