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Horst Zuse - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Comments to the Paper: Briand, Eman, Morasca: On the Applicationof Measurement Theory in Software Engineering
Empirical Software Engineering, 1997Co-Authors: Horst ZuseAbstract:The paper of Briand et al. criticizes the approach of using Measurement Theory in software engineering. A careful analysis of the statements of Briand et al. showed , that Briand et al. focus mainly on scale types. However, scales types are only one aspect of Measurement Theory, another important aspect of Measurement Theory are the empirical and numerical conditions that lead to hypotheses of reality. We now discuss some aspects of the paper of Briand et al.
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Reply to Ehrad Konrad: Application of Measurement Theory to software metrics—comments on the Bollmann-Zuse approach
ACM SIGPLAN Notices, 1992Co-Authors: Horst Zuse, Peter Bollmann-sdorraAbstract:This paper is the reply to the paper "Erhard Konrad: Application of Measurement Theory to Software Metrics - Comments on the Bollmann-Zuse Approach" which is also published in this issue (November 92) of SlGPLAN Notices. Konrad is criticizing our approach: "Horst Zuse; Peter Bollmann: Using Measurement Theory to Describe the Properties and Scales of Software Complexity Metrics", which was published in SlGPLAN Notices (8)89. Konrad criticized the first time our paper in SIGPLAN Notices in March 1991. We replied in SlGPLAN Notices May 1991 to this criticism. In this issue (November 1992) Konrad imputes again that we have failed to achieve our goals of refuting his criticism. We will show that Konrad has a totally different view of established concepts of Measurement Theory as treated by Roberts, Krantz, Luce, Suppes and Tversky.
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Formal Aspects of Measurement - Measurement Theory and Software Measures
Formal Aspects of Measurement, 1991Co-Authors: Horst Zuse, Peter Bollmann-sdorraAbstract:During the last years much attention has been directed toward the Measurement process of the properties of software. Many software measures have been developed in order to determine the static complexity of single programs (intra-modular complexity) and entire software systems (inter-modular complexity) and many authors discussed the properties of software measures. Measurement Theory gives qualitative conditions for the use of measures. In this paper the properties of software measures related to the ordinal and ratio scale are given and applied to the Measure of McCabe. Furthermore the application of Measurement Theory to flowgraphs and programs is discussed. Additionally necessary and sufficient conditions for the behaviour of software measures with respect to concatenation operations are investigated. These results make the properties of software measures more transparent.
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Erhard Konrad: software metrics, Measurement Theory, and viewpoints-critical remarks on a new approach
ACM SIGPLAN Notices, 1991Co-Authors: Horst Zuse, P. BollmannAbstract:This paper is the reply to the paper "Erhard Konrad: Software Metrics, Measurement Theory, and Viewpoints - Critical Remarks on a New Approach", which was published in SIGPLAN Notices in March 1991. Konrad imputes that the authors of /ZUSE89/ misapply Measurement Theory, and confuse reality with mathematics. The statements of Konrad are wrong. It will be shown that Konrad misunderstood important concepts of Measurement Theory. Konrad's critical statements to our approach deny theoretical investigations of software complexity metrics. That has fatal consequences for the use of software complexity metrics in practice, to make statistics, and to calculate correlations.
Tadao Nakamura - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A classical probability space exists for the Measurement Theory based on the truth values
Quantum Studies: Mathematics and Foundations, 2016Co-Authors: Koji Nagata, Tadao NakamuraAbstract:Recently, a new Measurement Theory based on the truth values is proposed [38]. The results of Measurements are either 0 or 1. The Measurement Theory accepts a hidden variable model for a single Pauli observable. Therefore, we can introduce a classical probability space for the Measurement Theory. Our discussion provides new insight to formulate quantum Measurement Theory based on the truth values.
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Does a classical probability space for two-dimensional quantum Measurement Theory exist?
viXra, 2016Co-Authors: Koji Nagata, Tadao NakamuraAbstract:Recently, a new Measurement Theory based on the truth values is proposed \cite{NN1}. The results of Measurements are either 0 or 1. The Measurement Theory accepts a hidden variables model for a single Pauli observable. Therefore we can introduce a classical probability space for the Measurement Theory in this case. On the other hand, we discuss the fact that the projective Measurement Theory (the results of Measurements are either $+1$ or $-1$) does not meet a hidden variables model for a single Pauli observable. Hence we cannot introduce a classical probability space for the projective Measurement Theory in this case. Our discussion provides new insight to formulate quantum Measurement Theory, by using the Measurement Theory based on the truth values.
