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Chung-hsuang Hung - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • adsorption of vapor phase elemental Mercury hg0 and Mercury Chloride hgcl2 with innovative composite activated carbons impregnated with na2s and s0 in different sequences
    Chemical Engineering Journal, 2013
    Co-Authors: Chung-hsuang Hung, Chung-shin Yuan, Yishiu Jen, Weihsiang Chen
    Abstract:

    Abstract As powdered activated carbon (PAC) is being widely used for Mercury adsorption, its efficiency can be enhanced by sulfur impregnation. In this study, innovative composite PACs impregnated with two sulfur species, vapor-phase elemental sulfur (S 0 ) and aqueous-phase sodium sulfide (Na 2 S), in different sequences were developed for investigating the removal of gaseous elemental Mercury (Hg 0 ) or Mercury Chloride (HgCl 2 ) with respect to the adsorptive capacities and adsorption rates at different influent Hg 0 or HgCl 2 concentrations and different adsorption temperatures. The effects of sulfur impregnation on the physicochemical characteristics of the PACs, including specific surface area, volumes of various pore sizes, and sulfur content, were also examined. In the results, the PACs impregnated with aqueous Na 2 S, followed by the subsequent gaseous Hg 0 impregnation exhibited higher adsorptive capacities of both Mercury species. At elevated adsorption temperatures (200 and 300 °C), the adsorption of Hg 0 is more effective onto the surface of the composite sulfur-impregnated PACs, whereas the composite PACs provided elevated capacities for HgCl 2 at a lower adsorption temperature (150 °C), suggesting possible variation of Mercury control strategies under different circumstances. These findings provide insight into the application of this innovative composite PACs for the removal of gaseous Hg 0 or HgCl 2 . Higher adsorptive capacities of Hg 0 or HgCl 2 compared to those of previous studies were achieved by using the innovative composite sulfur-impregnated activated carbons.

  • enhancing the adsorption of vapor phase Mercury Chloride with an innovative composite sulfur impregnated activated carbon
    Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2012
    Co-Authors: Weichin Chen, Chung-shin Yuan, Chung-hsuang Hung, Yuanchung Lin, Hsiehhung Tsai, Yishiu Jen
    Abstract:

    Mercury Chloride (HgCl(2)) is the major Mercury derivate emitted from municipal solid waste incinerators, which has high risk to the environment and human health. This study investigated the adsorption of vapor-phase HgCl(2) with an innovative composite sulfurized activated carbon (AC), which was derived from the pyrolysis, activation, and sulfurization of waste tires. The composite sulfur-impregnation process impregnated activated carbon with aqueous-phase sodium sulfide (Na(2)S) and followed with vapor-phase elemental sulfur (S(0)). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was applied to investigate the adsorptive capacity of vapor-phase HgCl(2) using the composite sulfurized AC. The operating parameters included the types of composite sulfurized AC, the adsorption temperature, and the influent HgCl(2) concentration. Experimental results indicated that the sulfur-impregnation process could increase the sulfur content of the sulfurized AC, but decreased its specific surface area. This study further revealed that the composite sulfurized AC impregnated with aqueous-phase Na(2)S and followed with vapor-phase S(0) (Na(2)S+S(0) AC) had much higher saturated adsorptive capacity of HgCl(2) than AC impregnated in the reverse sequence (S(0)+Na(2)S AC). A maximum saturated adsorptive capacity of HgCl(2) up to 5236 μg-HgCl(2)/g-C was observed for the composite Na(2)S+S(0) AC, which was approximately 2.00 and 3.17 times higher than those for the single Na(2)S and S(0) ACs, respectively.

