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Tadeusz Michałowski - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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"Why not stoichiometry" versus "stoichiometry--why not?" Part I: General context.
Critical reviews in analytical chemistry, 2015Co-Authors: Anna Maria Michałowska-kaczmarczyk, Agustin G. Asuero, Tadeusz MichałowskiAbstract:The elementary concepts involved with stoichiometry are considered from different viewpoints. Some examples of approximate calculations made according to the stoichiometric scheme are indicated, and correct resolution of the problems involved is presented. The principles of balancing chemical equations, based on their apparent similarities with algebraic equations, are criticized. The review concerns some peculiarities inherent in chemical reaction notation and its use (and abuse) in stoichiometric calculations that provide inconsistent results for various reasons. This “conventional” approach to stoichiometry is put in context with the generalized approach to electrolytic systems (GATES) established by Michalowski. The article contains a number of proposals that could potentially be taken into account and included in the next edition of the Orange Book. Notation of ions used in this article is not, deliberately, in accordance with actual IUPAC requirements in this respect. This article is intended to be ...
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Formulation of the System of Isohydric Solutions
Journal of Analytical Sciences Methods and Instrumentation, 2012Co-Authors: Tadeusz Michałowski, Agustin G. AsueroAbstract:The isohydricity (pH constancy) as the property referred to mixtures of acids or bases, is illustrated on a simple example of the solutions: HL (C0, mol/L) and HL (C mol/L) mixed according to titrimetric mode (pH titration). A new derivation of the Michalowski formula C0=C+C2·10PK1 expressing this property is presented, and its applicability for determination of pK1 = – logK1 value is indicated. The principle of the isohydric method of pK1 determination is also outlined.
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Determination of dissociation parameters of weak acids in different media according to the isohydric method.
Talanta, 2011Co-Authors: Tadeusz Michałowski, Agustin G. Asuero, Boguslaw Pilarski, Agnieszka Dobkowska, Sławomir WybraniecAbstract:The isohydricity (pH constancy) principle is referred to the pair of solutions: weak acid (HL, C(0)mol/L) and strong acid (HB, C mol/L) when mixed e.g., according to titrimetric mode. Such a case takes place if the relation C(0)=C+C(2) × 10(pK(1)) is valid, where pK(1)=-log K(1), K(1) - dissociation constant for a weak monoprotic acid HL. This principle, outlined and formulated in earlier paper (Michalowski et al., Talanta 82 (2010) 1965), is the basis for a sensitive method of pK(1) determination, confirmed for a series of weak acids in presence of basal electrolytes or in water+organic solvent (dimethyl sulphoxide, methanol, isopropanol) media. The results of titrations were elaborated according to principles of regression analysis, with use of least squares method. A new criterion for precision of the results obtained according to this method is formulated. The pK(1) values obtained are comparable with ones found in literature.
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The Generalized Approach to Electrolytic Systems: II. The Generalized Equivalent Mass (GEM) Concept
Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry, 2010Co-Authors: Tadeusz Michałowski, Andrzej Pietrzyk, Maja Ponikvar-svet, Maciej RymanowskiAbstract:The equivalent mass (EM, in terms established by IUPAC) and generalized equivalent mass (GEM, in terms suggested by Michalowski) concepts related to titrimetric methods of chemical analysis are considered from the viewpoint of the generalized approach to electrolytic systems (GATES). No chemical reaction notation is required for explanation of the GEM concept. The advantages of GEM over EM are discussed in details. The role of preliminary knowledge obtained from simulated titrations, realized according to principles offered by GATES, is emphasized.
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Characterization of the amylolytic properties of the rumen ciliate protozoan Eudiplodinium maggii
Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences, 2007Co-Authors: Grzegorz Bełżecki, Charles J. Newbold, Neil R. Mcewan, Freda M. Mcintosh, Tadeusz MichałowskiAbstract:Belzecki, G., Newbold, C. J., McEwan, N. R., McIntosh, F. M., Michalowski, T. (2007). Characterization of the amylolytic properties of the rumen ciliate protozoan Eudiplodinium maggii. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences, 16 (4), 590-606.
Craig A. Knoblock - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Reformulating Constraint Satisfaction Problems to Improve Scalability
2008Co-Authors: Kenneth M. Bayer, Martin Michalowski, Berthe Y. Choueiry, Craig A. KnoblockAbstract:Abstract. Constraint Programming is a powerful approach for modeling and solving many combinatorial problems, scalability, however, remains an issue in practice. Abstraction and reformulation techniques are often sought to overcome the complexity barrier. In this paper we introduce four reformulation techniques that operate on the various components of a Constraint Satisfaction Problem (CSP) in order to reduce the cost of problem solving and facilitate scalability. Our reformulations modify one or more component of the CSP (i.e., the query, variables domains, constraints) and detect symmetrical solutions to avoid generating them. We describe each of these reformulations in the context of CSPs, then evaluate their performance and effects in on the building identification problem introduced by Michalowski and Knoblock [1].
