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Michael G. Kontominas - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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in situ and conventional transesterification of rapeseeds for biodiesel production the effect of direct sonication
Industrial Crops and Products, 2016Co-Authors: A A Koutsouki, Evangelia Tegou, Anastasia Badeka, Stavros Kontakos, Philippos J Pomonis, Michael G. KontominasAbstract:Abstract Rapeseeds were used for the production of biodiesel via alkaline transesterification. The effect of direct sonication (24 kHz) during in situ and conventional transesterification was studied without the use of external heating and was compared to that of Mechanical Stirring (600 rpm, 60 °C). In the in situ transesterification the use of ultrasonication and Mechanical Stirring led to a similar high % FAME content (97.2 ± 0.4 and 95.7% ± 0.8 respectively) after 120 min. However the % yield of the extracted methyl esters using Mechanical Stirring was considerably lower compared to ultrasonication (37.0 and 80.6% respectively) when same conditions were applied (7.5% NaOH w/w of oil, 400:1 methanol to oil molar ratio). The kinetics study of the rapeseed oil methanolysis process via direct sonication and Mechanical Stirring showed that the reaction rate constant is not affected by the method of Stirring under specific conditions. Properties of rapeseed biodiesel determined agree with the specifications of the European Standard EN 14214.
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in situ transesterification of cynara cardunculus l seed oil via direct ultrasonication for the production of biodiesel
Fuel Processing Technology, 2015Co-Authors: A A Koutsouki, Evangelia Tegou, Stavros Kontakos, Philippos J Pomonis, Michael G. Kontominas, George ManosAbstract:Abstract Alkaline transesterification of Cynara cardunculus L. seed oil with methanol for biodiesel production is investigated. Both in situ transesterification and conventional transesterification were studied using ultrasonication (24 kHz, without external heating) and Mechanical Stirring (600 rpm, 60 °C). For in situ transesterification, the use of ultrasonication and Mechanical Stirring led to similar high % FAME content (96.0 and 93.0% respectively) after 20 min. However the % yield of the extracted methylesters using Mechanical Stirring was lower compared to ultrasonication (50.4 and 85.1% respectively). For in situ transesterification via ultrasonication the optimum conditions were: 9.5% NaOH w/w of oil and a 550:1 methanol to oil molar ratio. In conventional transesterification, using ultrasonication, a high % FAME content of methylesters (97.0%) was obtained after 20 min. Respective % FAME content for Mechanical Stirring was 95.8% after 1 h. In both cases of conventional transesterification 1% w/w of oil NaOH as catalyst and a 7:1 methanol to oil ratio were used. The kinetics used for methanolysis reaction using sonication or Mechanical Stirring involved the irreversible second order reaction followed by the reversible second order reaction close to equilibrium. Cynara biodiesel properties determined, comply with the specifications of the European Standard EN 14214.
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transesterification of rapeseed oil for the production of biodiesel using homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis
Fuel Processing Technology, 2009Co-Authors: K G Georgogianni, Philippos J Pomonis, A K Katsoulidis, G Manos, Michael G. KontominasAbstract:Abstract In the present work, the transesterification reaction of rapeseed oil with methanol, in the presence of alkaline catalysts, either homogeneous (NaOH) or heterogeneous (Mg MCM-41, Mg–Al Hydrotalcite, and K+ impregnated zirconia), using low frequency ultrasonication (24 kHz) and Mechanical Stirring (600 rpm) for the production of biodiesel fuel was studied. Selection of heterogeneous catalysts was based on a combination of their porosity and surface basicity. Their characterization was carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Nitrogen adsorption–desorption porosimetry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The activities of the catalysts were related to their basic strength. Mg–Al hydrotalcite showed particularly the highest activity with conversion reaching 97%). The activity of ZrO 2 in the transesterification reaction increased as the catalyst was doped with more potassium cations, becoming thus more basic. Use of ultrasonication significantly accelerated the transesterification reaction compared to the use of Mechanical Stirring (5 h vs. 24 h). Given the differences in experimental design, it can be concluded that the homogeneous catalyst accelerated significantly the transesterification reaction, as compared to all heterogeneous catalysts, using both Mechanical Stirring (15 min vs. 24 h) and ultrasonication (10 min vs. 5 h). However, the use of homogeneous base catalysts requires neutralization and separation from the reaction mixture leading to a series of environmental problems related to the use of high amounts of solvents and energy. Heterogeneous solid base catalysts can be easily separated from the reaction mixture by simple filtration, they are easily regenerated and bear a less corrosive nature, leading to safer, cheaper and more environment-friendly operations.
