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Benedikt Fischer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the impact of Medical and non Medical Prescription opioid use on motor vehicle collision risk
Transportation Research Part F-traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 2017Co-Authors: Benedikt Fischer, Anca Ialomiteanu, Robert E. Mann, Jürgen Rehm, Christine M Wickens, Gina Stoduto, Russell C CallaghanAbstract:Abstract Background Production and distribution of Prescription opioid analgesic drugs (POs) has increased immensely across the globe. Both Medical (MPO) and non-Medical (NMPO) use of opioid medication are associated with increased rates of morbidity and mortality, including possibly motor vehicle collisions. The current study examined data from a population-level survey to determine the impact of any PO, MPO, and NMPO use on collision risk. Methods Data were based on the 2010–2011 Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Monitor, a regionally stratified general-population telephone survey of adults ( N = 3428). Three binary logistic regressions of self-reported collision involvement in the previous 12 months were conducted, each consisting of: (1) measures of demographic characteristics, driving exposure, and binge drinking; and (2) one of three measures of PO use (any PO use, MPO use, or NMPO use). Results Any PO use and MPO use were associated with increased collision risk ( OR = 1.60, CI = 1.06, 2.40 and OR = 1.62, CI = 1.07, 2.45, respectively). The odds ratio for NMPO use did not reach statistical significance ( OR = 1.86, CI = 0.91, 3.77, p = 0.09). Conclusions These results suggested that doctor-prescribed PO use is associated with a 62% increase in collision risk. Although not a statistically significant finding, NMPO use may also be associated with increased collision risk. The magnitude of increased collision risk associated with PO use was comparable to that of driving after alcohol or cannabis use.
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non Medical Prescription opioid use Prescription opioid related harms and public health in canada an update 5 years later
Canadian Journal of Public Health-revue Canadienne De Sante Publique, 2014Co-Authors: Benedikt Fischer, Paul Kurdyak, Jenna Gooch, Brian Goldman, Jürgen RehmAbstract:Five years ago, we highlighted Canada’s emerging problem of Prescription opioid (PO)-related harms and emphasized the need for targeted surveillance, research and interventions. Overall levels of PO use in the Canadian population have grown by 70% since then, while at the same time levels of non-Medical PO use (NMPOU) in general and in key risk populations have continued to be high; furthermore, PO-related harms – specifically morbidity (e.g., treatment admissions) and mortality (e.g., overdose deaths) – have risen substantively. Unfortunately, major knowledge gaps related to systematic monitoring of PO-related harms continue to exist; for example, no national morbidity or mortality statistics are available. Investigator-driven research has generated important insights into the epidemiology and impacts of PO-related harms: high correlations between population-level PO dispensing and/or PO dosing and harms; high rates of co-occurrence of NMPOU and co-morbidities; and distinct NMPOU-related risk dynamics among street drug users. Select policy measures have been implemented only recently at the federal and provincial levels; these interventions remain to be systematically evaluated, especially given preliminary indications of reductions in PO-related harms (e.g., NMPOU) unfolding prior to the interventions. For these purposes, improvements in surveillance tools and research resources devoted to the extensive public health problem of PO-related harms in Canada continue to be urgently needed.
