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M W Bo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Characteristics of Singapore Marine Clay at Changi
Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 2008Co-Authors: Arul Arulrajah, M W BoAbstract:Singapore Marine Clay at Changi is a quartenary deposit that lies within valleys cut in the Old Alluvium. It is locally known as Kallang formation. The pre-reclamation site characterization and laboratory testing was carried out by conducting Marine sampling boreholes, in situ dissipation tests and field vane test. In situ dissipation tests were conducted with the piezocone, flat dilatometer, self-boring pressuremeter and BAT permeameter. The purpose of the site characterization was to determine the consolidation characteristics, strength characteristics, stratigraphy, and mineralogy of Singapore Marine Clay. The consolidation properties of Marine Clay are required prior to land reclamation activities in order to predict the magnitude and rates of settlement with the expected fill load and future service load as well as for the design of soil improvement works. The shear strength properties are required for slope stability analyses during reclamation and for the stability analyses of shore protection works. Clay mineralogy tests and photographic identification of the Marine Clay was carried out to determine the mineralogical properties and to visually record the Marine Clay colour and texture.
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In Situ Pore Water Pressure Dissipation Testing of Marine Clay under Reclamation Fills
Geotechnical & Geological Engineering, 2006Co-Authors: Arul Arulrajah, Hamid Nikraz, M W BoAbstract:In situ dissipation tests provide a means of evaluating the in situ coefficient of horizontal consolidation and horizontal hydraulic conductivity of soft Clays. Dissipation tests by means of piezocone (CPTU), dilatometer (DMT), self-boring pressuremeter (SBPT) and BAT permeameter (BAT) were utilized in the characterization of the coefficient of horizontal consolidation and horizontal hydraulic conductivity of Singapore Marine Clay at Changi in a land reclamation project. Dissipation tests were carried out prior to reclamation as well as after ground improvement with vertical drains to compare the changes in the coefficient of horizontal consolidation and horizontal hydraulic conductivity prior to and after ground improvement. Tests were carried out in a vertical drain area as well as in an adjacent untreated control area after 23 months of surcharge loading, for comparison purposes. The purpose of this research is to determine the horizontal consolidation parameters of Singapore Marine Clay prior to reclamation as well as after 23 months of surcharge loading with and without vertical drains by means of in situ dissipation tests.
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In-situ testing of Singapore Marine Clay at Changi
Geotechnical & Geological Engineering, 2005Co-Authors: Arul Arulrajah, Hamid Nikraz, M W BoAbstract:The Changi East Reclamation Project in the Republic of Singapore comprises of the ground improvement of Marine Clay with the installation of prefabricated vertical drains and subsequent surcharge placement. Prior to the commencement of land reclamation works, a series of in-situ tests were conducted in Marine conditions with the use of various in-situ testing equipment. The In-Situ Testing Site was located in the Northern area of the project where the thickest compressible Marine Clay layers existed. The in-situ tests carried out were with the field vane, piezocone, flat dilatometer, self-boring pressuremeter and BAT permeameter. In-situ tests were conducted to determine the undrained shear strength and overconsolidation ratio of the Marine Clay. In-situ dissipation tests provide a means of evaluating the in-situ coefficient of horizontal consolidation and horizontal hydraulic conductivity of soft soil and were used to estimate these properties of Singapore Marine Clay at Changi.
Arul Arulrajah - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Characteristics of Singapore Marine Clay at Changi
Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 2008Co-Authors: Arul Arulrajah, M W BoAbstract:Singapore Marine Clay at Changi is a quartenary deposit that lies within valleys cut in the Old Alluvium. It is locally known as Kallang formation. The pre-reclamation site characterization and laboratory testing was carried out by conducting Marine sampling boreholes, in situ dissipation tests and field vane test. In situ dissipation tests were conducted with the piezocone, flat dilatometer, self-boring pressuremeter and BAT permeameter. The purpose of the site characterization was to determine the consolidation characteristics, strength characteristics, stratigraphy, and mineralogy of Singapore Marine Clay. The consolidation properties of Marine Clay are required prior to land reclamation activities in order to predict the magnitude and rates of settlement with the expected fill load and future service load as well as for the design of soil improvement works. The shear strength properties are required for slope stability analyses during reclamation and for the stability analyses of shore protection works. Clay mineralogy tests and photographic identification of the Marine Clay was carried out to determine the mineralogical properties and to visually record the Marine Clay colour and texture.