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transesterification of soybean frying oil to biodiesel using heterogeneous catalysts
Fuel Processing Technology, 2009Co-Authors: K G Georgogianni, Philippos J Pomonis, A K Katsoulidis, Michael G. KontominasAbstract:Abstract In the present work, the transesterification reaction of soybean frying oil with methanol, in the presence of different heterogeneous catalysts (Mg MCM-41, Mg-Al Hydrotalcite, and K + impregnated zirconia), using low frequency ultrasonication (24 KHz) and Mechanical Stirring (600 rpm) for the production of biodiesel fuel was studied. Selection of catalysts was based on a combination of porosity and surface basicity. Their characterization was carried out using X-ray diffraction, Nitrogen adsorption-desorption porosimetry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive spectra (EDS). The activities of the catalysts were related to their basic strength. Mg-Al hydrotalcite showed particularly the highest activity (conversion 97%). It is important to mention that the catalyst activity of ZrO 2 in the transesterification reaction increased as the catalyst was enriched with more potassium cations becoming more basic. Use of ultrasonication significantly accelerated the transesterification reaction compared to the use of Mechanical Stirring (5 h versus 24 h).
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conventional and in situ transesterification of sunflower seed oil for the production of biodiesel
Fuel Processing Technology, 2008Co-Authors: K G Georgogianni, D Avlonitis, Philippos J Pomonis, Michael G. Kontominas, V GergisAbstract:Abstract In the present work the alkaline transesterification of sunflower seed oil with methanol and ethanol, for the production of biodiesel fuel was studied. Both conventional and in situ transesterification were investigated using low frequency ultrasonication (24 kHz) and Mechanical Stirring (600 rpm). Use of ultrasonication in conventional transesterification with methanol gave high yields of methyl esters (95%) after a short reaction time (20 min) similar to those using Mechanical Stirring. Use of ultrasonication in conventional transesterification with ethanol gave similar yields to those using Mechanical Stirring but significantly lower than respective yields using methanol. In the in situ transesterification the use of ultrasonication and Mechanical Stirring led to similar high yields (95%) of methyl esters after approximately 20 min of reaction time. In the presence of ethanol use of ultrasonication led to high ester yields (98%) in only 40 min of reaction time while use of Mechanical Stirring gave lower yields (88%) even after 4 h of reaction time. In situ transesterification gave similar ester yields to those obtained by conventional transesterification being an alternative, efficient and economical process. In all cases a concentration of 2.0% NaOH gave higher ester yields. Reaction rate constants were calculated, using first order reaction kinetics, to be equal to 3.1 × 10 − 3 s − 1 for conventional transesterification using methanol and 2.0% NaOH, and 9.5 × 10 − 4 s − 1 using ethanol.
K G Georgogianni - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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transesterification of rapeseed oil for the production of biodiesel using homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis
Fuel Processing Technology, 2009Co-Authors: K G Georgogianni, Philippos J Pomonis, A K Katsoulidis, G Manos, Michael G. KontominasAbstract:Abstract In the present work, the transesterification reaction of rapeseed oil with methanol, in the presence of alkaline catalysts, either homogeneous (NaOH) or heterogeneous (Mg MCM-41, Mg–Al Hydrotalcite, and K+ impregnated zirconia), using low frequency ultrasonication (24 kHz) and Mechanical Stirring (600 rpm) for the production of biodiesel fuel was studied. Selection of heterogeneous catalysts was based on a combination of their porosity and surface basicity. Their characterization was carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Nitrogen adsorption–desorption porosimetry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The activities of the catalysts were related to their basic strength. Mg–Al hydrotalcite showed particularly the highest activity with conversion reaching 97%). The activity of ZrO 2 in the transesterification reaction increased as the catalyst was doped with more potassium cations, becoming thus more basic. Use of ultrasonication significantly accelerated the transesterification reaction compared to the use of Mechanical Stirring (5 h vs. 24 h). Given the differences in experimental design, it can be concluded that the homogeneous catalyst accelerated significantly the transesterification reaction, as compared to all heterogeneous catalysts, using both Mechanical Stirring (15 min vs. 24 h) and ultrasonication (10 min vs. 5 h). However, the use of homogeneous base catalysts requires neutralization and separation from the reaction mixture leading to a series of environmental problems related to the use of high amounts of solvents and energy. Heterogeneous solid base catalysts can be easily separated from the reaction mixture by simple filtration, they are easily regenerated and bear a less corrosive nature, leading to safer, cheaper and more environment-friendly operations.
