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Kevin L Nadal - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Microaggressions toward lesbian gay bisexual transgender queer and genderqueer people a review of the literature
Journal of Sex Research, 2016Co-Authors: Kevin L Nadal, Lindsey S Davis, Chassitty N Whitman, Tanya Erazo, Kristin C DavidoffAbstract:Microaggressions are subtle forms of discrimination, often unconscious or unintentional, that communicate hostile or derogatory messages, particularly to and about members of historically marginalized social groups. While Sue’s (2010a, 2010b) microaggression theory formed its foundation in studies based on racial Microaggressions, the following review summarizes microaggression literature to date, as it pertains to the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and genderqueer (LGBTQ) people. Searching PsycINFO and other databases between 2010 and 2015, we found 35 peer-reviewed papers or dissertations that concentrate on the negative impact Microaggressions have on LGBTQ people. A comprehensive overview of the experiences of individual LGBTQ subgroups (e.g., lesbian women, gay men, bisexual people, transgender people, and genderqueer people) is included, as well as Microaggressions based on intersectional identities (e.g., experiences of LGBTQ people of color). The significance of this review is that it...
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a qualitative approach to intersectional Microaggressions understanding influences of race ethnicity gender sexuality and religion
Qualitative Psychology, 2015Co-Authors: Kevin L Nadal, Kristin C Davidoff, Lindsey S Davis, Yinglee Wong, David M Marshall, Victoria MckenzieAbstract:Microaggressions are subtle forms of discrimination, often unintentional and unconscious, which send negative and denigrating messages to various individuals and groups. Previous literature has focused on Microaggressions of singular identities, with little attention to the impacts of intersectional Microaggressions (i.e., subtle forms of discrimination that may be influenced by more than 1 identity). The current study utilized a unique qualitative technique to address 2 central goals: (a) to explore whether qualitative analysis is an effective way to examine intersectional Microaggressions and (b) to examine whether people with multiple identities could identify intersectional Microaggressions in their everyday lives. Utilizing Qualitative Secondary Analysis (QSA) and Consensual Qualitative Research (CQR) methods, the researchers analyzed data from 6 previous qualitative studies with self-identified lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people, women, Filipino Americans, multiracial people, and Muslims (N = 80). Sample themes include (a) Exoticization of Women of Color, (b) Disapproval of LGBT Identity by Racial, Ethnic, and Religious Groups, (c) Assumptions of Inferiority or Criminality of Men of Color, and (d) Gender-Based Stereotypes of Muslim Men and Women. Implications for psychology (particularly for research and practice) are discussed. Finally, the authors advocate for the use of secondary analysis of qualitative data, to understand concepts that would not have been studied or reported through a singular qualitative analysis.
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the racial and ethnic Microaggressions scale rems construction reliability and validity
Journal of Counseling Psychology, 2011Co-Authors: Kevin L NadalAbstract:Racial Microaggressions are subtle statements and behaviors that unconsciously communicate denigrat-ing messages to people of color. In recent years, a theoretical taxonomy and subsequent qualitativestudies have introduced the types of Microaggressions that people of color experience. In the presentstudy, college- and Internet-based samples of African Americans, Latina/os, Asian Americans, andmultiracial participants ( N 661) were used to develop and validate the Racial and Ethnic Microag-gression Scale (REMS). In Study 1, an exploratory principal-components analyses ( n 443) yielded a6-factormodel:(a)AssumptionsofInferiority,(b)Second-ClassCitizenandAssumptionsofCriminality,(c) Microinvalidations, (d) Exoticization/Assumptions of Similarity, (e) Environmental Microaggres-sions, and (f) Workplace and School Microaggressions, with a Cronbachs alpha of .912 for the overallmodel and subscales ranging from .783 to .873. In Study 2, a confirmatory factor analysis ( n 218)supported the 6-factor model with a Cronbachs alpha of .892. Further analyses indicate that the REMSis a valid measure of racial Microaggressions, as evidenced by high correlations with existing measuresof racism and participants feedback. Future research directions and implications for practice arediscussed.Keywords: Microaggressions, racism, discrimination, scale construction
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sexual orientation Microaggressions death by a thousand cuts for lesbian gay and bisexual youth
Journal of Lgbt Youth, 2011Co-Authors: Kevin L Nadal, Marieanne Issa, Jayleen Leon, Vanessa Meterko, Michelle Wideman, Yinglee WongAbstract:In recent years, there has been a growth of literature examining the mental health impacts of Microaggressions, which are defined as subtle forms of discrimination toward oppressed groups. The current study utilized a qualitative focus group method and directed content analysis to categorize several types of sexual orientation Microaggressions that exist. Eight themes were identified, including “Use of heterosexist terminology” and “Endorsement of heteronormative culture/behaviors.” Results suggest that lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals experience both conscious and unconscious Microaggressions from heterosexuals and support that Microaggressions negatively impact LGB individual's mental health. Implications for youth development are discussed.