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prevalence of axis 1 psychiatric with focus on depression and anxiety disorder and symptomatology among non Medical Prescription opioid users in substance use treatment systematic review and meta analyses
Addictive Behaviors, 2014Co-Authors: Elliot M Goldner, Benedikt Fischer, Jürgen Rehm, Anna Lusted, Michael RoereckeAbstract:Abstract Non-Medical Prescription opioid use (NMPOU) constitutes a substantial clinical and public health concern in North America. Although there is evidence of elevated rates of mental health problems among people with NMPOU, the extent of these correlations specifically in treatment samples has not been systematically assessed. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted for Axis-1 psychiatric diagnoses and symptoms with a principal focus on depression and anxiety disorders in substance use treatment samples reporting NMPOU at admission to treatment (both criteria within past 30 days). 11 unique studies (all from either the United States or Canada) met inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of ‘any’ mental health problems (both diagnosis and symptoms) among substance abuse treatment patients reporting NMPOU was 43% (95% CI: 32%–54%; I 2 for inter-study heterogeneity: 99.5%). The pooled prevalence of depression diagnosis among substance abuse treatment patients reporting NMPOU was 27% (95% CI: 9%–45%; I 2 : 99.2%); the pooled prevalence of anxiety diagnosis in the sample was 29% (95% CI: 14%–44%; I 2 : 98.7%). The prevalence rates of psychiatric problems (both diagnosis and symptoms), depression diagnosis and anxiety diagnosis are disproportionately high in substance use treatment samples reporting NMPOU relative to general population rates. Adequate and effective clinical strategies are needed to address co-occurring NMPOU and mental health in substance use treatment systems, especially given rising treatment demand for NMPOU. Efforts are needed to better understand the temporal and causal relationships among NMPOU, mental health problems, and treatment seeking in order to improve interventions.
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non Medical use of Prescription opioids and Prescription opioid related harms why so markedly higher in north america compared to the rest of the world
Addiction, 2014Co-Authors: Benedikt Fischer, Annette Keates, Gerhard Buhringer, Jens Reimer, Jürgen RehmAbstract:AIMS: This paper aims to identify possible system-level factors contributing to the marked differences in the levels of non-Medical Prescription opioid use (NMPOU) and Prescription opioid (PO)-related harms in North America (i.e. the United States and Canada) compared to other global regions. METHODS: Scientific literature and information related to relevant areas of health systems, policy and practice were reviewed and integrated. RESULTS: We identified several but different factors contributing to the observed differences. First, North American health-care systems consume substantially more Pos-even when compared to other high-income countries-than any other global region, with dispensing levels associated strongly with levels of NMPOU and PO-related harms. Secondly, North American health-care systems, compared to other systems, appear to have lesser regulatory access restrictions for, and rely more upon, community-based dispensing mechanisms of POs, facilitating higher dissemination level and availability (e.g. through diversion) of POs implicated in NMPOU and harms. Thirdly, we note that the generally high levels of psychotrophic drug use, dynamics of Medical-professional culture (including patient expectations for 'effective treatment'), as well as the more pronounced 'for-profit' orientation of key elements of health care (including pharmaceutical advertising), may have boosted the PO-related problems observed in North America. CONCLUSIONS: Differences in the organization of health systems, Prescription practices, dispensing and Medical cultures and patient expectations appear to contribute to the observed inter-regional differences in non-Medical Prescription opioid use and Prescription opioid-related harms, although consistent evidence and causal analyses are limited. Further comparative examination of these and other potential drivers is needed, and also for evidence-based intervention and policy development. Language: en
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prevalence and key covariates of non Medical Prescription opioid use among the general secondary student and adult populations in ontario canada
Drug and Alcohol Review, 2013Co-Authors: Benedikt Fischer, Anca Ialomiteanu, Jürgen Rehm, Angela Boak, Edward M Adlaf, Robert E. MannAbstract:Introduction and Aims To assess the prevalence and key covariates of non-Medical Prescription opioid use (NMPOU) in two representative surveys of adults (Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Monitor, CM) and secondary-school students (Ontario Student Drug Use and Health Survey, OSDUHS). Design and Methods Data from the 2010 and 2011 cycles (n = 4023) of CM—a stratified, multi-stage, random-digit-dialling telephone survey of adults (18 years and older)—and the 2011 cycle of OSDUHS (n = 3266)—a self-administered written questionnaire-based survey of grade 7–12 public system students—were used. Besides NMPOU prevalence, associations were assessed by univariate and multi-step multivariate (logistic regression) analyses. NMPOU and key socioeconomic (i.e. sex, age, Aboriginal ethnicity, household location, income, subjective social status), health indicators (physical health status, psychological distress, suicidal ideation), drug use (cigarette smoking, binge drinking, cannabis use, other drug use) were measured. Results NMPOU (past year) prevalence was 15.5% in students and 5.9% in adults. Various univariate associations with social, health and drug use factors were found in both populations, with differences by sex. Based on multivariate analyses, other drug use (male students) and rural residence, subjective social status, other drug use and suicidal ideation (female students); marital status and cannabis use (male adults) and binge drinking (female adults) were independently associated with NMPOU in the respective study populations. Discussion and Conclusions NMPOU was high in adults and especially students. Independent predictors of NMPOU were largely inconsistent by sex. Notably, NMPOU is widely distributed across socio-demographic and -economic strata, and thus requires broad-based interventions.