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transesterification of soybean frying oil to biodiesel using heterogeneous catalysts
Fuel Processing Technology, 2009Co-Authors: K G Georgogianni, Philippos J Pomonis, A K Katsoulidis, Michael G. KontominasAbstract:Abstract In the present work, the transesterification reaction of soybean frying oil with methanol, in the presence of different heterogeneous catalysts (Mg MCM-41, Mg-Al Hydrotalcite, and K + impregnated zirconia), using low frequency ultrasonication (24 KHz) and Mechanical Stirring (600 rpm) for the production of biodiesel fuel was studied. Selection of catalysts was based on a combination of porosity and surface basicity. Their characterization was carried out using X-ray diffraction, Nitrogen adsorption-desorption porosimetry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive spectra (EDS). The activities of the catalysts were related to their basic strength. Mg-Al hydrotalcite showed particularly the highest activity (conversion 97%). It is important to mention that the catalyst activity of ZrO 2 in the transesterification reaction increased as the catalyst was enriched with more potassium cations becoming more basic. Use of ultrasonication significantly accelerated the transesterification reaction compared to the use of Mechanical Stirring (5 h versus 24 h).
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conventional and in situ transesterification of sunflower seed oil for the production of biodiesel
Fuel Processing Technology, 2008Co-Authors: K G Georgogianni, D Avlonitis, Philippos J Pomonis, Michael G. Kontominas, V GergisAbstract:Abstract In the present work the alkaline transesterification of sunflower seed oil with methanol and ethanol, for the production of biodiesel fuel was studied. Both conventional and in situ transesterification were investigated using low frequency ultrasonication (24 kHz) and Mechanical Stirring (600 rpm). Use of ultrasonication in conventional transesterification with methanol gave high yields of methyl esters (95%) after a short reaction time (20 min) similar to those using Mechanical Stirring. Use of ultrasonication in conventional transesterification with ethanol gave similar yields to those using Mechanical Stirring but significantly lower than respective yields using methanol. In the in situ transesterification the use of ultrasonication and Mechanical Stirring led to similar high yields (95%) of methyl esters after approximately 20 min of reaction time. In the presence of ethanol use of ultrasonication led to high ester yields (98%) in only 40 min of reaction time while use of Mechanical Stirring gave lower yields (88%) even after 4 h of reaction time. In situ transesterification gave similar ester yields to those obtained by conventional transesterification being an alternative, efficient and economical process. In all cases a concentration of 2.0% NaOH gave higher ester yields. Reaction rate constants were calculated, using first order reaction kinetics, to be equal to 3.1 × 10 − 3 s − 1 for conventional transesterification using methanol and 2.0% NaOH, and 9.5 × 10 − 4 s − 1 using ethanol.
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biodiesel production reaction and process parameters of alkali catalyzed transesterification of waste frying oils
Energy & Fuels, 2007Co-Authors: K G Georgogianni, Evangelia Tegou, Michael G. Kontominas, And D Avlonitis, V GergisAbstract:The transesterification of two different frying oils (soybean oil and a mixture of soybean and cotton seed oil) with methanol, in the presence of an alkali catalyst (NaOH), by means of low-frequency ultrasonication (24 kHz, 200 W) and Mechanical Stirring (600 rpm) for the production of biodiesel fuel was studied. The two different frying oils gave similar yields of isolated methyl esters both under Mechanical Stirring and ultrasonication. Also the physical and chemical properties of the two biodiesel fuels produced were investigated. The fuels produced were characterized by determining their density, viscosity, flash point, boiling point, cetane number, sulfur content, cloud point, pour point, cold filter plugging point, acid value, iodine value, and saponification value. From the physical and chemical properties of the two biodiesel fuels, it is concluded that these fuels have very similar properties to those of conventional diesel, except for the cetane number, which is higher, and the sulfur content of...