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SARA - Reformulating constraint satisfaction problems to improve scalability
Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 1Co-Authors: Kenneth M. Bayer, Martin Michalowski, Berthe Y. Choueiry, Craig A. KnoblockAbstract:Constraint Programming is a powerful approach for modeling and solving many combinatorial problems, scalability, however, remains an issue in practice. Abstraction and reformulation techniques are often sought to overcome the complexity barrier. In this paper we introduce four reformulation techniques that operate on the various components of a Constraint Satisfaction Problem (CSP) in order to reduce the cost of problem solving and facilitate scalability. Our reformulations modify one or more component of the CSP (i.e., the query, variables domains, constraints) and detect symmetrical solutions to avoid generating them. We describe each of these reformulations in the context of CSPs, then evaluate their performance and effects in on the building identification problem introduced by Michalowski and Knoblock.
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CP - Reformulating CSPs for scalability with application to geospatial reasoning
Principles and Practice of Constraint Programming – CP 2007, 1Co-Authors: Kenneth M. Bayer, Martin Michalowski, Berthe Y. Choueiry, Craig A. KnoblockAbstract:While many real-world combinatorial problems can be advantageously modeled and solved usingConstraint Programming, scalability remains a major issue in practice. Constraint models that accurately reflect the inherent structure of a problem, solvers that exploit the properties of this structure, and reformulation techniques that modify the problem encoding to reduce the cost of problem solving are typically used to overcome the complexity barrier. In this paper, we investigate such approaches in a geospatial reasoning task, the building-identification problem (BID), introduced and modeled as a Constraint Satisfaction Problem by Michalowski and Knoblock [1]. We introduce an improved constraint model, a custom solver for this problem, and a number of reformulation techniques that modify various aspects of the problem encoding to improve scalability. We show how interleaving these reformulations with the various stages of the solver allows us to solve much larger BID problems than was previously possible. Importantly, we describe the usefulness of our reformulations techniques for general Constraint Satisfaction Problems, beyond the BID application.
Ronald C. Kramer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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State crime in the global age
2013Co-Authors: William J. Chambliss, Raymond J. Michalowski, Ronald C. KramerAbstract:1. Introduction by William J. Chambliss, Raymond Michalowski and Ronald C. Kramer 2. In Search of the State and Crime in State Crime Studies by Raymond Michalowski 3. Toward a Criminology of Empire: Centrality of the Empire Concept in the Study of State Violence by Peter Iadicola 4. Obligatory Sacrifice and Imperial Projects by Frank Pearce 5. Towards a Prospective Criminology of State Crime by David O. Friedrichs 6. Modern Institutionalized Torture by Martha K. Huggins 7. Privatizing International Conflict: War as Corporate Crime by Vincenzo Ruggiero 8. From Guernica to Hiroshima to Baghdad: the Normalization of the State Crime of Terror Bombing Civilians by Ronald C. Kramer 9. A Fake Law: the 'State of Exception' and Lex Mercatoria in Occupied Iraq by David Whyte 10. Dragon Rising: China's Foreign Aid Policy as a Counter Force Against the Criminogenic Conditions of International Finance Institution Policies? by Dawn L. Rothe 11. Framing Innocents: the Wrongly Convicted as Victims of State Harm by Saundra D. Westervelt and Kimberly J. Cook 12. Prosecutorial Misconduct as State Organized Crime? by Lauren N. Lang 13. Harm Reduction Drug Programs and State Crime by Jonathan William Anderson, Tanya Whittle and William J. Chambliss 14. Transitional Justice as Global Industry by Elizabeth Stanley 15. The Reason of State: Theoretical Inquiries and Consequences for the Criminology of State Crime by Athanasios Chouliaras 16. Epilogue: for a Public Criminology of State Crime by William J. Chambliss, Raymond Michalowski and Ronald C. Kramer
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Resisting the Bombing of Civilians: Challenges from a Public Criminology of State Crime
Social Justice, 2009Co-Authors: Ronald C. KramerAbstract:BOTH THE INTENTIONAL AND THE DISPROPORTIONATE AND INDISCRIMINATE bombardment of civilian populations by military aircraft are war crimes (McCormack and Durham, 2009), a specific form of state criminality (Chambliss, 1989; Friedrichs, 1998; Rothe, 2009; Rothe and Mullins, 2010; Chambliss, Michalowski, and Kramer, 2010). This article will argue that a public criminology of state crime can make an important contribution to the effort to resist the bombing of civilians and protect noncombatants from harm. Bombing civilians is a moral and a legal crime because it is behavior by state officials, acting on behalf of the state, that violates the "long-standing and widespread" moral principle and international legal norm of "noncombatant immunity" (Conway-Lanz, 2006: 2). Slim (2008:1) refers to this precept as "the civilian ethic in war." This important