Jürgen Rehm - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A supportive school environment may reduce the risk of non-Medical Prescription opioid use due to impaired mental health among students
European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 2020Co-Authors: Charlotte Probst, Jürgen Rehm, Tara Elton-marshall, Sameer Imtiaz, Karen A. Patte, Bundit Sornpaisarn, Scott T. LeatherdaleAbstract:Canada is in the midst of an ongoing, escalating opioid crisis, with significant impacts on adolescents and young adults. Accordingly, mental health impairment was examined as a risk factor for non-Medical Prescription opioid use (NMPOU) among high school students. In addition, the moderating effects of the school environment, in terms of the availability of mental health services and substance use policies, were characterized. Self-reported, cross-sectional data were obtained from the COMPASS study, including 61,239 students (grades 9–12) in 121 secondary schools across Canada. Current and lifetime NMPOU were ascertained. Categorical indicators of mental health impairment and school environment were derived. The main analytical strategy encompassed hierarchal multilevel logistic regression, including the addition of interaction terms to characterize the moderation effects. Current and lifetime NMPOU were reported by 5.8% and 7.2% of the students, respectively. After adjusting for confounders, students in the highest quintile of mental health impairment had odds ratios (OR) of 2.60 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.29–2.95) and 2.96 (95% CI 2.64–3.33) for current and lifetime NMPOU, respectively when compared to students in the lowest quintile of mental health impairment. A significant interaction between mental health impairment and school environment indicated relatively lower risks of NMPOU in students from schools that provide more mental health services and have stricter substance use policies. Mental health impairment increased the risk of NMPOU, but the associations were moderated by the school environment. These findings underscore the importance of mental health services and substance use regulations in schools.
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the impact of Medical and non Medical Prescription opioid use on motor vehicle collision risk
Transportation Research Part F-traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 2017Co-Authors: Benedikt Fischer, Anca Ialomiteanu, Robert E. Mann, Jürgen Rehm, Christine M Wickens, Gina Stoduto, Russell C CallaghanAbstract:Abstract Background Production and distribution of Prescription opioid analgesic drugs (POs) has increased immensely across the globe. Both Medical (MPO) and non-Medical (NMPO) use of opioid medication are associated with increased rates of morbidity and mortality, including possibly motor vehicle collisions. The current study examined data from a population-level survey to determine the impact of any PO, MPO, and NMPO use on collision risk. Methods Data were based on the 2010–2011 Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Monitor, a regionally stratified general-population telephone survey of adults ( N = 3428). Three binary logistic regressions of self-reported collision involvement in the previous 12 months were conducted, each consisting of: (1) measures of demographic characteristics, driving exposure, and binge drinking; and (2) one of three measures of PO use (any PO use, MPO use, or NMPO use). Results Any PO use and MPO use were associated with increased collision risk ( OR = 1.60, CI = 1.06, 2.40 and OR = 1.62, CI = 1.07, 2.45, respectively). The odds ratio for NMPO use did not reach statistical significance ( OR = 1.86, CI = 0.91, 3.77, p = 0.09). Conclusions These results suggested that doctor-prescribed PO use is associated with a 62% increase in collision risk. Although not a statistically significant finding, NMPO use may also be associated with increased collision risk. The magnitude of increased collision risk associated with PO use was comparable to that of driving after alcohol or cannabis use.