Philippos J Pomonis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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in situ and conventional transesterification of rapeseeds for biodiesel production the effect of direct sonication
Industrial Crops and Products, 2016Co-Authors: A A Koutsouki, Evangelia Tegou, Anastasia Badeka, Stavros Kontakos, Philippos J Pomonis, Michael G. KontominasAbstract:Abstract Rapeseeds were used for the production of biodiesel via alkaline transesterification. The effect of direct sonication (24 kHz) during in situ and conventional transesterification was studied without the use of external heating and was compared to that of Mechanical Stirring (600 rpm, 60 °C). In the in situ transesterification the use of ultrasonication and Mechanical Stirring led to a similar high % FAME content (97.2 ± 0.4 and 95.7% ± 0.8 respectively) after 120 min. However the % yield of the extracted methyl esters using Mechanical Stirring was considerably lower compared to ultrasonication (37.0 and 80.6% respectively) when same conditions were applied (7.5% NaOH w/w of oil, 400:1 methanol to oil molar ratio). The kinetics study of the rapeseed oil methanolysis process via direct sonication and Mechanical Stirring showed that the reaction rate constant is not affected by the method of Stirring under specific conditions. Properties of rapeseed biodiesel determined agree with the specifications of the European Standard EN 14214.
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in situ transesterification of cynara cardunculus l seed oil via direct ultrasonication for the production of biodiesel
Fuel Processing Technology, 2015Co-Authors: A A Koutsouki, Evangelia Tegou, Stavros Kontakos, Philippos J Pomonis, Michael G. Kontominas, George ManosAbstract:Abstract Alkaline transesterification of Cynara cardunculus L. seed oil with methanol for biodiesel production is investigated. Both in situ transesterification and conventional transesterification were studied using ultrasonication (24 kHz, without external heating) and Mechanical Stirring (600 rpm, 60 °C). For in situ transesterification, the use of ultrasonication and Mechanical Stirring led to similar high % FAME content (96.0 and 93.0% respectively) after 20 min. However the % yield of the extracted methylesters using Mechanical Stirring was lower compared to ultrasonication (50.4 and 85.1% respectively). For in situ transesterification via ultrasonication the optimum conditions were: 9.5% NaOH w/w of oil and a 550:1 methanol to oil molar ratio. In conventional transesterification, using ultrasonication, a high % FAME content of methylesters (97.0%) was obtained after 20 min. Respective % FAME content for Mechanical Stirring was 95.8% after 1 h. In both cases of conventional transesterification 1% w/w of oil NaOH as catalyst and a 7:1 methanol to oil ratio were used. The kinetics used for methanolysis reaction using sonication or Mechanical Stirring involved the irreversible second order reaction followed by the reversible second order reaction close to equilibrium. Cynara biodiesel properties determined, comply with the specifications of the European Standard EN 14214.