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In Situ Pore Water Pressure Dissipation Testing of Marine Clay under Reclamation Fills
Geotechnical & Geological Engineering, 2006Co-Authors: Arul Arulrajah, Hamid Nikraz, M W BoAbstract:In situ dissipation tests provide a means of evaluating the in situ coefficient of horizontal consolidation and horizontal hydraulic conductivity of soft Clays. Dissipation tests by means of piezocone (CPTU), dilatometer (DMT), self-boring pressuremeter (SBPT) and BAT permeameter (BAT) were utilized in the characterization of the coefficient of horizontal consolidation and horizontal hydraulic conductivity of Singapore Marine Clay at Changi in a land reclamation project. Dissipation tests were carried out prior to reclamation as well as after ground improvement with vertical drains to compare the changes in the coefficient of horizontal consolidation and horizontal hydraulic conductivity prior to and after ground improvement. Tests were carried out in a vertical drain area as well as in an adjacent untreated control area after 23 months of surcharge loading, for comparison purposes. The purpose of this research is to determine the horizontal consolidation parameters of Singapore Marine Clay prior to reclamation as well as after 23 months of surcharge loading with and without vertical drains by means of in situ dissipation tests.
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In-situ testing of Singapore Marine Clay at Changi
Geotechnical & Geological Engineering, 2005Co-Authors: Arul Arulrajah, Hamid Nikraz, M W BoAbstract:The Changi East Reclamation Project in the Republic of Singapore comprises of the ground improvement of Marine Clay with the installation of prefabricated vertical drains and subsequent surcharge placement. Prior to the commencement of land reclamation works, a series of in-situ tests were conducted in Marine conditions with the use of various in-situ testing equipment. The In-Situ Testing Site was located in the Northern area of the project where the thickest compressible Marine Clay layers existed. The in-situ tests carried out were with the field vane, piezocone, flat dilatometer, self-boring pressuremeter and BAT permeameter. In-situ tests were conducted to determine the undrained shear strength and overconsolidation ratio of the Marine Clay. In-situ dissipation tests provide a means of evaluating the in-situ coefficient of horizontal consolidation and horizontal hydraulic conductivity of soft soil and were used to estimate these properties of Singapore Marine Clay at Changi.
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Finite element modelling of Marine Clay deformation under reclamation fills
Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Ground Improvement, 2005Co-Authors: Arul Arulrajah, Hamid NikrazAbstract:The ongoing Changi East Reclamation Project in Singapore consists of land reclamation and ground improvement of the foreshore for the future expansion of Changi International Airport. The deformation behaviour of Marine Clay under reclamation fills and surcharge was modelled by the finite element method (FEM) with Plaxis numerical modelling software. The analyses included modelling the consolidation behaviour of Marine Clay under reclamation fills with and without prefabricated vertical drains. Marine Clay with vertical drains was modelled by both the axisymmetric unit cell and full-scale analysis methods. Marine Clay that was not treated with prefabricated vertical drains was modelled by means of full-scale analysis. The numerical analysis was carried out at two case study locations: the pilot test site and the in situ test site. The test sites comprise vertical drain treated and untreated sub-areas that were reclaimed and preloaded under the same conditions. The result of the FEM analysis was compared w...