normative principle is found in just war theory, where "noncombatants have a kind of sacred immunity" (Fiala, 2008: 7), as well as in the legal rules of international humanitarian law, the laws of war (Maogoto, 2004; Byers, 2005). These particular substantive laws, which date back to the Hague and Geneva conventions of the late 19th and early 20th centuries (Slye and Van Schaack, 2009), cover the deliberate targeting of civilians (area, terror, or morale bombing) and the use of disproportionate and indiscriminate military force found in some forms of "precision" bombing (Messerschmidt, 1992; McCormack and Durham, 2009). Violations of these legal rules by state officials constitute war crimes and can be subjected to criminological analysis (Kramer and Michalowski, 2005; Rothe, 2009; Kramer and Kauzlarich, 2010). Kramer, Michalowski, and Chambliss (2010) have recently made a case "for" a public criminology of state crime. A public criminology would bring criminology into "a conversation with publics, understood as people who are themselves involved in a conversation" (Burawoy, 2007: 28). This article will analyze certain challenges that such a public criminology can mount to the bombing of civilians; it may contribute to the public discourse about how to resist this form of state crime. A public criminology of state crime can: (1) challenge the denial and normalization of the aerial bombardment of civilians, (2) challenge the political impunity and legal immunity of the state officials who commit these war crimes, and (3) challenge empire, one of the primary structural contexts within which state criminality occurs. Before these challenges can be analyzed, however, it will be helpful to sketch a theoretical narrative of how the area bombing of civilian populations evolved during World War II and became normalized, that is, accepted and approved within American political culture. The Normalization of the State Crime of Bombing Civilians The terror bombing of the ancient Basque (Euskadi) town of Guernica (Gernika) by the fascist allies of Franco's nationalist rebels during the Spanish Civil War provoked an angry outcry. As Englehardt (2008a: 2) observes, "the self-evident barbarism of the event--the first massively publicized bombing of a civilian population--caused international horror. It was news across the planet." Patterson (2007: 38) points out that it is "almost impossible to overestimate the outrage it caused in 1937." The global outcry stemmed as much from what the attack presaged, as from the actual damage inflicted. As Kurlansky (1999: 200) notes, "the world was horrified--outraged at the ruthless massacre of unarmed civilians but also terrified at its first glimpse of the warfare of the future." Within a decade, in the context of the massive violence of the global human catastrophe that was World War II, the illegal bombing of civilian populations became commonplace and morally acceptable to many of the same political leaders and publics who, in the interwar years, dreaded the rise of air warfare, had attempted to specifically outlaw it, and condemned the horror of Guernica. …
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That Was Then, This Is Now, What About Tomorrow? Future Directions in State Crime Studies
Critical Criminology, 2009Co-Authors: Dawn L. Rothe, Christopher W. Mullins, Jeffrey Ian Ross, David Friedrichs, Raymond Michalowski, Gregg Barak, David Kauzlarich, Ronald C. KramerAbstract:Research and theorizing on state crime has come to play an important role in the fields of criminology and criminal justice for understanding the worst of crimes: those of powerful state agencies and agents. Since William Chambliss’ ( 1989 ) ASC presidential address, scholars of state crime have made advances in theoretical modeling and analyzing core enactment and etiological factors of crimes of the state (e.g., Barak 1991 ; Friedrichs 1998 ; Grabosky 1989 ; Kauzlarich and Kramer 1998 ; Kramer and Michalowski 2005 ; Kramer et al. 2005 ; Michalowski and Kramer 2006 ; Mullins and Rothe 2008a , b ; Pearce 1976 ; Ross 1995 , 2000 ; Rothe 2009 ; Rothe and Mullins 2006 , 2008 ). Nonetheless, the study of state crime still has a long way to go before it ever reaches the magnitude or legitimacy afforded to the study of traditional street crime. It is with this in mind that several leading scholars of state criminality have come together and reevaluated the state of state crime and the ways in which the field must move forward. This kind of inventory, where scholars examine the past, present and future of the field, is not without precedent. For example, almost a decade ago (Ross et al. 1999 ) explored the difficulty of conducting state crime research and made a series of recommendations on how it could be improved. Nearly 7 years later (Rothe and Friedrichs 2006 ) re-evaluated the state of state crime and called for more attention to those beyond US crimes of the state and include crimes of globalization and also international controls such as the International Criminal Court (Friedrichs and Friedrichs 2007 ; Rothe and Mullins 2006 ; Rothe et al. 2006 , 2008 ). Since that time, there has been substantial movement by scholars of state crime in these other areas, yet, as we note, there still remains key issues that need to be addressed and overcome: it is with this that we again revisit the field of state crime.
