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Howard P. Hodson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • a new intermittent aspirated probe for the Measurement of stagnation quantities in high temperature gases
    Journal of Turbomachinery-transactions of The Asme, 2011
    Co-Authors: Michela Massini, Robert J Miller, Howard P. Hodson
    Abstract:

    This paper presents the design, manufacture, and testing of a new probe for the Measurement of temperature and pressure in engine environments. The probe consists of a choked nozzle located in the flow and a system downstream including a cooler, a flow measuring device, and a valve. It operates in two modes: In the first mode the valve is open, the probe is aspirated, and the nozzle is choked. The mass flow through the probe is measured using instrumentation placed downstream of the cooler, so that it does not have contact with the hot flow. In the second mode, the valve is closed, and the stagnation pressure is measured using the same instrumentation downstream the cooler. The total temperature is computed as a derived variable from the Measurements of stagnation pressure and mass flow rate. There are a number of advantages of the probe over existing methods of temperature Measurement. The Measurement Inaccuracy due to conduction and radiation errors and calibration drift found in thermocouples is significantly reduced; it can measure both stagnation temperature and pressure, halving the instrumentation costs; it has no wiring or transducer in the sensor head; the system can self-calibrate while located within an engine. This paper describes the design of a probe for use in engine environments. The probe prototype is tested up to 900 K and is shown to have an accuracy of ±6 K.

  • a new intermittent aspirated probe for the Measurement of stagnation quantities in high temperature gases
    Volume 2: Controls Diagnostics and Instrumentation; Cycle Innovations; Electric Power, 2008
    Co-Authors: Michela Massini, Robert J Miller, Howard P. Hodson
    Abstract:

    This paper presents the design, manufacture and testing of a new probe for the Measurement of temperature and pressure in engine environments. The probe consists of a choked nozzle located in the flow and a system downstream including a cooler, a flow measuring device and a valve. It operates in two modes: in the first mode the valve is open, the probe is aspirated and the nozzle is choked. The mass flow through the probe is measured using instrumentation placed downstream of the cooler, so that it does not have contact with the hot flow. In the second mode the valve is closed and the stagnation pressure measured using the same instrumentation downstream the cooler. The total temperature is computed as a derived variable from the Measurements of stagnation pressure and mass flow rate. There are a number of advantages of the probe over existing methods of temperature Measurement. The Measurement Inaccuracy due to conduction and radiation errors and calibration drift found in thermocouples is significantly reduced; it can measure both stagnation temperature and pressure, halving the instrumentation costs; it has no wiring or transducer in the sensor head; the system can self-calibrate while located within an engine. The paper describes the design of a probe for use in engine environments. The probe prototype is tested up to 900K and shown to have an accuracy of ±6K.Copyright © 2008 by ASME

Cornelia Kristen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Why We Should Care About Regional Origins: Educational Selectivity Among Refugees and Labor Migrants in Western Europe
    'Frontiers Media SA', 2019
    Co-Authors: Christoph Spörlein, Cornelia Kristen
    Abstract:

    Immigrant selectivity describes the notion that migrants are not a random sample of the population at origin, but differ in certain traits such as educational attainment from individuals who stay behind. In this article, we move away from group-level descriptions of educational selectivity and measure it as an individual's relative position in the age- and gender-specific educational distribution of the country of origin. We describe the extent of educational selectivity for a selection of Western European destinations as well as a selection of origin groups ranging from recent refugee to labor migrant populations. By contrasting refugees to labor migrants, we address longstanding assumptions about typical differences in the degree of selectivity between different types of immigrants. According to our findings, there are few and only minor differences between refugee and labor migrants. However, these differences vary; and there are labor migrant groups that score similar or lower on selectivity than do the refugees covered in this study. Selectivity differences between refugees and labor migrants therefore seem less prominent than arguments in the literature suggest. Another key finding is that every origin group is composed of varying proportions of positively and negatively selected individuals. In most cases, the origin groups cover the whole spectrum of selectivity, so that characterizing them as either predominantly positively or negatively selected does not seem adequate. Furthermore, we show that using country-level educational distributions as opposed to sub-national regional-level distributions can lead to inaccurate Measurements of educational selectivity. This problem does not occur universally, but only under certain conditions. That is, when high levels of outmigration from sub-national regions in which economic opportunities are considerably above or below the country average, Measurement Inaccuracy exceeds ignorable levels. In instances where researchers are not able to use sub-national regional measures, we provide them with practical guidance in the form of pre-trained machine-learning tools to assess the direction and the extent of the Measurement Inaccuracy that results from relying on country-level as opposed to sub-national regional-level educational distributions

  • Data_Sheet_1_Why We Should Care About Regional Origins: Educational Selectivity Among Refugees and Labor Migrants in Western Europe.docx
    2019
    Co-Authors: Christoph Spörlein, Cornelia Kristen
    Abstract:

