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Tatiana Giraud - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Sympatry and interference of divergent Microbotryum pathogen species
Ecology and Evolution, 2019Co-Authors: Michael Hood, Tatiana Giraud, Janis Antonovics, Monroe Wolf, Zachariah Stern, Jessica Lee AbbateAbstract:The impact of infectious diseases in natural ecosystems is strongly influenced by the degree of pathogen specialization and by the local assemblies of potential host species. This study investigated anther-smut disease, caused by fungi in the genus Microbotryum, among natural populations of plants in the Caryophyllaceae. A broad geographic survey focused on sites of the disease on multiple host species in sympatry. Analysis of molecular identities for the pathogens revealed that sympatric disease was most often due to co-occurrence of distinct, host-specific anther-smut fungi, rather than localized cross-species disease transmission. Flowers from sympatric populations showed that the Microbotryum spores were frequently moved between host species. Experimental inoculations to simulate cross-species exposure to the pathogens in these plant communities showed that the anther-smut pathogen was less able to cause disease on its regular host when following exposure of the plants to incompatible pathogens from another host species. These results indicate that multi-host/multi-pathogen communities are common in this system and they involve a previously hidden mechanism of interference between Microbotryum fungi, which likely affects both pathogen and host distributions.
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Understanding Adaptation, Coevolution, Host Specialization, and Mating System in Castrating Anther-Smut Fungi by Combining Population and Comparative Genomics
2019Co-Authors: Fanny E. Hartmann, Pierre Gladieux, Michael E Hood, Amandine Cornille, Ricardo C. Rodriguez De La Vega, Fantin Carpentier, Tatiana GiraudAbstract:Anther-smut fungi provide a powerful system to study host-pathogen specialization and coevolution, with hundreds of Microbotryum species specialized on diverse Caryophyllaceae plants, castrating their hosts through manipulation of the hosts' reproductive organs to facilitate disease transmission. Microbotryum fungi have exceptional genomic characteristics, including dimorphic mating-type chromosomes, that make this genus an excellent model for studying the evolution of mating systems and their influence on population genetics structure and adaptive potential. Important insights into adaptation, coevolution, host specialization, and mating system evolution have been gained using anther-smut fungi, with new insights made possible by the recent advent of genomic approaches. We illustrate with Microbotryum case studies how using a combination of comparative genomics, population genomics, and transcriptomics approaches enables the integration of different evolutionary perspectives across different timescales. We also highlight current challenges and suggest future studies that will contribute to advancing our understanding of the mechanisms underlying adaptive processes in populations of fungal pathogens.
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multiple infections relatedness and virulence in the anther smut fungus castrating saponaria plants
Molecular Ecology, 2018Co-Authors: Taiadjana M Fortuna, Michael E Hood, Alodie Snirc, Jacqui A Shykoff, Alice Namias, Antoine Branca, Christian Raquin, Tatiana GiraudAbstract:Multiple infections (co-occurrence of multiple pathogen genotypes within an individual host) can have important impacts on diseases. Relatedness among pathogens can affect the likelihood of multiple infections and their consequences through kin selection. Previous studies on the castrating anther-smut fungus Microbotryum lychnidis-dioicae have shown that multiple infections occur in its host plant Silene latifolia. Relatedness was high among fungal genotypes within plants, which could result from competitive exclusion between unrelated fungal genotypes, from population structure or from interactions between plant and fungal genotypes for infection ability. Here, we aimed at disentangling these hypotheses using M. saponariae and its host Saponaria officinalis, both experimentally tractable for these questions. By analysing populations using microsatellite markers, we also found frequent occurrence of multiple infections and high relatedness among strains within host plants. Infections resulting from experimental inoculations in the greenhouse also revealed high relatedness among strains co-infecting host plants, even in clonally replicated plant genotypes, indicating that high relatedness within plants did not result merely from plant x fungus interactions or population structure. Furthermore, hyphal growth in vitro was affected by the presence of a competitor growing nearby and by its genetic similarity, although this latter effect was strain-dependent. Altogether, our results support the hypothesis that relatedness-dependent competitive exclusion occurs in Microbotryum fungi within plants. These microorganisms can thus respond to competitors and to their level of relatedness.