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sexual orientation Microaggressions processes and coping mechanisms for lesbian gay and bisexual individuals
Journal of Lgbt Issues in Counseling, 2011Co-Authors: Kevin L Nadal, Yinglee Wong, Marieanne Issa, Jayleen Leon, Vanessa Meterko, Michelle WidemanAbstract:Previous literature on Microaggressions has suggested that oppressed groups including lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) persons are affected by overt discrimination. However, there has been little research to explore how LGB individuals cope with Microaggressions (subtle forms of discrimination), or how Microaggressions affect their mental health. This article uses a qualitative focus group method and directed content analysis to categorize the types of processes that exist. With a sample of 26 LGB participants, results were categorized into five domains: (a) behavioral reactions, (b) cognitive reactions, (c) emotional reactions, (d) mental health, and (e) systems and groups who enact Microaggressions. Themes were classified under each domain, with examples including passive coping, resiliency and empowerment, and anger/frustration toward sexual orientation Microaggressions. Recommendations for culturally competent counseling with LGB populations in school and clinical mental health settings are discussed.
Yinglee Wong - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a qualitative approach to intersectional Microaggressions understanding influences of race ethnicity gender sexuality and religion
Qualitative Psychology, 2015Co-Authors: Kevin L Nadal, Kristin C Davidoff, Lindsey S Davis, Yinglee Wong, David M Marshall, Victoria MckenzieAbstract:Microaggressions are subtle forms of discrimination, often unintentional and unconscious, which send negative and denigrating messages to various individuals and groups. Previous literature has focused on Microaggressions of singular identities, with little attention to the impacts of intersectional Microaggressions (i.e., subtle forms of discrimination that may be influenced by more than 1 identity). The current study utilized a unique qualitative technique to address 2 central goals: (a) to explore whether qualitative analysis is an effective way to examine intersectional Microaggressions and (b) to examine whether people with multiple identities could identify intersectional Microaggressions in their everyday lives. Utilizing Qualitative Secondary Analysis (QSA) and Consensual Qualitative Research (CQR) methods, the researchers analyzed data from 6 previous qualitative studies with self-identified lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people, women, Filipino Americans, multiracial people, and Muslims (N = 80). Sample themes include (a) Exoticization of Women of Color, (b) Disapproval of LGBT Identity by Racial, Ethnic, and Religious Groups, (c) Assumptions of Inferiority or Criminality of Men of Color, and (d) Gender-Based Stereotypes of Muslim Men and Women. Implications for psychology (particularly for research and practice) are discussed. Finally, the authors advocate for the use of secondary analysis of qualitative data, to understand concepts that would not have been studied or reported through a singular qualitative analysis.
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sexual orientation Microaggressions death by a thousand cuts for lesbian gay and bisexual youth
Journal of Lgbt Youth, 2011Co-Authors: Kevin L Nadal, Marieanne Issa, Jayleen Leon, Vanessa Meterko, Michelle Wideman, Yinglee WongAbstract:In recent years, there has been a growth of literature examining the mental health impacts of Microaggressions, which are defined as subtle forms of discrimination toward oppressed groups. The current study utilized a qualitative focus group method and directed content analysis to categorize several types of sexual orientation Microaggressions that exist. Eight themes were identified, including “Use of heterosexist terminology” and “Endorsement of heteronormative culture/behaviors.” Results suggest that lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals experience both conscious and unconscious Microaggressions from heterosexuals and support that Microaggressions negatively impact LGB individual's mental health. Implications for youth development are discussed.
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sexual orientation Microaggressions processes and coping mechanisms for lesbian gay and bisexual individuals
Journal of Lgbt Issues in Counseling, 2011Co-Authors: Kevin L Nadal, Yinglee Wong, Marieanne Issa, Jayleen Leon, Vanessa Meterko, Michelle WidemanAbstract:Previous literature on Microaggressions has suggested that oppressed groups including lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) persons are affected by overt discrimination. However, there has been little research to explore how LGB individuals cope with Microaggressions (subtle forms of discrimination), or how Microaggressions affect their mental health. This article uses a qualitative focus group method and directed content analysis to categorize the types of processes that exist. With a sample of 26 LGB participants, results were categorized into five domains: (a) behavioral reactions, (b) cognitive reactions, (c) emotional reactions, (d) mental health, and (e) systems and groups who enact Microaggressions. Themes were classified under each domain, with examples including passive coping, resiliency and empowerment, and anger/frustration toward sexual orientation Microaggressions. Recommendations for culturally competent counseling with LGB populations in school and clinical mental health settings are discussed.
Michelle Wideman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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sexual orientation Microaggressions death by a thousand cuts for lesbian gay and bisexual youth
Journal of Lgbt Youth, 2011Co-Authors: Kevin L Nadal, Marieanne Issa, Jayleen Leon, Vanessa Meterko, Michelle Wideman, Yinglee WongAbstract:In recent years, there has been a growth of literature examining the mental health impacts of Microaggressions, which are defined as subtle forms of discrimination toward oppressed groups. The current study utilized a qualitative focus group method and directed content analysis to categorize several types of sexual orientation Microaggressions that exist. Eight themes were identified, including “Use of heterosexist terminology” and “Endorsement of heteronormative culture/behaviors.” Results suggest that lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals experience both conscious and unconscious Microaggressions from heterosexuals and support that Microaggressions negatively impact LGB individual's mental health. Implications for youth development are discussed.