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non Medical Prescription opioid use Prescription opioid related harms and public health in canada an update 5 years later
Canadian Journal of Public Health-revue Canadienne De Sante Publique, 2014Co-Authors: Benedikt Fischer, Paul Kurdyak, Jenna Gooch, Brian Goldman, Jürgen RehmAbstract:Five years ago, we highlighted Canada’s emerging problem of Prescription opioid (PO)-related harms and emphasized the need for targeted surveillance, research and interventions. Overall levels of PO use in the Canadian population have grown by 70% since then, while at the same time levels of non-Medical PO use (NMPOU) in general and in key risk populations have continued to be high; furthermore, PO-related harms – specifically morbidity (e.g., treatment admissions) and mortality (e.g., overdose deaths) – have risen substantively. Unfortunately, major knowledge gaps related to systematic monitoring of PO-related harms continue to exist; for example, no national morbidity or mortality statistics are available. Investigator-driven research has generated important insights into the epidemiology and impacts of PO-related harms: high correlations between population-level PO dispensing and/or PO dosing and harms; high rates of co-occurrence of NMPOU and co-morbidities; and distinct NMPOU-related risk dynamics among street drug users. Select policy measures have been implemented only recently at the federal and provincial levels; these interventions remain to be systematically evaluated, especially given preliminary indications of reductions in PO-related harms (e.g., NMPOU) unfolding prior to the interventions. For these purposes, improvements in surveillance tools and research resources devoted to the extensive public health problem of PO-related harms in Canada continue to be urgently needed.
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prevalence of axis 1 psychiatric with focus on depression and anxiety disorder and symptomatology among non Medical Prescription opioid users in substance use treatment systematic review and meta analyses
Addictive Behaviors, 2014Co-Authors: Elliot M Goldner, Benedikt Fischer, Jürgen Rehm, Anna Lusted, Michael RoereckeAbstract:Abstract Non-Medical Prescription opioid use (NMPOU) constitutes a substantial clinical and public health concern in North America. Although there is evidence of elevated rates of mental health problems among people with NMPOU, the extent of these correlations specifically in treatment samples has not been systematically assessed. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted for Axis-1 psychiatric diagnoses and symptoms with a principal focus on depression and anxiety disorders in substance use treatment samples reporting NMPOU at admission to treatment (both criteria within past 30 days). 11 unique studies (all from either the United States or Canada) met inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of ‘any’ mental health problems (both diagnosis and symptoms) among substance abuse treatment patients reporting NMPOU was 43% (95% CI: 32%–54%; I 2 for inter-study heterogeneity: 99.5%). The pooled prevalence of depression diagnosis among substance abuse treatment patients reporting NMPOU was 27% (95% CI: 9%–45%; I 2 : 99.2%); the pooled prevalence of anxiety diagnosis in the sample was 29% (95% CI: 14%–44%; I 2 : 98.7%). The prevalence rates of psychiatric problems (both diagnosis and symptoms), depression diagnosis and anxiety diagnosis are disproportionately high in substance use treatment samples reporting NMPOU relative to general population rates. Adequate and effective clinical strategies are needed to address co-occurring NMPOU and mental health in substance use treatment systems, especially given rising treatment demand for NMPOU. Efforts are needed to better understand the temporal and causal relationships among NMPOU, mental health problems, and treatment seeking in order to improve interventions.