  • Determination of the adsorptive capacity and adsorption isotherm of vapor-phase Mercury Chloride on powdered activated carbon using thermogravimetric analysis
    Journal of The Air & Waste Management Association, 2006
    Co-Authors: Chung-shin Yuan, Wei-ching Chen, Chung-hsuang Hung
    Abstract:

    Abstract This study investigated the use of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to determine the adsorptive capacity and adsorption isotherm of vapor-phase Mercury Chloride on powdered activated carbon (PAC). The technique is commonly applied to remove Mercury-containing air pollutants from gas streams emitted from municipal solid waste incinerators. An alternative form of powdered activated carbon derived from a pyrolyzed tire char was prepared for use herein. The capacity of waste tire-derived PAC to adsorb vapor-phase HgCl2 was successfully measured using a self-designed TGA adsorption system. Experimental results showed that the maximum adsorptive capacities of HgCl2 were 1.75, 0.688, and 0.230 mg of HgCl2 per gram of powdered activated carbon derived from carbon black at 30, 70, and 150 °C for 500 µg/m3 of HgCl2, respectively. Four adsorption isotherms obtained using the Langmuir, Freundlich, Redlich-Peterson, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) models were used to simulate the adsorption of HgCl2. The com...

  • The adsorptive capacity of vapor-phase Mercury Chloride onto powdered activated carbon derived from waste tires.
    Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995), 2006
    Co-Authors: Hsun-yu Lin, Chung-shin Yuan, Chung-hsuang Hung
    Abstract:

    Abstract Injection of powdered activated carbon (PAC) upstream of particulate removal devices (such as electrostatic precipitator and baghouses) has been used effectively to remove hazardous air pollutants, particularly Mercury-containing pollutants, emitted from combustors and incinerators. Compared with commercial PACs (CPACs), an alternative PAC derived from waste tires (WPAC) was prepared for this study. The equilibrium adsorptive capacity of Mercury Chloride (HgCl2) vapor onto the WPAC was further evaluated with a self-designed bench-scale adsorption column system. The adsorption temperatures investigated in the adsorption column were controlled at 25 and 150 °C. The superficial velocity and residence time of the flow were 0.01 m/sec and 4 sec, respectively. The adsorption column tests were run under nitrogen gas flow. Experimental results showed that WPAC with higher Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area could adsorb more HgCl2 at room temperature. The equilibrium adsorptive capacity of HgCl2 fo...

  • Determination of the adsorptive capacity and adsorption isotherm of vapor-phase Mercury Chloride on powdered activated carbon using thermogravimetric analysis
    Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995), 2006
    Co-Authors: Hsun-yu Lin, Chung-shin Yuan, Wei-ching Chen, Chung-hsuang Hung
    Abstract:

    This study investigated the use of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to determine the adsorptive capacity and adsorption isotherm of vapor-phase Mercury Chloride on powdered activated carbon (PAC). The technique is commonly applied to remove Mercury-containing air pollutants from gas streams emitted from municipal solid waste incinerators. An alternative form of powdered activated carbon derived from a pyrolyzed tire char was prepared for use herein. The capacity of waste tire-derived PAC to adsorb vapor-phase HgCl2 was successfully measured using a self-designed TGA adsorption system. Experimental results showed that the maximum adsorptive capacities of HgCl2 were 1.75, 0.688, and 0.230 mg of HgCl2 per gram of powdered activated carbon derived from carbon black at 30, 70, and 150 degrees C for 500 microg/m3 of HgCl2, respectively. Four adsorption isotherms obtained using the Langmuir, Freundlich, Redlich-Peterson, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) models were used to simulate the adsorption of HgCl2. The comparison of experimental data associated with the four adsorption isotherms indicated that BET fit the experimental results better than did the other isotherms at 30 degrees C, whereas the Freundlich isotherm fit the experimental results better at 70 and 150 degrees C. Furthermore, the calculations of the parameters associated with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms revealed that the adsorption of HgCl2 by PAC-derived carbon black favored adsorption at various HgCl2, concentrations and temperatures.