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sexual orientation Microaggressions processes and coping mechanisms for lesbian gay and bisexual individuals
Journal of Lgbt Issues in Counseling, 2011Co-Authors: Kevin L Nadal, Yinglee Wong, Marieanne Issa, Jayleen Leon, Vanessa Meterko, Michelle WidemanAbstract:Previous literature on Microaggressions has suggested that oppressed groups including lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) persons are affected by overt discrimination. However, there has been little research to explore how LGB individuals cope with Microaggressions (subtle forms of discrimination), or how Microaggressions affect their mental health. This article uses a qualitative focus group method and directed content analysis to categorize the types of processes that exist. With a sample of 26 LGB participants, results were categorized into five domains: (a) behavioral reactions, (b) cognitive reactions, (c) emotional reactions, (d) mental health, and (e) systems and groups who enact Microaggressions. Themes were classified under each domain, with examples including passive coping, resiliency and empowerment, and anger/frustration toward sexual orientation Microaggressions. Recommendations for culturally competent counseling with LGB populations in school and clinical mental health settings are discussed.
Rachel H Farr - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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stigma experiences mental health perceived parenting competence and parent child relationships among lesbian gay and heterosexual adoptive parents in the united states
Frontiers in Psychology, 2020Co-Authors: Rachel H Farr, Cassandra P VazquezAbstract:Adoptive parents often face stigma related to “nontraditional” family structures. Lesbian and gay (LG) adoptive parents often face additional stigmatization based on sexual identity, which in turn may negatively affect parents’ mental health. Despite controversy about LG parenting, research demonstrates that family processes are more strongly associated with individual outcomes than family structure. Thus, family systems and minority stress theories provided our conceptual foundation in examining how adoptive LG parents’ stigma experiences were associated with mental health, parenting competence, and parent-child relationships. Participating families (N = 106; n = 56 LG parent families) were originally recruited from five United States domestic private infant adoption agencies and completed two waves of data collection (W1, W2; 91% retention) when children were preschool-age (Mage = 3.01 years) and school-age (Mage = 8.36 years), respectively. Data for the current study are largely drawn from W2. Via Qualtrics, parents completed assessments of mental health symptoms, adoption stigma, and perceived childcare competence. LG parents also reported on their experiences of homonegative Microaggressions, and children responded to a measure about their relationships with parents. No significant differences emerged as a function of parental sexual orientation and gender except that lesbian mothers, heterosexual mothers, and gay fathers all reported higher parenting competence than heterosexual fathers. Although parents’ mental health did not significantly predict parent-child relationship quality, parents’ perceived competence and LG parents’ current homonegative microaggression experiences did (e.g., greater competence, greater closeness; more Microaggressions, lower closeness). Consistent with our conceptual framework, our results – derived from parent and child reports – demonstrate that although adoptive and LG parent families experience stigma, family processes (rather than structure) are most associated with individual outcomes. Researchers, policymakers, and practitioners should work together to employ identity-affirming practices to reduce stigma and support adoptive family functioning and well-being.
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Microaggressions, Feelings of Difference, and Resilience Among Adopted Children with Sexual Minority Parents
Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 2016Co-Authors: Rachel H Farr, Emily E. Crain, M. K. Oakley, Krystal K. Cashen, Karin J. GarberAbstract:Limited research exists about the unique experiences and possible marginalization of children with sexual minority parents. From a larger longitudinal project of diverse adoptive families, we examined cross-sectional data using mixed methods from interviews with 49 adopted children ( M _ age = 8 years; 47 % female) in 27 two-father and 22 two-mother families. Using thematic analysis, we coded themes of awareness of difference, Microaggressions, and resilience (i.e., coping and positive family conceptualizations). Children experienced “feeling different” and Microaggressions from peers, but generally at a low to medium intensity and with neutral (not negative) emotion. More instances of resilience and positive family conceptualizations were reported than Microaggressions or feelings of difference, suggesting that children develop positive perceptions of their family and navigate experiences of difference with resilience. Filling important gaps in the literature, we discuss implications of our results for practice and policy.
Edward A Delgadoromero - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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sexual orientation Microaggressions the experience of lesbian gay bisexual and queer clients in psychotherapy
Journal of Counseling Psychology, 2011Co-Authors: Kimber Shelton, Edward A DelgadoromeroAbstract:Psychological research has shown the detrimental effects that overt heterosexism have on lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer (LGBQ) clients and on the psychotherapeutic relationship. However, the effects of subtle forms of discrimination, specifically sexual orientation Microaggressions, have on LGBQ clients and the therapeutic relationship have not been addressed. This study used qualitative methodology to explore the phenomenon of sexual orientation Microaggressions with 16 self-identified LGBQ psychotherapy clients. Results of this study support the existence of sexual orientation Microaggressions within the therapeutic environment and provide a descriptive account of 7 sexual orientation microaggression themes, channels of microaggression communication, and the impact Microaggressions have on therapy and clients.