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Measurement Theory based on the truth values provides the maximum violation of the Bell-Mermin inequality
viXra, 2016Co-Authors: Koji Nagata, Tadao NakamuraAbstract:We investigate the violation factor of the Bell-Mermin inequality. Until now, we use an assumption that the results of Measurement are $\pm 1$. In this case, the maximum violation factor is $2^{(n-1)/2}$. The quantum predictions by $n$-partite Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state violate the Bell-Mermin inequality by an amount that grows exponentially with $n$. Recently, a new Measurement Theory based on the truth values is proposed. The values of Measurement outcome are either $+1$ or 0. Here we use the new Measurement Theory. We consider multipartite GHZ state. It turns out that the Bell-Mermin inequality is violated by the amount of $2^{(n-1)/2}$. The Measurement Theory based on the truth values provides the maximum violation of the Bell-Mermin inequality.
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Measurement Theory in Deutsch’s Algorithm Based on the Truth Values
International Journal of Theoretical Physics, 2016Co-Authors: Koji Nagata, Tadao NakamuraAbstract:We propose a new Measurement Theory, in qubits handling, based on the truth values, i.e., the truth T (1) for true and the falsity F (0) for false. The results of Measurement are either 0 or 1. To implement Deutsch’s algorithm, we need both observability and controllability of a quantum state. The new Measurement Theory can satisfy these two. Especially, we systematically describe our assertion based on more mathematical analysis using raw data in a thoughtful experiment.
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Measurement Theory in Deutsch's Algorithm Based on the Truth Values
viXra, 2015Co-Authors: Koji Nagata, Tadao NakamuraAbstract:We propose a new Measurement Theory, in qubits handling, based on the truth values, i.e., the truth T (1) for true and the falsity F (0) for false. The results of Measurement are either 0 or 1. To implement Deutsch's algorithm, we need both observability and controllability of a quantum state. The new Measurement Theory can satisfy these two. Especially, we systematically describe our assertion based on more mathematical analysis using raw data in a thoughtful experiment.
Sandro Morasca - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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on the application of Measurement Theory in software engineering
Empirical Software Engineering, 1996Co-Authors: Lionel C. Briand, Khaled El Emam, Sandro MorascaAbstract:Elements of Measurement Theory have recently been introduced into the software engineering discipline. It has been suggested that these elements should serve as the basis for developing, reasoning about, and applying measures. For example, it has been suggested that software complexity measures should be additive, that measures fall into a number of distinct types (i.e., levels of Measurement: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio), that certain statistical techniques are not appropriate for certain types of measures (e.g., parametric statistics for less-than-interval measures), and that certain transformations are not permissible for certain types of measures (e.g., non-linear transformations for interval measures). In this paper we argue that, inspite of the importance of Measurement Theory, and in the context of software engineering, many of these prescriptions and proscriptions are either premature or, if strictly applied, would represent a substantial hindrance to the progress of empirical research in software engineering. This argument is based partially on studies that have been conducted by behavioral scientists and by statisticians over the last five decades. We also present a pragmatic approach to the application of Measurement Theory in software engineering. While following our approach may lead to violations of the strict prescriptions and proscriptions of Measurement Theory, we demonstrate that in practical terms these violations would have diminished consequences, especially when compared to the advantages afforded to the practicing researcher.
Koji Nagata - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Measurement Theory Based on the Truth Values Violates Local Realism
International Journal of Theoretical Physics, 2016Co-Authors: Koji NagataAbstract:We investigate the violation factor of the Bell-Mermin inequality. Until now, we use an assumption that the results of Measurement are ±1. In this case, the maximum violation factor is 2(n−1)/2. The quantum predictions by n-partite Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state violate the Bell-Mermin inequality by an amount that grows exponentially with n. Recently, a new Measurement Theory based on the truth values is proposed (Nagata and Nakamura, Int. J. Theor. Phys. 55:3616, 2016). The values of Measurement outcome are either +1 or 0. Here we use the new Measurement Theory. We consider multipartite GHZ state. It turns out that the Bell-Mermin inequality is violated by the amount of 2(n−1)/2. The Measurement Theory based on the truth values provides the maximum violation of the Bell-Mermin inequality.
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A classical probability space exists for the Measurement Theory based on the truth values
Quantum Studies: Mathematics and Foundations, 2016Co-Authors: Koji Nagata, Tadao NakamuraAbstract:Recently, a new Measurement Theory based on the truth values is proposed [38]. The results of Measurements are either 0 or 1. The Measurement Theory accepts a hidden variable model for a single Pauli observable. Therefore, we can introduce a classical probability space for the Measurement Theory. Our discussion provides new insight to formulate quantum Measurement Theory based on the truth values.