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The origins and development of the concept and theory of state-corporate crime.” Crime & Delinquency 48
2002Co-Authors: Ronald C. Kramer, Raymond J. Michalowski, David KauzlarichAbstract:The important contributions made by Richard Quinney to the study of corporate crime and the sociology of law, crime, and justice have influenced the development of the con-cept of state-corporate crime. This concept has been advanced to examine how corpora-tions and governments intersect to produce social harm. State-corporate crime is defined as criminal acts that occur when one ormore institutions of political governance pursue a goal in direct cooperationwith one ormore institutions of economic production and distribution. The creation of this concept has directed attention to a neglected form of organizational crime and inspired numerous empirical studies and theoretical refinements. Knowing when an idea first appeared is far different than knowing where it began. Whereas the concept of state-corporate crime made its first public appearance in 1990 in a series of articles presented by Kramer (1990a, 1990b, 1990c) and Kramer and Michalowski (1990), explaining where the framework for examining how corporations and governments intersect to produce social harm is a much longer story. The term itself began as a sponta
Isabel Schoultz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Recension – State Crime in the Global Age (2010) : Redaktörer: Chambliss WilliamJ., Michalowski Raymond & Kramer Ronald C. Willian Publishing
2011Co-Authors: Isabel SchoultzAbstract:Recension – State Crime in the Global Age (2010) : Redaktorer: Chambliss WilliamJ., Michalowski Raymond & Kramer Ronald C. Willian Publishing
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recension state crime in the global age 2010 redaktorer chambliss williamj Michalowski raymond kramer ronald c willian publishing
Nordisk Tidskrift för Kriminalvidenskap; 98(2) pp 102-106 (2011), 2011Co-Authors: Isabel SchoultzAbstract:Recension – State Crime in the Global Age (2010) : Redaktorer: Chambliss WilliamJ., Michalowski Raymond & Kramer Ronald C. Willian Publishing
Kenneth M. Bayer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Reformulating Constraint Satisfaction Problems to Improve Scalability
2008Co-Authors: Kenneth M. Bayer, Martin Michalowski, Berthe Y. Choueiry, Craig A. KnoblockAbstract:Abstract. Constraint Programming is a powerful approach for modeling and solving many combinatorial problems, scalability, however, remains an issue in practice. Abstraction and reformulation techniques are often sought to overcome the complexity barrier. In this paper we introduce four reformulation techniques that operate on the various components of a Constraint Satisfaction Problem (CSP) in order to reduce the cost of problem solving and facilitate scalability. Our reformulations modify one or more component of the CSP (i.e., the query, variables domains, constraints) and detect symmetrical solutions to avoid generating them. We describe each of these reformulations in the context of CSPs, then evaluate their performance and effects in on the building identification problem introduced by Michalowski and Knoblock [1].
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SARA - Reformulating constraint satisfaction problems to improve scalability
Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 1Co-Authors: Kenneth M. Bayer, Martin Michalowski, Berthe Y. Choueiry, Craig A. KnoblockAbstract:Constraint Programming is a powerful approach for modeling and solving many combinatorial problems, scalability, however, remains an issue in practice. Abstraction and reformulation techniques are often sought to overcome the complexity barrier. In this paper we introduce four reformulation techniques that operate on the various components of a Constraint Satisfaction Problem (CSP) in order to reduce the cost of problem solving and facilitate scalability. Our reformulations modify one or more component of the CSP (i.e., the query, variables domains, constraints) and detect symmetrical solutions to avoid generating them. We describe each of these reformulations in the context of CSPs, then evaluate their performance and effects in on the building identification problem introduced by Michalowski and Knoblock.
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CP - Reformulating CSPs for scalability with application to geospatial reasoning
Principles and Practice of Constraint Programming – CP 2007, 1Co-Authors: Kenneth M. Bayer, Martin Michalowski, Berthe Y. Choueiry, Craig A. KnoblockAbstract:While many real-world combinatorial problems can be advantageously modeled and solved usingConstraint Programming, scalability remains a major issue in practice. Constraint models that accurately reflect the inherent structure of a problem, solvers that exploit the properties of this structure, and reformulation techniques that modify the problem encoding to reduce the cost of problem solving are typically used to overcome the complexity barrier. In this paper, we investigate such approaches in a geospatial reasoning task, the building-identification problem (BID), introduced and modeled as a Constraint Satisfaction Problem by Michalowski and Knoblock [1]. We introduce an improved constraint model, a custom solver for this problem, and a number of reformulation techniques that modify various aspects of the problem encoding to improve scalability. We show how interleaving these reformulations with the various stages of the solver allows us to solve much larger BID problems than was previously possible. Importantly, we describe the usefulness of our reformulations techniques for general Constraint Satisfaction Problems, beyond the BID application.