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Observational method of assessing improvement of Marine Clay
Ground Improvement, 2004Co-Authors: Arul Arulrajah, Hamid NikrazAbstract:The ongoing Changi East Reclamation Project in Singapore consists of land reclamation and ground improvement works of the foreshore for the future expansion of the Changi International airport and associated facilities. Reclamation works in the project involve the hydraulic placement of sand-fill over the seabed, which is underlain by thick, highly compressible Singapore Marine Clay. Ground improvement works in the project comprise the installation of vertical drains and the subsequent placement of surcharge to accelerate the consolidation of the underlying Marine Clay. A pilot test site was carried out in the project, comprising three sub-areas that were installed with vertical drains at various spacings, plus a fourth untreated sub-area. The four sub-areas were surcharged simultaneously and preloaded for a duration of 32 months. A comprehensive field instrumentation programme was implemented in the pilot test site, comprising settlement plates, deep settlement gauges, piezometers and water standpipes. T...
Jan Feyen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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On the characterization of properties of an unripe Marine Clay soil. I. Shrinkage processes of an unripe Marine Clay soil in relation to physical ripening
Soil Science, 1992Co-Authors: H. Vereecken, Jan Feyen, D. Boels, J. J B BronswijkAbstract:Shrinkage processes, such as volumetric shrinkage behavior, and the geometry of the volume shrinkage were studied with respect to the physical ripening naturally occurring in a Marine Clay soil. Three-dimensional volume shrinkage was characterized using the shrinkage characteristic curve determined
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water movement associated with overburden potential in a shrinking Marine Clay soil
Journal of Hydrology, 1992Co-Authors: Dj Kim, Jan Diels, Jan FeyenAbstract:Abstract In unripe Marine Clay soils, water flow occurs in relation to shrinkage and swelling of the soil material. In the initial stage of physical ripening, when the soil retains its higher moisture ratio, dewatering is mainly accompanied by normal and unidimensional shrinkage. Soilwater flow at this stage, in the absence of significant mateic potential differences, can be explained only by overburden potential. In a one-dimensional vertical system, numerical solutions of non-steady flow during normal shrinkage have been validated with experimental data. For the condition of a closed boundary at the top and a constant pressure head at the bottom, there are significant differences in downward flux density with and without an overburden component to total potential. Further, for the condition of a closed bottom boundary, the generation of an upward flux can only be attributed to the overburden potential. This implies that the overburden potential plays an important role in the Darcy flow, especially for the unripe Marine Clay soil.
Aminaton Marto - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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measuring the engineering properties of Marine Clay treated with disposed granite waste
Measurement, 2019Co-Authors: Nurul Hida Zainuddin, Aminaton Marto, Nor Zurairahetty Mohd Yunus, Mohammed Ali Mohammed Albared, I S H Harahap, Ahmad Safuan A RashidAbstract:Abstract Granite tile dust is a waste material produced in large amounts during the cutting and grinding processes of granite tiles at manufacturing factories and construction sites. Generally, it is dumped as a slurry containing a fine powder, which is non-biodegradable. Employing this waste in treating Marine Clay would be an environmentally friendly, cost effective, and green solution. However, dredged Marine Clay is a problematic soil because of its weak engineering properties. This study aims to identify the possibility of employing the granite dust obtained from a demolished tile material (DTM) to improve the geotechnical properties of the Marine Clay. Experimental techniques have been used to investigate the effect of percentages of DTM on the physical and mechanical properties of Marine Clay, which included the Atterberg limits, particle-size distribution, compaction, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), and pH. In addition, microstructural analysis tests such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction were conducted to examine the compositions of the granite and Marine Clays and of their combination at different mixing proportions of 5, 10, 15, and 20% of the dry weight of the soil. The results showed that the DTM was able to improve the plasticity and pH of the Marine Clay. The addition of DTM decreases the water holding capacity that resulted in reducing the plasticity of the soil (from 33 to 29%). The maximum dry density was increased (from 1.34 to 1.48 Mg/m3) along with a reduction in the optimum water content (from 32 to 22%). Moreover, the UCS of the Marine Clay treated with the DTM decreased after an immediate treatment. However, for a DTM of 5%, the strength increased with an increase in the curing time, and a further increase in the strength was observed at a curing period of 28 days. The results of the microstructural analysis confirmed that the DTM largely acts as a filler as low rate of cementation or bonding minerals were observed. The outcome of this study will allow the usage of DTM as a low carbon and green soil additive. It is recommended to investigate the effect of different sizes of DTM to stabilize soft soils.