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transesterification of rapeseed oil for the production of biodiesel using homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis
Fuel Processing Technology, 2009Co-Authors: K G Georgogianni, Philippos J Pomonis, A K Katsoulidis, G Manos, Michael G. KontominasAbstract:Abstract In the present work, the transesterification reaction of rapeseed oil with methanol, in the presence of alkaline catalysts, either homogeneous (NaOH) or heterogeneous (Mg MCM-41, Mg–Al Hydrotalcite, and K+ impregnated zirconia), using low frequency ultrasonication (24 kHz) and Mechanical Stirring (600 rpm) for the production of biodiesel fuel was studied. Selection of heterogeneous catalysts was based on a combination of their porosity and surface basicity. Their characterization was carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Nitrogen adsorption–desorption porosimetry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The activities of the catalysts were related to their basic strength. Mg–Al hydrotalcite showed particularly the highest activity with conversion reaching 97%). The activity of ZrO 2 in the transesterification reaction increased as the catalyst was doped with more potassium cations, becoming thus more basic. Use of ultrasonication significantly accelerated the transesterification reaction compared to the use of Mechanical Stirring (5 h vs. 24 h). Given the differences in experimental design, it can be concluded that the homogeneous catalyst accelerated significantly the transesterification reaction, as compared to all heterogeneous catalysts, using both Mechanical Stirring (15 min vs. 24 h) and ultrasonication (10 min vs. 5 h). However, the use of homogeneous base catalysts requires neutralization and separation from the reaction mixture leading to a series of environmental problems related to the use of high amounts of solvents and energy. Heterogeneous solid base catalysts can be easily separated from the reaction mixture by simple filtration, they are easily regenerated and bear a less corrosive nature, leading to safer, cheaper and more environment-friendly operations.
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transesterification of soybean frying oil to biodiesel using heterogeneous catalysts
Fuel Processing Technology, 2009Co-Authors: K G Georgogianni, Philippos J Pomonis, A K Katsoulidis, Michael G. KontominasAbstract:Abstract In the present work, the transesterification reaction of soybean frying oil with methanol, in the presence of different heterogeneous catalysts (Mg MCM-41, Mg-Al Hydrotalcite, and K + impregnated zirconia), using low frequency ultrasonication (24 KHz) and Mechanical Stirring (600 rpm) for the production of biodiesel fuel was studied. Selection of catalysts was based on a combination of porosity and surface basicity. Their characterization was carried out using X-ray diffraction, Nitrogen adsorption-desorption porosimetry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive spectra (EDS). The activities of the catalysts were related to their basic strength. Mg-Al hydrotalcite showed particularly the highest activity (conversion 97%). It is important to mention that the catalyst activity of ZrO 2 in the transesterification reaction increased as the catalyst was enriched with more potassium cations becoming more basic. Use of ultrasonication significantly accelerated the transesterification reaction compared to the use of Mechanical Stirring (5 h versus 24 h).
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conventional and in situ transesterification of sunflower seed oil for the production of biodiesel
Fuel Processing Technology, 2008Co-Authors: K G Georgogianni, D Avlonitis, Philippos J Pomonis, Michael G. Kontominas, V GergisAbstract:Abstract In the present work the alkaline transesterification of sunflower seed oil with methanol and ethanol, for the production of biodiesel fuel was studied. Both conventional and in situ transesterification were investigated using low frequency ultrasonication (24 kHz) and Mechanical Stirring (600 rpm). Use of ultrasonication in conventional transesterification with methanol gave high yields of methyl esters (95%) after a short reaction time (20 min) similar to those using Mechanical Stirring. Use of ultrasonication in conventional transesterification with ethanol gave similar yields to those using Mechanical Stirring but significantly lower than respective yields using methanol. In the in situ transesterification the use of ultrasonication and Mechanical Stirring led to similar high yields (95%) of methyl esters after approximately 20 min of reaction time. In the presence of ethanol use of ultrasonication led to high ester yields (98%) in only 40 min of reaction time while use of Mechanical Stirring gave lower yields (88%) even after 4 h of reaction time. In situ transesterification gave similar ester yields to those obtained by conventional transesterification being an alternative, efficient and economical process. In all cases a concentration of 2.0% NaOH gave higher ester yields. Reaction rate constants were calculated, using first order reaction kinetics, to be equal to 3.1 × 10 − 3 s − 1 for conventional transesterification using methanol and 2.0% NaOH, and 9.5 × 10 − 4 s − 1 using ethanol.