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non Medical use of Prescription opioids and Prescription opioid related harms why so markedly higher in north america compared to the rest of the world
Addiction, 2014Co-Authors: Benedikt Fischer, Annette Keates, Gerhard Buhringer, Jens Reimer, Jürgen RehmAbstract:AIMS: This paper aims to identify possible system-level factors contributing to the marked differences in the levels of non-Medical Prescription opioid use (NMPOU) and Prescription opioid (PO)-related harms in North America (i.e. the United States and Canada) compared to other global regions. METHODS: Scientific literature and information related to relevant areas of health systems, policy and practice were reviewed and integrated. RESULTS: We identified several but different factors contributing to the observed differences. First, North American health-care systems consume substantially more Pos-even when compared to other high-income countries-than any other global region, with dispensing levels associated strongly with levels of NMPOU and PO-related harms. Secondly, North American health-care systems, compared to other systems, appear to have lesser regulatory access restrictions for, and rely more upon, community-based dispensing mechanisms of POs, facilitating higher dissemination level and availability (e.g. through diversion) of POs implicated in NMPOU and harms. Thirdly, we note that the generally high levels of psychotrophic drug use, dynamics of Medical-professional culture (including patient expectations for 'effective treatment'), as well as the more pronounced 'for-profit' orientation of key elements of health care (including pharmaceutical advertising), may have boosted the PO-related problems observed in North America. CONCLUSIONS: Differences in the organization of health systems, Prescription practices, dispensing and Medical cultures and patient expectations appear to contribute to the observed inter-regional differences in non-Medical Prescription opioid use and Prescription opioid-related harms, although consistent evidence and causal analyses are limited. Further comparative examination of these and other potential drivers is needed, and also for evidence-based intervention and policy development. Language: en
Meagan C Arrastia - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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pill poppers and dopers a comparison of non Medical Prescription drug use and illicit street drug use among college students
Addictive Behaviors, 2008Co-Authors: Jason A Ford, Meagan C ArrastiaAbstract:Abstract Data from the 2001 College Alcohol Study, a national sample of U.S. college students, were used to conduct multinomial logistic regression analysis examining correlates of substance use. Students were divided into three groups based on their lifetime substance use: non-users, non-Medical Prescription drug use only, and illicit/street drug use only. The purpose of this analytic strategy was to examine the similarities/differences in the correlates of non-Medical Prescription drug use and illicit/street drug use. Findings indicate that race, age, G.P.A., sexual activity, health, binge drinking, marijuana use, social bonding and social learning measures are correlates of non-Medical Prescription drug use. Correlates of illicit/street drug use include gender, Hispanic ethnicity, sexual activity, binge drinking, marijuana use, social bonding and social learning measures. Finally, the focus of the paper is a comparison of students who report only non-Medical Prescription drug use to students who report only illicit/street drug use. Findings indicate that gender, race, marital status, sexual activity, marijuana use, and social bonding measures significantly distinguish illicit/street drug use from non-Medical Prescription drug use. Important implications, limitations, and future research needs were discussed.
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Pill-poppers and dopers: a comparison of non-Medical Prescription drug use and illicit/street drug use among college students.
Addictive Behaviors, 2008Co-Authors: Jason A Ford, Meagan C ArrastiaAbstract:Abstract Data from the 2001 College Alcohol Study, a national sample of U.S. college students, were used to conduct multinomial logistic regression analysis examining correlates of substance use. Students were divided into three groups based on their lifetime substance use: non-users, non-Medical Prescription drug use only, and illicit/street drug use only. The purpose of this analytic strategy was to examine the similarities/differences in the correlates of non-Medical Prescription drug use and illicit/street drug use. Findings indicate that race, age, G.P.A., sexual activity, health, binge drinking, marijuana use, social bonding and social learning measures are correlates of non-Medical Prescription drug use. Correlates of illicit/street drug use include gender, Hispanic ethnicity, sexual activity, binge drinking, marijuana use, social bonding and social learning measures. Finally, the focus of the paper is a comparison of students who report only non-Medical Prescription drug use to students who report only illicit/street drug use. Findings indicate that gender, race, marital status, sexual activity, marijuana use, and social bonding measures significantly distinguish illicit/street drug use from non-Medical Prescription drug use. Important implications, limitations, and future research needs were discussed.