    Immigrant selectivity describes the notion that migrants are not a random sample of the population at origin, but differ in certain traits such as educational attainment from individuals who stay behind. In this article, we move away from group-level descriptions of educational selectivity and measure it as an individual's relative position in the age- and gender-specific educational distribution of the country of origin. We describe the extent of educational selectivity for a selection of Western European destinations as well as a selection of origin groups ranging from recent refugee to labor migrant populations. By contrasting refugees to labor migrants, we address longstanding assumptions about typical differences in the degree of selectivity between different types of immigrants. According to our findings, there are few and only minor differences between refugee and labor migrants. However, these differences vary; and there are labor migrant groups that score similar or lower on selectivity than do the refugees covered in this study. Selectivity differences between refugees and labor migrants therefore seem less prominent than arguments in the literature suggest. Another key finding is that every origin group is composed of varying proportions of positively and negatively selected individuals. In most cases, the origin groups cover the whole spectrum of selectivity, so that characterizing them as either predominantly positively or negatively selected does not seem adequate. Furthermore, we show that using country-level educational distributions as opposed to sub-national regional-level distributions can lead to inaccurate Measurements of educational selectivity. This problem does not occur universally, but only under certain conditions. That is, when high levels of outmigration from sub-national regions in which economic opportunities are considerably above or below the country average, Measurement Inaccuracy exceeds ignorable levels. In instances where researchers are not able to use sub-national regional measures, we provide them with practical guidance in the form of pre-trained machine-learning tools to assess the direction and the extent of the Measurement Inaccuracy that results from relying on country-level as opposed to sub-national regional-level educational distributions.

Michela Massini - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • a new intermittent aspirated probe for the Measurement of stagnation quantities in high temperature gases
    Journal of Turbomachinery-transactions of The Asme, 2011
    Co-Authors: Michela Massini, Robert J Miller, Howard P. Hodson
    Abstract:

    This paper presents the design, manufacture, and testing of a new probe for the Measurement of temperature and pressure in engine environments. The probe consists of a choked nozzle located in the flow and a system downstream including a cooler, a flow measuring device, and a valve. It operates in two modes: In the first mode the valve is open, the probe is aspirated, and the nozzle is choked. The mass flow through the probe is measured using instrumentation placed downstream of the cooler, so that it does not have contact with the hot flow. In the second mode, the valve is closed, and the stagnation pressure is measured using the same instrumentation downstream the cooler. The total temperature is computed as a derived variable from the Measurements of stagnation pressure and mass flow rate. There are a number of advantages of the probe over existing methods of temperature Measurement. The Measurement Inaccuracy due to conduction and radiation errors and calibration drift found in thermocouples is significantly reduced; it can measure both stagnation temperature and pressure, halving the instrumentation costs; it has no wiring or transducer in the sensor head; the system can self-calibrate while located within an engine. This paper describes the design of a probe for use in engine environments. The probe prototype is tested up to 900 K and is shown to have an accuracy of ±6 K.

  • a new intermittent aspirated probe for the Measurement of stagnation quantities in high temperature gases
    Volume 2: Controls Diagnostics and Instrumentation; Cycle Innovations; Electric Power, 2008
    Co-Authors: Michela Massini, Robert J Miller, Howard P. Hodson
    Abstract:

    This paper presents the design, manufacture and testing of a new probe for the Measurement of temperature and pressure in engine environments. The probe consists of a choked nozzle located in the flow and a system downstream including a cooler, a flow measuring device and a valve. It operates in two modes: in the first mode the valve is open, the probe is aspirated and the nozzle is choked. The mass flow through the probe is measured using instrumentation placed downstream of the cooler, so that it does not have contact with the hot flow. In the second mode the valve is closed and the stagnation pressure measured using the same instrumentation downstream the cooler. The total temperature is computed as a derived variable from the Measurements of stagnation pressure and mass flow rate. There are a number of advantages of the probe over existing methods of temperature Measurement. The Measurement Inaccuracy due to conduction and radiation errors and calibration drift found in thermocouples is significantly reduced; it can measure both stagnation temperature and pressure, halving the instrumentation costs; it has no wiring or transducer in the sensor head; the system can self-calibrate while located within an engine. The paper describes the design of a probe for use in engine environments. The probe prototype is tested up to 900K and shown to have an accuracy of ±6K.Copyright © 2008 by ASME

Marcus Watson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • sources of Inaccuracy in the Measurement of adult patients resting blood pressure in clinical settings a systematic review
    Journal of Hypertension, 2017
    Co-Authors: Noa Kallioinen, Andrew Hill, Mark S Horswill, Helen E Ward, Marcus Watson
    Abstract:

    Background: To interpret blood pressure (BP) data appropriately, healthcare providers need to be knowledgeable of the factors that can potentially impact the accuracy of BP Measurement and contribute to variability between Measurements. Methods: A systematic review of studies quantifying BP Measurement Inaccuracy. Medline and CINAHL databases were searched for empirical articles and systematic reviews published up to June 2015. Empirical articles were included if they reported a study that was relevant to the Measurement of adult patients' resting BP at the upper arm in a clinical setting (e.g. ward or office); identified a specific source of Inaccuracy; and quantified its effect. Reference lists and reviews were searched for additional articles. Results: A total of 328 empirical studies were included. They investigated 29 potential sources of Inaccuracy, categorized as relating to the patient, device, procedure or observer. Significant directional effects were found for 27; however, for some, the effects were inconsistent in direction. Compared with true resting BP, significant effects of individual sources ranged from -23.6 to R33 mmHg SBP and - 14 to R23 mmHg DBP. Conclusion: A single BP value outside the expected range should be interpreted with caution and not taken as a definitive indicator of clinical deterioration. Where a Measurement is abnormally high or low, further Measurements should be taken and averaged. Wherever possible, BP values should be recorded graphically within ranges. This may reduce the impact of sources of Inaccuracy and reduce the scope for misinterpretations based on small, likely erroneous or misleading, changes.

Christoph Spörlein - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Why We Should Care About Regional Origins: Educational Selectivity Among Refugees and Labor Migrants in Western Europe
    'Frontiers Media SA', 2019
    Co-Authors: Christoph Spörlein, Cornelia Kristen
    Abstract:

    Immigrant selectivity describes the notion that migrants are not a random sample of the population at origin, but differ in certain traits such as educational attainment from individuals who stay behind. In this article, we move away from group-level descriptions of educational selectivity and measure it as an individual's relative position in the age- and gender-specific educational distribution of the country of origin. We describe the extent of educational selectivity for a selection of Western European destinations as well as a selection of origin groups ranging from recent refugee to labor migrant populations. By contrasting refugees to labor migrants, we address longstanding assumptions about typical differences in the degree of selectivity between different types of immigrants. According to our findings, there are few and only minor differences between refugee and labor migrants. However, these differences vary; and there are labor migrant groups that score similar or lower on selectivity than do the refugees covered in this study. Selectivity differences between refugees and labor migrants therefore seem less prominent than arguments in the literature suggest. Another key finding is that every origin group is composed of varying proportions of positively and negatively selected individuals. In most cases, the origin groups cover the whole spectrum of selectivity, so that characterizing them as either predominantly positively or negatively selected does not seem adequate. Furthermore, we show that using country-level educational distributions as opposed to sub-national regional-level distributions can lead to inaccurate Measurements of educational selectivity. This problem does not occur universally, but only under certain conditions. That is, when high levels of outmigration from sub-national regions in which economic opportunities are considerably above or below the country average, Measurement Inaccuracy exceeds ignorable levels. In instances where researchers are not able to use sub-national regional measures, we provide them with practical guidance in the form of pre-trained machine-learning tools to assess the direction and the extent of the Measurement Inaccuracy that results from relying on country-level as opposed to sub-national regional-level educational distributions

  • Data_Sheet_1_Why We Should Care About Regional Origins: Educational Selectivity Among Refugees and Labor Migrants in Western Europe.docx
    2019
    Co-Authors: Christoph Spörlein, Cornelia Kristen
    Abstract:

    Immigrant selectivity describes the notion that migrants are not a random sample of the population at origin, but differ in certain traits such as educational attainment from individuals who stay behind. In this article, we move away from group-level descriptions of educational selectivity and measure it as an individual's relative position in the age- and gender-specific educational distribution of the country of origin. We describe the extent of educational selectivity for a selection of Western European destinations as well as a selection of origin groups ranging from recent refugee to labor migrant populations. By contrasting refugees to labor migrants, we address longstanding assumptions about typical differences in the degree of selectivity between different types of immigrants. According to our findings, there are few and only minor differences between refugee and labor migrants. However, these differences vary; and there are labor migrant groups that score similar or lower on selectivity than do the refugees covered in this study. Selectivity differences between refugees and labor migrants therefore seem less prominent than arguments in the literature suggest. Another key finding is that every origin group is composed of varying proportions of positively and negatively selected individuals. In most cases, the origin groups cover the whole spectrum of selectivity, so that characterizing them as either predominantly positively or negatively selected does not seem adequate. Furthermore, we show that using country-level educational distributions as opposed to sub-national regional-level distributions can lead to inaccurate Measurements of educational selectivity. This problem does not occur universally, but only under certain conditions. That is, when high levels of outmigration from sub-national regions in which economic opportunities are considerably above or below the country average, Measurement Inaccuracy exceeds ignorable levels. In instances where researchers are not able to use sub-national regional measures, we provide them with practical guidance in the form of pre-trained machine-learning tools to assess the direction and the extent of the Measurement Inaccuracy that results from relying on country-level as opposed to sub-national regional-level educational distributions.