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Sustainable Improvement of Marine Clay Using Recycled Blended Tiles
Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 2018Co-Authors: Mohammed Ali Mohammed Al-bared, Nima Latifi, Aminaton Marto, Suksun HorpibulsukAbstract:The usage of recycled material for improving problematic soil as a construction and pavement material has been a sustainable interest. Recycled blended tiles (RBT), a waste from ceramic tiles factories containing high amount of sodium and magnesium, was used as a soil stabilizer for Marine Clay improvement in this study. This research investigated the effects of sizes and percentages of RBT on the physical and strength properties, which included particle size distribution, Atterberg limits, compaction, and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of Marine Clay. Microstructural characterization, including the scanning electron microscopic, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction was conducted on both untreated and treated Marine Clay-RBT samples to examine the mechanism of strength development. The addition of RBT reduced the water holding capacity, which then caused the reduction in soil plasticity (from 18 to 11%) and optimum water content (from 20 to 16%) along with the increase in peak dry density (from 1.66 to 1.74 Mg/m^3). The UCS of Marine Clay increased from 50 to almost 220 kPa. The optimum RBT contents, providing the highest UCS, were at 20 and 30% for 0.063 mm RBT and 0.15 mm RBT, respectively. The UCS improvement of treated Marine Clay is attributed to the formation of cementation compounds, mainly aluminum magnesium silicate hydrate (A–M–S–H). The outcome of this research will allow the use of RBT as a low-carbon soil stabilizer across civil engineering applications.
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Evaluating the Compaction Behaviour of Soft Marine Clay Stabilized with Two Sizes of Recycled Crushed Tiles
GCEC 2017, 2018Co-Authors: Mohammed Ali Mohammed Al-bared, Aminaton MartoAbstract:This paper focuses on stabilizing Marine Clay using recycled blended tiles (RBT) collected from construction sites at Johor, Malaysia. Marine Clay is considered as problematic soil due to the existence of high moisture and organic contents, while RBT is a waste tile material produced in every construction area where those cracked or rejected tiles are dumped into landfills without any concern of the environmental impact. Hence, the suitability of RBT to treat Marine Clay is examined in this study. Standard proctor tests were conducted for all treated and untreated specimens. The compaction ability of treated and untreated Marine Clay was measured by adding two different sizes of RBT, i.e. 0.063 and 0.15 mm diameter. RBT for both sizes was added and tested in four different percentages (i.e. 10, 20, 30 and 40% of the dry weight of soil). The optimum moisture content (OMC) and Maximum Dry Density (MDD) for untreated samples were 22 and 1.59 Mg/m3 respectively. Meanwhile, OMC and MDD varied from 18 to 16.5% and 1.66–1.72 Mg/m3 respectively for those samples treated with 0.063 mm RBT. In addition, OMC and MDD for samples stabilized with 0.15 mm RBT varied from 18 to 17% and 1.70–1.74 Mg/m3 respectively. For samples treated with 0.15 mm RBT, the higher is the percentage of additive, the higher the MDD and the lower the OMC. While for samples treated with 0.063 mm RBT, 30% was found to be the optimum value and further increment of RBT resulted in a reduction of MDD.