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co occurrence and hybridization of anther smut pathogens specialized on dianthus hosts
Molecular Ecology, 2017Co-Authors: Elsa Petit, Tatiana Giraud, Pierre Gladieux, Janis Antonovics, Emily Bruns, Casey Silver, Amandine Cornille, Lisa Rosenthal, Sarah Yee, Michael E HoodAbstract:Host specialization has important consequences for the diversification and ecological interactions of obligate pathogens. The anther-smut disease of natural plant populations, caused by Microbotryum fungi, has been characterized by specialized host-pathogen interactions, which contribute in part to the isolation among these numerous fungal species. This study investigated the molecular variation of Microbotryum pathogens within the geographic and host-specific distributions on wild Dianthus species in southern European Alps. In contrast to prior studies on this pathogen genus, a range of overlapping host specificities was observed for four delineated Microbotryum lineages on Dianthus hosts, and their frequent co-occurrence within single-host populations was quantified at local and regional scales. In addition to potential consequences for direct pathogen competition, the sympatry of Microbotryum lineages led to hybridization between them in many populations, and these admixed genotypes suffered significant meiotic sterility. Therefore, this investigation of the anther-smut fungi reveals how variation in the degrees of host specificity can have major implications for ecological interactions and genetic integrity of differentiated pathogen lineages. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Polymorphic Microsatellite Markers for the Tetrapolar Anther-Smut Fungus Microbotryum saponariae Based on Genome Sequencing
PloS one, 2016Co-Authors: Taiadjana M Fortuna, Hélène Badouin, Jerome Gouzy, Alodie Snirc, Sophie Siguenza, Diane Esquerre, Jacqui A Shykoff, Stéphanie Le Prieur, Tatiana GiraudAbstract:Background: Anther-smut fungi belonging to the genus Microbotryum sterilize their host plants by aborting ovaries and replacing pollen by fungal spores. Sibling Microbotryum species are highly specialized on their host plants and they have been widely used as models for studies of ecology and evolution of plant pathogenic fungi. However, most studies have focused, so far, on M. lychnidis-dioicae that parasitizes the white campion Silene latifolia. Microbotryum saponariae, parasitizing mainly Saponaria officinalis, is an interesting anther-smut fungus, since it belongs to a tetrapolar lineage (i.e., with two independently segregating mating-type loci), while most of the anther-smut Microbotryum fungi are bipolar (i.e., with a single mating-type locus). Saponaria officinalis is a widespread long-lived perennial plant species with multiple flowering stems, which makes its anther-smut pathogen a good model for studying phylogeography and within-host multiple infections. Principal Findings: Here, based on a generated genome sequence of M. saponariae we developed 6 multiplexes with a total of 22 polymorphic microsatellite markers using an inexpensive and efficient method. We scored these markers in fungal individuals collected from 97 populations across Europe, and found that the number of their alleles ranged from 2 to 11, and their expected heterozygosity from 0.01 to 0.58. Cross-species amplification was examined using nine other Microbotryum species parasitizing hosts belonging to Silene, Dianthus and Knautia genera. All loci were successfully amplified in at least two other Microbotryum species. Significance: These newly developed markers will provide insights into the population genetic structure and the occurrence of within-host multiple infections of M. saponariae. In addition, the draft genome of M. saponariae, as well as one of the described markers will be useful resources for studying the evolution of the breeding systems in the genus Microbotryum and the evolution of specialization onto different plant species.
Michael E Hood - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Meiotic recombination in the offspring of Microbotryum hybrids and its impact on pathogenicity
'Springer Science and Business Media LLC', 2020Co-Authors: Britta Bueker, Michael E Hood, Marco Alexandre Guerreiro, Andreas Brachmann, Sven Rahmann, Dominik BegerowAbstract:Abstract Background Hybridization is a central mechanism in evolution, producing new species or introducing important genetic variation into existing species. In plant-pathogenic fungi, adaptation and specialization to exploit a host species are key determinants of evolutionary success. Here, we performed experimental crosses between the two pathogenic Microbotryum species, M. lychnidis-dioicae and M. silenes-acaulis that are specialized to different hosts. The resulting offspring were analyzed on phenotypic and genomic levels to describe genomic characteristics of hybrid offspring and genetic factors likely involved in host-specialization. Results Genomic analyses of interspecific fungal hybrids revealed that individuals were most viable if the majority of loci were inherited from one species. Interestingly, species-specific loci were strictly controlled by the species’ origin of the mating type locus. Moreover we detected signs of crossing over and chromosome duplications in the genomes of the analyzed hybrids. In Microbotryum, mitochondrial DNA was found to be uniparentally inherited from the a2 mating type. Genome comparison revealed that most gene families are shared and the majority of genes are conserved between the two species, indicating very similar biological features, including infection and pathogenicity processes. Moreover, we detected 211 candidate genes that were retained under host-driven selection of backcrossed lines. These genes and might therefore either play a crucial role in host specialization or be linked to genes that are essential for specialization. Conclusion The combination of genome analyses with experimental selection and hybridization is a promising way to investigate host-pathogen interactions. This study manifests genetic factors of host specialization that are required for successful biotrophic infection of the post-zygotic stage, but also demonstrates the strong influence of intra-genomic conflicts or instabilities on the viability of hybrids in the haploid host-independent stage
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specificity and seasonal prevalence of anther smut disease Microbotryum on sympatric himalayan silene species
Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 2019Co-Authors: Hui Tang, Michael E Hood, Zongxin Ren, Yanhui Zhao, Lorne M Wolfe, Hong WangAbstract:Host sympatry provides opportunities for cross-species disease transmission and compounded disease effects on host population and community structure. Using the Silene-Microbotryum interaction (the castrating anther smut disease), eleven Himalayan Silene species were assessed in regions of high host diversity to ascertain levels of pathogen specificity. We also investigated disease prevalence, seasonal dynamics of infection and flowering patterns in five co-blooming Silene species. We identified several new Microbotryum lineages with varying degrees of specialization that is likely influenced by degrees of host divergence and ecological similarities (i.e. shared pollinator guilds). Affected species had 15%-40% of plants infected by anther smut. Flowering was seasonally overlapping among host species (except for the species pair S. asclepiadea and S. atrocastanea), but diseased flowering onset was earlier than healthy plants, leading to dramatic seasonal shifts in observed disease prevalence. Overlapping distributions and flowering provides opportunities for floral pathogen movement between host species, but host specialization may be constrained by the plant phylogenetic relatedness, adaptation to micro-habitats and difference in pollinator/vector guilds.