Michel Fournier - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Multiple experimental approaches of immunotoxic effects of Mercury Chloride in the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis, through in vivo, in tubo and in vitro exposures
    Environmental Pollution, 2008
    Co-Authors: Matthieu Duchemin, Michel Auffret, Nathalie Wessel, Marlène Fortier, Yves Morin, Jocelyne Pellerin, Michel Fournier
    Abstract:

    Biological impairments due to Mercury discharge into the environment are now an issue of global concern. From the three forms of Mercury found in aquatic ecosystems, the immunotoxic effects of Mercury Chloride were examined in the model animal, the blue mussel. In order to investigate the toxic potency of this chemical, three exposure regimes were carried out: chronic exposure of groups of individuals, a new protocol "in tubo" designed for sub-acute exposures of individuals, and acute exposures of target cells. Chronic exposure revealed significant immunotoxic effects after 7 days at 10−6 M, while acute exposures showed significant inhibition of phagocytosis at 10−4 M and 10−3 M. In sub-acute exposures both circulating haemocytes and haemocyte mortality increased at 10−4 M and 10−3 M while phagocytosis and the clearance rate drew hormetic toxic effects on healthy individuals. These results suggest the use of the "in tubo" design for bivalve toxicological individual studies.

  • In vitro Mercury-related cytotoxicity and functional impairment of the immune cells of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
    Aquatic Toxicology, 1994
    Co-Authors: Isabelle Voccia, K. Krzystyniak, Muriel Dunier, Denis Flipo, Michel Fournier
    Abstract:

    Abstract Cytotoxic and immunotoxic effects of Mercury Chloride and methylMercury on blood and head kidney leucocytes of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were evaluated in vitro, for a broad dose range (10−4–10−9 M Hg) of the chemicals. Mercury-related impairment of functional cellular parameters were measured using mixed leucocyte reaction (MLR) and mitogen stimulation of the cells by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (Con A) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Non-specific defense mechanisms of blood neutrophils and pronephros macrophages were analysed using flow cytometric assay of phagocytosis and respiratory burst. Impairment of the functional cellular activities appeared to be limited almost exclusively to cytotoxic concentrations of the mercurials. Similarly, phagocytic and respiratory burst activities of blood and head kidney phagocytes were markedly impaired by high, cytotoxic concentrations of the mercurials. The in vitro cytotoxic potential of methylMercury; ≥ 10−5 M Hg, appeared to be at least ten times higher over the cytotoxicity of Mercury Chloride ≥ 10−4 M Hg. At lower Mercury concentrations, the data showed mostly normal- or above-normal values of the assayed functional activities of the cells. Overall, a nonspecific, poisoning-related impairment of leucocyte and phagocyte functions was concluded for the in vitro cytotoxic concentrations of mercurials.

Chung-shin Yuan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • adsorption of vapor phase elemental Mercury hg0 and Mercury Chloride hgcl2 with innovative composite activated carbons impregnated with na2s and s0 in different sequences
    Chemical Engineering Journal, 2013
    Co-Authors: Chung-hsuang Hung, Chung-shin Yuan, Yishiu Jen, Weihsiang Chen
    Abstract:

    Abstract As powdered activated carbon (PAC) is being widely used for Mercury adsorption, its efficiency can be enhanced by sulfur impregnation. In this study, innovative composite PACs impregnated with two sulfur species, vapor-phase elemental sulfur (S 0 ) and aqueous-phase sodium sulfide (Na 2 S), in different sequences were developed for investigating the removal of gaseous elemental Mercury (Hg 0 ) or Mercury Chloride (HgCl 2 ) with respect to the adsorptive capacities and adsorption rates at different influent Hg 0 or HgCl 2 concentrations and different adsorption temperatures. The effects of sulfur impregnation on the physicochemical characteristics of the PACs, including specific surface area, volumes of various pore sizes, and sulfur content, were also examined. In the results, the PACs impregnated with aqueous Na 2 S, followed by the subsequent gaseous Hg 0 impregnation exhibited higher adsorptive capacities of both Mercury species. At elevated adsorption temperatures (200 and 300 °C), the adsorption of Hg 0 is more effective onto the surface of the composite sulfur-impregnated PACs, whereas the composite PACs provided elevated capacities for HgCl 2 at a lower adsorption temperature (150 °C), suggesting possible variation of Mercury control strategies under different circumstances. These findings provide insight into the application of this innovative composite PACs for the removal of gaseous Hg 0 or HgCl 2 . Higher adsorptive capacities of Hg 0 or HgCl 2 compared to those of previous studies were achieved by using the innovative composite sulfur-impregnated activated carbons.