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Does a classical probability space for two-dimensional quantum Measurement Theory exist?
viXra, 2016Co-Authors: Koji Nagata, Tadao NakamuraAbstract:Recently, a new Measurement Theory based on the truth values is proposed \cite{NN1}. The results of Measurements are either 0 or 1. The Measurement Theory accepts a hidden variables model for a single Pauli observable. Therefore we can introduce a classical probability space for the Measurement Theory in this case. On the other hand, we discuss the fact that the projective Measurement Theory (the results of Measurements are either $+1$ or $-1$) does not meet a hidden variables model for a single Pauli observable. Hence we cannot introduce a classical probability space for the projective Measurement Theory in this case. Our discussion provides new insight to formulate quantum Measurement Theory, by using the Measurement Theory based on the truth values.
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Measurement Theory based on the truth values provides the maximum violation of the Bell-Mermin inequality
viXra, 2016Co-Authors: Koji Nagata, Tadao NakamuraAbstract:We investigate the violation factor of the Bell-Mermin inequality. Until now, we use an assumption that the results of Measurement are $\pm 1$. In this case, the maximum violation factor is $2^{(n-1)/2}$. The quantum predictions by $n$-partite Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state violate the Bell-Mermin inequality by an amount that grows exponentially with $n$. Recently, a new Measurement Theory based on the truth values is proposed. The values of Measurement outcome are either $+1$ or 0. Here we use the new Measurement Theory. We consider multipartite GHZ state. It turns out that the Bell-Mermin inequality is violated by the amount of $2^{(n-1)/2}$. The Measurement Theory based on the truth values provides the maximum violation of the Bell-Mermin inequality.
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Measurement Theory in Deutsch’s Algorithm Based on the Truth Values
International Journal of Theoretical Physics, 2016Co-Authors: Koji Nagata, Tadao NakamuraAbstract:We propose a new Measurement Theory, in qubits handling, based on the truth values, i.e., the truth T (1) for true and the falsity F (0) for false. The results of Measurement are either 0 or 1. To implement Deutsch’s algorithm, we need both observability and controllability of a quantum state. The new Measurement Theory can satisfy these two. Especially, we systematically describe our assertion based on more mathematical analysis using raw data in a thoughtful experiment.
Farid Ya. Khalili - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Quantum Measurement Theory in Gravitational-Wave Detectors
Living Reviews in Relativity, 2012Co-Authors: Stefan L. Danilishin, Farid Ya. KhaliliAbstract:The fast progress in improving the sensitivity of the gravitational-wave detectors, we all have witnessed in the recent years, has propelled the scientific community to the point at which quantum behavior of such immense Measurement devices as kilometer-long interferometers starts to matter. The time when their sensitivity will be mainly limited by the quantum noise of light is around the corner, and finding ways to reduce it will become a necessity. Therefore, the primary goal we pursued in this review was to familiarize a broad spectrum of readers with the Theory of quantum Measurements in the very form it finds application in the area of gravitational-wave detection. We focus on how quantum noise arises in gravitational-wave interferometers and what limitations it imposes on the achievable sensitivity. We start from the very basic concepts and gradually advance to the general linear quantum Measurement Theory and its application to the calculation of quantum noise in the contemporary and planned interferometric detectors of gravitational radiation of the first and second generation. Special attention is paid to the concept of the Standard Quantum Limit and the methods of its surmounting.
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quantum Measurement Theory in gravitational wave detectors
arXiv: Quantum Physics, 2012Co-Authors: Stefan L. Danilishin, Farid Ya. KhaliliAbstract:The fast progress in improving the sensitivity of the gravitational-wave (GW) detectors, we all have witnessed in the recent years, has propelled the scientific community to the point, when quantum behaviour of such immense Measurement devices as kilometer-long interferometers starts to matter. The time, when their sensitivity will be mainly limited by the quantum noise of light is round the corner, and finding the ways to reduce it will become a necessity. Therefore, the primary goal we pursued in this review was to familiarize a broad spectrum of readers with the Theory of quantum Measurements in the very form it finds application in the area of gravitational-wave detection. We focus on how quantum noise arises in gravitational-wave interferometers and what limitations it imposes on the achievable sensitivity. We start from the very basic concepts and gradually advance to the general linear quantum Measurement Theory and its application to the calculation of quantum noise in the contemporary and planned interferometric detectors of gravitational radiation of the first and second generation. Special attention is paid to the concept of Standard Quantum Limit and the methods of its surmounting.