Awais Bokhari - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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pilot scale intensification of rubber seed hevea brasiliensis oil via chemical interesterification using hydrodynamic cavitation technology
Bioresource Technology, 2017Co-Authors: Awais Bokhari, Lai Fatt Chuah, Suzana Yusup, Jiři Jaromir Klemes, Majid Majeed Akbar, Saira Asif, Basit Ali, Ruzaimah Nik Mohamad KamilAbstract:Chemical interesterification of rubber seed oil has been investigated for four different designed orifice devices in a pilot scale hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) system. Upstream pressure within 1-3.5bar induced cavities to intensify the process. An optimal orifice plate geometry was considered as plate with 1mm dia hole having 21 holes at 3bar inlet pressure. The optimisation results of interesterification were revealed by response surface methodology; methyl acetate to oil molar ratio of 14:1, catalyst amount of 0.75wt.% and reaction time of 20min at 50°C. HC is compared to Mechanical Stirring (MS) at optimised values. The reaction rate constant and the frequency factor of HC were 3.4-fold shorter and 3.2-fold higher than MS. The interesterified product was characterised by following EN 14214 and ASTM D 6751 international standards.
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a review of cleaner intensification technologies in biodiesel production
Journal of Cleaner Production, 2017Co-Authors: Lai Fatt Chuah, Suzana Yusup, Awais Bokhari, Jiři Jaromir Klemes, Majid Majeed AkbarAbstract:Abstract Biodiesel is envisaged as environmentally benign fuel due to its unique properties, such as biodegradability, renewability and non-toxicity. Its utilisation leads to the reduction of sulphur oxide and greenhouse gas emissions as it produces quite lower amounts of carbon and sulphur based gases in comparison to conventional fossil fuels. This paper is a review of the recent achievements of the cleaner intensification technologies for biodiesel production. Merits and limitations of the cleaner intensification technologies have been discussed. Mechanical Stirring via transesterification is the most common and extensively utilised for biodiesel production. It involves the conversion of oil to glycerol and acid alkyl ester while employing methanol. However, this process has an inherent drawback of mass transfer resistance resulting in a lower reaction rate and higher production cost. Intensification technologies have become more attractive to overcome these aforementioned problems. In a bid to increase the cost competitiveness of biodiesel production compared to diesel fuel, process intensification has been studied for numerous biodiesel processing technologies. Many researchers have resorted to several intensification technologies namely; microwave, ultrasonic cavitation and hydrodynamic cavitation reactor to eliminate the mass transfer resistance of immiscible reactants. Once the mass transfer resistance is reduced, it may lead to a shorter reaction time and lower energy consumptions compared to Mechanical Stirring. Recent studies reveal that microwave and ultrasonic cavitation techniques are not yet completely feasible for biodiesel production at industrial scale. On the other hand, it was found that hydrodynamic cavitation offers a number of advantages over other intensification technologies. It shows good performance with respect to product yield, reaction time, energy consumption and product quality. Furthermore, it exhibits a sustainable mean for energy recovery from renewable oils. It was concluded that more studies are needed to extend the existing information of hydrodynamic cavitation for the design of the plate geometry with respect to the methyl ester conversion. This will help to develop a sustainable and industrially viable route for energy recovery from renewable oils. Yield efficiency in relation to the method followed the order: hydrodynamic cavitation > microwave > ultrasonic cavitation > Mechanical Stirring.
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cleaner production of rubber seed oil methyl ester using a hydrodynamic cavitation optimisation and parametric study
Journal of Cleaner Production, 2016Co-Authors: Awais Bokhari, Lai Fatt Chuah, Suzana Yusup, Jiři Jaromir Klemes, Majid Majeed Akbar, Ruzaimah Nik M KamilAbstract:Abstract Producing sustainable biodiesel using non-edible feedstock via transesterification reaction assisted hydrodynamic cavitation technology is a viable way to offset fossil diesel usage. This technology has affirmative environmental impacts with lower energy consumption and the reaction time and offers a cleaner possibility. Methyl ester conversion has been observed at a different inlet pressure of 1–3.5 bar on different plate geometries in 50 L pilot hydrodynamic cavitation reactor. Orifice plate with 21 holes of 1 mm and inlet pressure of 3 bar found to be the optimal arrangement. Parametric optimisation used response surface methodology and found as alcohol to oil ratio of 6:1, catalyst loading of 1 wt.%, reaction time of 18 min and reaction temperature of 55 °C. About 5 fold shorter reaction time, 6.5 fold higher energy efficiency and 4.9 fold higher reaction rate constant using hydrodynamic cavitation compared to Mechanical Stirring. Hydrodynamic cavitation is concluded to be time saving and energy efficient process compared to Mechanical Stirring. This makes the process more environmental friendly using hydrodynamic cavitation. Most of the properties in rubber seed oil methyl ester were met the EN 14214 and ASTM D 6751 standards.