  • enhancing the adsorption of vapor phase Mercury Chloride with an innovative composite sulfur impregnated activated carbon
    Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2012
    Co-Authors: Weichin Chen, Chung-shin Yuan, Chung-hsuang Hung, Yuanchung Lin, Hsiehhung Tsai, Yishiu Jen
    Abstract:

    Mercury Chloride (HgCl(2)) is the major Mercury derivate emitted from municipal solid waste incinerators, which has high risk to the environment and human health. This study investigated the adsorption of vapor-phase HgCl(2) with an innovative composite sulfurized activated carbon (AC), which was derived from the pyrolysis, activation, and sulfurization of waste tires. The composite sulfur-impregnation process impregnated activated carbon with aqueous-phase sodium sulfide (Na(2)S) and followed with vapor-phase elemental sulfur (S(0)). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was applied to investigate the adsorptive capacity of vapor-phase HgCl(2) using the composite sulfurized AC. The operating parameters included the types of composite sulfurized AC, the adsorption temperature, and the influent HgCl(2) concentration. Experimental results indicated that the sulfur-impregnation process could increase the sulfur content of the sulfurized AC, but decreased its specific surface area. This study further revealed that the composite sulfurized AC impregnated with aqueous-phase Na(2)S and followed with vapor-phase S(0) (Na(2)S+S(0) AC) had much higher saturated adsorptive capacity of HgCl(2) than AC impregnated in the reverse sequence (S(0)+Na(2)S AC). A maximum saturated adsorptive capacity of HgCl(2) up to 5236 μg-HgCl(2)/g-C was observed for the composite Na(2)S+S(0) AC, which was approximately 2.00 and 3.17 times higher than those for the single Na(2)S and S(0) ACs, respectively.

  • Determination of the adsorptive capacity and adsorption isotherm of vapor-phase Mercury Chloride on powdered activated carbon using thermogravimetric analysis
    Journal of The Air & Waste Management Association, 2006
    Co-Authors: Chung-shin Yuan, Wei-ching Chen, Chung-hsuang Hung
    Abstract:

    Abstract This study investigated the use of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to determine the adsorptive capacity and adsorption isotherm of vapor-phase Mercury Chloride on powdered activated carbon (PAC). The technique is commonly applied to remove Mercury-containing air pollutants from gas streams emitted from municipal solid waste incinerators. An alternative form of powdered activated carbon derived from a pyrolyzed tire char was prepared for use herein. The capacity of waste tire-derived PAC to adsorb vapor-phase HgCl2 was successfully measured using a self-designed TGA adsorption system. Experimental results showed that the maximum adsorptive capacities of HgCl2 were 1.75, 0.688, and 0.230 mg of HgCl2 per gram of powdered activated carbon derived from carbon black at 30, 70, and 150 °C for 500 µg/m3 of HgCl2, respectively. Four adsorption isotherms obtained using the Langmuir, Freundlich, Redlich-Peterson, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) models were used to simulate the adsorption of HgCl2. The com...

  • The adsorptive capacity of vapor-phase Mercury Chloride onto powdered activated carbon derived from waste tires.
    Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995), 2006
    Co-Authors: Hsun-yu Lin, Chung-shin Yuan, Chung-hsuang Hung
    Abstract:

    Abstract Injection of powdered activated carbon (PAC) upstream of particulate removal devices (such as electrostatic precipitator and baghouses) has been used effectively to remove hazardous air pollutants, particularly Mercury-containing pollutants, emitted from combustors and incinerators. Compared with commercial PACs (CPACs), an alternative PAC derived from waste tires (WPAC) was prepared for this study. The equilibrium adsorptive capacity of Mercury Chloride (HgCl2) vapor onto the WPAC was further evaluated with a self-designed bench-scale adsorption column system. The adsorption temperatures investigated in the adsorption column were controlled at 25 and 150 °C. The superficial velocity and residence time of the flow were 0.01 m/sec and 4 sec, respectively. The adsorption column tests were run under nitrogen gas flow. Experimental results showed that WPAC with higher Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area could adsorb more HgCl2 at room temperature. The equilibrium adsorptive capacity of HgCl2 fo...