Adolfo Figueiras - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Knowledge, attitudes, perceptions and habits towards antibiotics dispensed without Medical Prescription: a qualitative study of Spanish pharmacists.
BMJ Open, 2017Co-Authors: Juan M. Vazquez-lago, Cristian Gonzalez-gonzalez, Maruxa Zapata-cachafeiro, Paula López-vázquez, Margarita Taracido, Ana Jeremías López, Adolfo FigueirasAbstract:Objective To investigate community pharmacists’ knowledge, attitudes, perceptions and habits with regard to antibiotic dispensing without Medical Prescription in Spain. Methods A qualitative research using focus group method (FG) in Galicia (north-west Spain). FG sessions were conducted in the presence of a moderator. A topic script was developed to lead the discussions, which were audiorecorded to facilitate data interpretation and transcription. Proceedings were transcribed by an independent researcher and interpreted by two researchers working independently. We used the Grounded Theory approach. Setting Community pharmacies in Galicia, region Norwest of Spain. Participants Thirty pharmacists agreed to participate in the study, and a total of five FG sessions were conducted with 2–11 pharmacists. We sought to ensure a high degree of heterogeneity in the composition of the groups to improve our study’s external validity. Pharmacists’ participation had no gender or age restrictions, and an effort was made to form FGs with pharmacists who were both owners and non-owners, provided in all cases that they were Official Colleges of Pharmacists-registered community pharmacists. For the purpose of conducting FG discussions, the basic methodological principle of allowing groups to attain their ‘own structural identity’ was applied. Main outcome measurements Community pharmacists’ habits and knowledge with regard to antibiotics and identification of the attitudes and/or factors that influence antibiotic dispensing without Medical Prescription. Results Pharmacists attributed the problem of antibiotics dispensed without Medical Prescription and its relationship to antibiotic resistance to the following attitudes: external responsibility (doctors, dentists and the National Health Service (NHS)); acquiescence; indifference and lack of continuing education. Conclusions Despite being a problem, antibiotic dispensing without a Medical Prescription is still a common practice in community pharmacies in Galicia, Spain. This practice is attributed to acquiescence, indifference and lack of continuing education. The problem of resistance was ascribed to external responsibility, including that of patients, physicians, dentists and the NHS.
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determinants of antibiotic dispensing without a Medical Prescription a cross sectional study in the north of spain
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 2014Co-Authors: Maruxa Zapatacachafeiro, Adolfo Figueiras, Cristian Gonzalezgonzalez, Juan M Vaquezlago, Paula Lopezvazquez, Ana Lopezduran, Ernesto SmythAbstract:Objectives: Antibiotic resistance is a major public health concern and is greatly exacerbated by inappropriate antibiotic use at a community level. The aim of this study was to ascertain which attitudes of community pharmacists were related to inappropriate antibiotic dispensing. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of community pharmacists in a region situated in northern Spain (n¼393). Personal interviews were conducted using a self-administered questionnaire. The degree of agreement with each item of knowledge and attitude was measured using an unnumbered,horizontalvisualanaloguescale,withreplies being scored from0 (total disagreement) to10(total agreement).The datawere analysed using logistic regression. Results: Of the total of 286 pharmacists (72.8%) who completed the questionnaire, 185 (64.7%) acknowledged having undertaken dispensing of antibiotics without a Medical Prescription (DAwMP). Attitudes such as patient complacency, external responsibility, indifference and insufficient knowledge were shown to be related to DAwMP. In contrast, no association was found with any of the pharmacists’ personal or professional traits. Conclusions: This study confirms that, albeit unlawful, DAwMP is a common practice in Spanish pharmacies. DAwMP was seen to be usually associated with some of the attitudes evaluated.