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intensification of biodiesel synthesis from waste cooking oil palm olein in a hydrodynamic cavitation reactor effect of operating parameters on methyl ester conversion
Chemical Engineering and Processing, 2015Co-Authors: Lai Fatt Chuah, Suzana Yusup, Abdul Rashid Abd Aziz, Awais Bokhari, Jiři Jaromir Klemes, Mohd Zamri AbdullahAbstract:ABSTRACT This paper investigates a new route for intensification of methyl ester synthesis in Malaysia via alkali-catalysed transesterification of waste cooking oil derived from palm olein using a hydrodynamic cavitation reactor. The effects of the oil to methanol molar ratio (1:4–1:7), catalyst loading concentration (0.5–1.25 wt%) and reaction temperature (50–65 °C) have been investigated using an optimised plate with 21 holes of 1 mm diameter and an inlet pressure of 2 bar in a 50 L of hydrodynamic cavitation reactor assisted by a double diaphragm pump. Optimal conversion of 98.1% was achieved in 15 min in a hydrodynamic cavitation reactor with 1:6 molar ratio of oil to methanol, 1 wt% of catalyst and 60 °C of reaction temperature. It has been observed that a significant reduction in the optimum reaction time (about 6 fold) for transesterification from 90 min for Mechanical Stirring approach to 15 min for the hydrodynamic cavitation approach. Optimal yield efficiency of 12.50 × 10 −4 g/J was found using hydrodynamic cavitation and it was 8 fold higher than 1.5 × 10 −4 g/J when Mechanical Stirring was used.
Lai Fatt Chuah - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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pilot scale intensification of rubber seed hevea brasiliensis oil via chemical interesterification using hydrodynamic cavitation technology
Bioresource Technology, 2017Co-Authors: Awais Bokhari, Lai Fatt Chuah, Suzana Yusup, Jiři Jaromir Klemes, Majid Majeed Akbar, Saira Asif, Basit Ali, Ruzaimah Nik Mohamad KamilAbstract:Chemical interesterification of rubber seed oil has been investigated for four different designed orifice devices in a pilot scale hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) system. Upstream pressure within 1-3.5bar induced cavities to intensify the process. An optimal orifice plate geometry was considered as plate with 1mm dia hole having 21 holes at 3bar inlet pressure. The optimisation results of interesterification were revealed by response surface methodology; methyl acetate to oil molar ratio of 14:1, catalyst amount of 0.75wt.% and reaction time of 20min at 50°C. HC is compared to Mechanical Stirring (MS) at optimised values. The reaction rate constant and the frequency factor of HC were 3.4-fold shorter and 3.2-fold higher than MS. The interesterified product was characterised by following EN 14214 and ASTM D 6751 international standards.
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a review of cleaner intensification technologies in biodiesel production
Journal of Cleaner Production, 2017Co-Authors: Lai Fatt Chuah, Suzana Yusup, Awais Bokhari, Jiři Jaromir Klemes, Majid Majeed AkbarAbstract:Abstract Biodiesel is envisaged as environmentally benign fuel due to its unique properties, such as biodegradability, renewability and non-toxicity. Its utilisation leads to the reduction of sulphur oxide and greenhouse gas emissions as it produces quite lower amounts of carbon and sulphur based gases in comparison to conventional fossil fuels. This paper is a review of the recent achievements of the cleaner intensification technologies for biodiesel production. Merits and limitations of the cleaner intensification technologies have been discussed. Mechanical Stirring via transesterification is the most common and extensively utilised for biodiesel production. It involves the conversion of oil to glycerol and acid alkyl ester while employing methanol. However, this process has an inherent drawback of mass transfer resistance resulting in a lower reaction rate and higher production cost. Intensification technologies have become more attractive to overcome these aforementioned problems. In a bid to increase the cost competitiveness of biodiesel production compared to diesel fuel, process intensification has been studied for numerous biodiesel processing technologies. Many researchers have resorted to several intensification technologies namely; microwave, ultrasonic cavitation and hydrodynamic cavitation reactor to eliminate the mass transfer resistance of immiscible reactants. Once the mass transfer resistance is reduced, it may lead to a shorter reaction time and lower energy consumptions compared to Mechanical Stirring. Recent studies reveal that microwave and ultrasonic cavitation techniques are not yet completely feasible for biodiesel production at industrial scale. On the other hand, it was found that hydrodynamic cavitation offers a number of advantages over other intensification technologies. It shows good performance with respect to product yield, reaction time, energy consumption and product quality. Furthermore, it exhibits a sustainable mean for energy recovery from renewable oils. It was concluded that more studies are needed to extend the existing information of hydrodynamic cavitation for the design of the plate geometry with respect to the methyl ester conversion. This will help to develop a sustainable and industrially viable route for energy recovery from renewable oils. Yield efficiency in relation to the method followed the order: hydrodynamic cavitation > microwave > ultrasonic cavitation > Mechanical Stirring.