  • Determination of the adsorptive capacity and adsorption isotherm of vapor-phase Mercury Chloride on powdered activated carbon using thermogravimetric analysis
    Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995), 2006
    Co-Authors: Hsun-yu Lin, Chung-shin Yuan, Wei-ching Chen, Chung-hsuang Hung
    Abstract:

    This study investigated the use of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to determine the adsorptive capacity and adsorption isotherm of vapor-phase Mercury Chloride on powdered activated carbon (PAC). The technique is commonly applied to remove Mercury-containing air pollutants from gas streams emitted from municipal solid waste incinerators. An alternative form of powdered activated carbon derived from a pyrolyzed tire char was prepared for use herein. The capacity of waste tire-derived PAC to adsorb vapor-phase HgCl2 was successfully measured using a self-designed TGA adsorption system. Experimental results showed that the maximum adsorptive capacities of HgCl2 were 1.75, 0.688, and 0.230 mg of HgCl2 per gram of powdered activated carbon derived from carbon black at 30, 70, and 150 degrees C for 500 microg/m3 of HgCl2, respectively. Four adsorption isotherms obtained using the Langmuir, Freundlich, Redlich-Peterson, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) models were used to simulate the adsorption of HgCl2. The comparison of experimental data associated with the four adsorption isotherms indicated that BET fit the experimental results better than did the other isotherms at 30 degrees C, whereas the Freundlich isotherm fit the experimental results better at 70 and 150 degrees C. Furthermore, the calculations of the parameters associated with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms revealed that the adsorption of HgCl2 by PAC-derived carbon black favored adsorption at various HgCl2, concentrations and temperatures.

Isabelle Voccia - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • In vitro Mercury-related cytotoxicity and functional impairment of the immune cells of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
    Aquatic Toxicology, 1994
    Co-Authors: Isabelle Voccia, K. Krzystyniak, Muriel Dunier, Denis Flipo, Michel Fournier
    Abstract:

    Abstract Cytotoxic and immunotoxic effects of Mercury Chloride and methylMercury on blood and head kidney leucocytes of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were evaluated in vitro, for a broad dose range (10−4–10−9 M Hg) of the chemicals. Mercury-related impairment of functional cellular parameters were measured using mixed leucocyte reaction (MLR) and mitogen stimulation of the cells by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (Con A) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Non-specific defense mechanisms of blood neutrophils and pronephros macrophages were analysed using flow cytometric assay of phagocytosis and respiratory burst. Impairment of the functional cellular activities appeared to be limited almost exclusively to cytotoxic concentrations of the mercurials. Similarly, phagocytic and respiratory burst activities of blood and head kidney phagocytes were markedly impaired by high, cytotoxic concentrations of the mercurials. The in vitro cytotoxic potential of methylMercury; ≥ 10−5 M Hg, appeared to be at least ten times higher over the cytotoxicity of Mercury Chloride ≥ 10−4 M Hg. At lower Mercury concentrations, the data showed mostly normal- or above-normal values of the assayed functional activities of the cells. Overall, a nonspecific, poisoning-related impairment of leucocyte and phagocyte functions was concluded for the in vitro cytotoxic concentrations of mercurials.

  • In-vitro Mercury-related cytotoxicity and functional impairment of the immune cells of rainbow-trout (oncorhynchus-mykiss)
    Aquatic Toxicology, 1994
    Co-Authors: Isabelle Voccia, K. Krzystyniak, Muriel Dunier, Denis Flipo, M. Fournier
    Abstract:

    Cytotoxic and immunotoxic effects of Mercury Chloride and methylMercury on blood and head kidney leucocytes of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were evaluated in vitro, for a broad dose range (10(-4)-10(-9) M Hg) of the chemicals. Mercury-related impairment of functional cellular parameters were measured using mixed leucocyte reaction (MLR) and mitogen stimulation of the cells by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (Con A) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Non-specific defense mechanisms of blood neutrophils and pronephros macrophages were analysed using flow cytometric assay of phagocytosis and respiratory burst. Impairment of the functional cellular activities appeared to be limited almost exclusively to cytotoxic concentrations of the mercurials. Similarly, phagocytic and respiratory burst activities of blood and head kidney phagocytes were markedly impaired by high, cytotoxic concentrations of the mercurials. The in vitro cytotoxic potential of methylMercury; greater-than-or-equal-to 10(-5) M Hg, appeared to be at least ten times higher over the cytotoxicity of Mercury Chloride greater-than-or-equal-to 10(-4) M Hg. At lower Mercury concentrations, the data showed mostly normal- or above-normal values of the assayed functional activities of the cells. Overall, a nonspecific, poisoning-related impairment of leucocyte and phagocyte functions was concluded for the in vitro cytotoxic concentrations of mercurials.