Carlos Blanco - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the latent structure and predictors of non Medical Prescription drug use and Prescription drug use disorders a national study
Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 2013Co-Authors: Carlos Blanco, Claudia Rafful, Melanie M Wall, Bradley T Kerridge, Robert P SchwartzAbstract:a b s t r a c t Background: Despite growing concerns about non-Medical Prescription drug use and Prescription drug use disorders, whether vulnerability for these conditions is drug-specific or occurs through a shared liability and common risk factors is unknown. Methods: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis of Wave 1 of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions were used to examine the latent structure of non-Medical Prescription drug use and Prescription drug use disorders. Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes (MIMIC) analysis was used to examine whether the effect of sociodemographic and psychiatric covariates occurred through the latent factor, directly on each drug class or both. Results: A one-factor model described well the structure of both non-Medical Prescription drug use and Prescription drug use disorders. Younger age, being White, having more intense pain or one of several psychiatric disorders increased the risk of non-Medical Prescription drug use through the latent factor. The same covariates, except for anxiety disorders also significantly increased the risk of Prescription drug use disorders through the latent factor. Older age directly increased the risk of non-Medical use of sedatives, and alcohol use disorders decreased the risk of non-Medical tranquilizer use. No covariates had direct effects on the risk of any Prescription drug use disorders beyond their effect through the latent factor. Conclusion: The risk for non-Medical Prescription drug use and Prescription drug use disorders occurs through a shared liability. Treatment, prevention and policy approaches directed at these drugs as a group maybe more effective than those focused on individual classes of drugs.
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changes in the prevalence of non Medical Prescription drug use and drug use disorders in the united states 1991 1992 and 2001 2002
Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 2007Co-Authors: Carlos Blanco, Donald Alderson, Elizabeth L Ogburn, Bridget F Grant, Edward V Nunes, Mark L Hatzenbuehler, Deborah S HasinAbstract:Abstract Objective To examine changes in the prevalence of non-Medical Prescription drug use and DSM-IV non-Medical Prescription abuse and dependence in the United States between 1991–1992 and 2001–2002. Method Comparison of the prevalence of past-year non-Medical Prescription drug use and drug use disorders in the total sample and among lifetime non-Medical users in two large national surveys conducted 10 years apart. Results From 1991–1992 to 2001–2002, the prevalence of DSM-IV non-Medical Prescription drug use increased by 53%, from 1.5% to 2.3% (p Conclusions There have been substantial increases in the prevalence of Prescription drug non-Medical use and Prescription drug use disorders in the United States. Given the clinical utility of Prescription drugs, urgent action is needed to find approaches that balance the need for access to these medications among those who need them, against their potential for abuse and dependence in subgroups of vulnerable individuals.
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Changes in the prevalence of non-Medical Prescription drug use and drug use disorders in the United States: 1991-1992 and 2001-2002.
Drug and alcohol dependence, 2007Co-Authors: Carlos Blanco, Donald Alderson, Elizabeth L Ogburn, Bridget F Grant, Edward V Nunes, Mark L Hatzenbuehler, Deborah S HasinAbstract:To examine changes in the prevalence of non-Medical Prescription drug use and DSM-IV non-Medical Prescription abuse and dependence in the United States between 1991-1992 and 2001-2002. Comparison of the prevalence of past-year non-Medical Prescription drug use and drug use disorders in the total sample and among lifetime non-Medical users in two large national surveys conducted 10 years apart. From 1991-1992 to 2001-2002, the prevalence of DSM-IV non-Medical Prescription drug use increased by 53%, from 1.5% to 2.3% (p<0.001), and the prevalence of drug use disorders increased by 67% from 0.3% to 0.5% (p<0.001). The conditional prevalence of a disorder among users increased numerically from 19.9% to 23.6%, but this increase was not statistically significant (p=0.15). There have been substantial increases in the prevalence of Prescription drug non-Medical use and Prescription drug use disorders in the United States. Given the clinical utility of Prescription drugs, urgent action is needed to find approaches that balance the need for access to these medications among those who need them, against their potential for abuse and dependence in subgroups of vulnerable individuals.