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a review on the geotechnical and engineering characteristics of Marine Clay and the modern methods of improvements
Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, 2017Co-Authors: Mohammed Ali Mohammed Albared, Aminaton MartoAbstract:Marine Clay is a soft soil that could be found widely at the coastal and offshore areas. This type of soil is usually associated with high settlement and instability, poor soil properties that are not suitable for engineering requirements and low unconfined compressive strength of less than 20 kPa. Considerable failure could occur even with light loads and it shows flat or featureless surface. This kind of soil is considered as problematic due to the existence of high moisture content and usually exists as slurry with noticeable percentage of expandable Clay minerals. In this paper, the geotechnical, micro-structure and engineering properties of Marine Clay are thoroughly reviewed and discussed. The properties include moisture content, particle size distribution, specific gravity, Atterberg limits, mineral compositions and shear strength. Moreover, due to the increasing demand of construction at coastal and offshore areas involving the Marine Clay, many attempts have been made to stabilize this kind of soil in order to solve the geotechnical related problems. Some of the common stabilization methods used to improve the properties of Marine Clay such as cement grouting, chemical additives and some environmental friendly additives are discussed. In long term, Marine Clay treatment using cement was found to be the best method. In addition, this paper serves as a guideline for the design and construction of projects on Marine soils.
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Stabilization Of Marine Clay Using Biomass Silica-Rubber Chips Mixture
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2016Co-Authors: Aminaton Marto, Mohammed Ridzuan Jahidin, Norazirah Abdul Aziz, Fauziah Kasim, Nor Zurairahetty Mohd YunusAbstract:Marine Clay is found widely along the coastal area and had caused expensive solutions in the construction of coastal highways. Hence, soil stabilization was suggested by some consultant to increase the strength of this soil in order to meet the highway construction requirement and also to achieve the specification for the development. Biomass Silica (BS), particularly the SH85 as a non-traditional stabilisation method, has been gaining more interest from the engineers recently. Rubber chips (RC), derived from waste rubber tyres, are considered 'green' element and had been used previously in some geotechnical engineering works. This paper presents the effect of using BS and RC as a mixture (BS-RC mixture), to increase the strength of Marine Clay for highway construction. Samples of Marine Clay, obtained from the West Coast Expressway project at Teluk Intan, Perak, were oven dried and grind to fine-grained sized. The Marine Clay was mixed with 9 % by weight proportion of BS- RC; that were 8%-l% and 7%-2%, respectively. For comparison purposes the result of BS-RC was compared to the result of stabilization by using 9% BS only. Laboratory tests were then carried out to determine the Atterberg limits and compaction characteristics of the untreated and treated Marine Clay. The Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) of the untreated and treated Marine Clays, compacted at the optimum moisture content was later obtained. The treated Marine Clay was tested at 0, 3 and 7 days curing periods. The results show that the Plasticity Index of BS-RC treated Marine Clay was lower than the untreated Marine Clay. From the UCS test results, it is shown that BS-RC mixtures had significantly improved the strength of Marine Clay. With the same percentage of 9% BS-RC, the increased of BS from 7% to 8% increased the UCS further to about six times more than untreated Marine Clay soils in 7 days curing period. The strength gained by using BS-RC at 8%-1% is slightly below the strength by using 9% BS only. From the experimental results, it is shown that BS, in the form of SH85, admixed with rubber chips could significantly improve the strength of Marine Clay soils.
M. Fall - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Shear behavior of sensitive Marine Clay–steel interfaces
Acta Geotechnica, 2014Co-Authors: A. Taha, M. FallAbstract:Many soil–structure interaction problems require the knowledge of the shear resistance and behavior between the soil and construction materials. Although sensitive Marine Clay deposits are widely found in Canada (Leda Clay) and many regions in the world (e.g., Scandinavia), and steel is a common construction material for many civil engineering structures, our understanding of the interface shear behavior between sensitive Marine Clay and steel is still limited. This paper presents the results of an experimental study on the interface shear behavior between Leda Clay and steel. In this research, direct shear tests (DSTs) are conducted to investigate the interface shear strength parameters and behavior between Leda Clay and steel, and the effect of several factors (e.g., steel surface roughness, properties of the Leda Clay) on the interface shear behavior and parameters. All tests have been carried out with a standard DST apparatus at normal loads which range from 250 to 450 kPa. The results show that the Leda Clay interface shear behavior can be significantly affected by the steel surface roughness, the Leda Clay’s OCR, dry density, and salt content. The results presented in this paper will contribute to a more cost-effective design of geotechnical structures in Leda Clay.