Yishiu Jen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • adsorption of vapor phase elemental Mercury hg0 and Mercury Chloride hgcl2 with innovative composite activated carbons impregnated with na2s and s0 in different sequences
    Chemical Engineering Journal, 2013
    Co-Authors: Chung-hsuang Hung, Chung-shin Yuan, Yishiu Jen, Weihsiang Chen
    Abstract:

    Abstract As powdered activated carbon (PAC) is being widely used for Mercury adsorption, its efficiency can be enhanced by sulfur impregnation. In this study, innovative composite PACs impregnated with two sulfur species, vapor-phase elemental sulfur (S 0 ) and aqueous-phase sodium sulfide (Na 2 S), in different sequences were developed for investigating the removal of gaseous elemental Mercury (Hg 0 ) or Mercury Chloride (HgCl 2 ) with respect to the adsorptive capacities and adsorption rates at different influent Hg 0 or HgCl 2 concentrations and different adsorption temperatures. The effects of sulfur impregnation on the physicochemical characteristics of the PACs, including specific surface area, volumes of various pore sizes, and sulfur content, were also examined. In the results, the PACs impregnated with aqueous Na 2 S, followed by the subsequent gaseous Hg 0 impregnation exhibited higher adsorptive capacities of both Mercury species. At elevated adsorption temperatures (200 and 300 °C), the adsorption of Hg 0 is more effective onto the surface of the composite sulfur-impregnated PACs, whereas the composite PACs provided elevated capacities for HgCl 2 at a lower adsorption temperature (150 °C), suggesting possible variation of Mercury control strategies under different circumstances. These findings provide insight into the application of this innovative composite PACs for the removal of gaseous Hg 0 or HgCl 2 . Higher adsorptive capacities of Hg 0 or HgCl 2 compared to those of previous studies were achieved by using the innovative composite sulfur-impregnated activated carbons.

  • enhancing the adsorption of vapor phase Mercury Chloride with an innovative composite sulfur impregnated activated carbon
    Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2012
    Co-Authors: Weichin Chen, Chung-shin Yuan, Chung-hsuang Hung, Yuanchung Lin, Hsiehhung Tsai, Yishiu Jen
    Abstract:

    Mercury Chloride (HgCl(2)) is the major Mercury derivate emitted from municipal solid waste incinerators, which has high risk to the environment and human health. This study investigated the adsorption of vapor-phase HgCl(2) with an innovative composite sulfurized activated carbon (AC), which was derived from the pyrolysis, activation, and sulfurization of waste tires. The composite sulfur-impregnation process impregnated activated carbon with aqueous-phase sodium sulfide (Na(2)S) and followed with vapor-phase elemental sulfur (S(0)). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was applied to investigate the adsorptive capacity of vapor-phase HgCl(2) using the composite sulfurized AC. The operating parameters included the types of composite sulfurized AC, the adsorption temperature, and the influent HgCl(2) concentration. Experimental results indicated that the sulfur-impregnation process could increase the sulfur content of the sulfurized AC, but decreased its specific surface area. This study further revealed that the composite sulfurized AC impregnated with aqueous-phase Na(2)S and followed with vapor-phase S(0) (Na(2)S+S(0) AC) had much higher saturated adsorptive capacity of HgCl(2) than AC impregnated in the reverse sequence (S(0)+Na(2)S AC). A maximum saturated adsorptive capacity of HgCl(2) up to 5236 μg-HgCl(2)/g-C was observed for the composite Na(2)S+S(0) AC, which was approximately 2.00 and 3.17 times higher than those for the single Na(2)S and S(0) ACs, respectively.