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cleaner production of rubber seed oil methyl ester using a hydrodynamic cavitation optimisation and parametric study
Journal of Cleaner Production, 2016Co-Authors: Awais Bokhari, Lai Fatt Chuah, Suzana Yusup, Jiři Jaromir Klemes, Majid Majeed Akbar, Ruzaimah Nik M KamilAbstract:Abstract Producing sustainable biodiesel using non-edible feedstock via transesterification reaction assisted hydrodynamic cavitation technology is a viable way to offset fossil diesel usage. This technology has affirmative environmental impacts with lower energy consumption and the reaction time and offers a cleaner possibility. Methyl ester conversion has been observed at a different inlet pressure of 1–3.5 bar on different plate geometries in 50 L pilot hydrodynamic cavitation reactor. Orifice plate with 21 holes of 1 mm and inlet pressure of 3 bar found to be the optimal arrangement. Parametric optimisation used response surface methodology and found as alcohol to oil ratio of 6:1, catalyst loading of 1 wt.%, reaction time of 18 min and reaction temperature of 55 °C. About 5 fold shorter reaction time, 6.5 fold higher energy efficiency and 4.9 fold higher reaction rate constant using hydrodynamic cavitation compared to Mechanical Stirring. Hydrodynamic cavitation is concluded to be time saving and energy efficient process compared to Mechanical Stirring. This makes the process more environmental friendly using hydrodynamic cavitation. Most of the properties in rubber seed oil methyl ester were met the EN 14214 and ASTM D 6751 standards.
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intensification of biodiesel synthesis from waste cooking oil palm olein in a hydrodynamic cavitation reactor effect of operating parameters on methyl ester conversion
Chemical Engineering and Processing, 2015Co-Authors: Lai Fatt Chuah, Suzana Yusup, Abdul Rashid Abd Aziz, Awais Bokhari, Jiři Jaromir Klemes, Mohd Zamri AbdullahAbstract:ABSTRACT This paper investigates a new route for intensification of methyl ester synthesis in Malaysia via alkali-catalysed transesterification of waste cooking oil derived from palm olein using a hydrodynamic cavitation reactor. The effects of the oil to methanol molar ratio (1:4–1:7), catalyst loading concentration (0.5–1.25 wt%) and reaction temperature (50–65 °C) have been investigated using an optimised plate with 21 holes of 1 mm diameter and an inlet pressure of 2 bar in a 50 L of hydrodynamic cavitation reactor assisted by a double diaphragm pump. Optimal conversion of 98.1% was achieved in 15 min in a hydrodynamic cavitation reactor with 1:6 molar ratio of oil to methanol, 1 wt% of catalyst and 60 °C of reaction temperature. It has been observed that a significant reduction in the optimum reaction time (about 6 fold) for transesterification from 90 min for Mechanical Stirring approach to 15 min for the hydrodynamic cavitation approach. Optimal yield efficiency of 12.50 × 10 −4 g/J was found using hydrodynamic cavitation and it was 8 fold higher than 1.5 × 10 −4 g/J when Mechanical Stirring was used.