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the role of infectious disease in the evolution of females evidence from anther smut disease on a gynodioecious alpine carnation
Evolution, 2019Co-Authors: Emily Bruns, Michael E Hood, Valentina Carasso, Ian F Miller, Janis AntonovicsAbstract:In flowering plants, the evolution of females is widely hypothesized to be the first step in the evolutionary pathway to separate male and female sexes, or dioecy. Natural enemies have the potential to drive this evolution if they preferentially attack hermaphrodites over females. We studied sex-based differences in exposure to anther-smut (Microbotryum), a sterilizing pollinator-transmitted disease, in Dianthus pavonius, a gynodioecious perennial herb. We found that within a heavily diseased population, females consistently had lower levels of Microbotryum spore deposition relative to hermaphrodites and that this difference was driven by rapid floral closing in females following successful pollination. We further show that this protective closing behavior is frequency dependent; females close faster when they are rare. These results indicate that anther-smut disease is an important source of selection for females, especially since we found in a common garden experiment no evidence that females have any inherent fecundity advantages over hermaphrodites. Finally, we show that among populations, those where anther-smut is present have a significantly higher frequency of females than those where the disease is absent. Taken together our results indicate that anther-smut disease is likely an important biotic factor driving the evolution and maintenance of females in this gynodioecious species.
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Understanding Adaptation, Coevolution, Host Specialization, and Mating System in Castrating Anther-Smut Fungi by Combining Population and Comparative Genomics
2019Co-Authors: Fanny E. Hartmann, Pierre Gladieux, Michael E Hood, Amandine Cornille, Ricardo C. Rodriguez De La Vega, Fantin Carpentier, Tatiana GiraudAbstract:Anther-smut fungi provide a powerful system to study host-pathogen specialization and coevolution, with hundreds of Microbotryum species specialized on diverse Caryophyllaceae plants, castrating their hosts through manipulation of the hosts' reproductive organs to facilitate disease transmission. Microbotryum fungi have exceptional genomic characteristics, including dimorphic mating-type chromosomes, that make this genus an excellent model for studying the evolution of mating systems and their influence on population genetics structure and adaptive potential. Important insights into adaptation, coevolution, host specialization, and mating system evolution have been gained using anther-smut fungi, with new insights made possible by the recent advent of genomic approaches. We illustrate with Microbotryum case studies how using a combination of comparative genomics, population genomics, and transcriptomics approaches enables the integration of different evolutionary perspectives across different timescales. We also highlight current challenges and suggest future studies that will contribute to advancing our understanding of the mechanisms underlying adaptive processes in populations of fungal pathogens.
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multiple infections relatedness and virulence in the anther smut fungus castrating saponaria plants
Molecular Ecology, 2018Co-Authors: Taiadjana M Fortuna, Michael E Hood, Alodie Snirc, Jacqui A Shykoff, Alice Namias, Antoine Branca, Christian Raquin, Tatiana GiraudAbstract:Multiple infections (co-occurrence of multiple pathogen genotypes within an individual host) can have important impacts on diseases. Relatedness among pathogens can affect the likelihood of multiple infections and their consequences through kin selection. Previous studies on the castrating anther-smut fungus Microbotryum lychnidis-dioicae have shown that multiple infections occur in its host plant Silene latifolia. Relatedness was high among fungal genotypes within plants, which could result from competitive exclusion between unrelated fungal genotypes, from population structure or from interactions between plant and fungal genotypes for infection ability. Here, we aimed at disentangling these hypotheses using M. saponariae and its host Saponaria officinalis, both experimentally tractable for these questions. By analysing populations using microsatellite markers, we also found frequent occurrence of multiple infections and high relatedness among strains within host plants. Infections resulting from experimental inoculations in the greenhouse also revealed high relatedness among strains co-infecting host plants, even in clonally replicated plant genotypes, indicating that high relatedness within plants did not result merely from plant x fungus interactions or population structure. Furthermore, hyphal growth in vitro was affected by the presence of a competitor growing nearby and by its genetic similarity, although this latter effect was strain-dependent. Altogether, our results support the hypothesis that relatedness-dependent competitive exclusion occurs in Microbotryum fungi within plants. These microorganisms can thus respond to competitors and to their level of relatedness.
Giraud Tatiana - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Understanding Adaptation, Coevolution, Host Specialization, and Mating System in Castrating Anther-Smut Fungi by Combining Population and Comparative Genomics
'Annual Reviews', 2019Co-Authors: Hartmann Fanny, Hood Michael, Cornille Amandine, Gladieux Pierre, Rodriguez De La Vega, Ricardo, Carpentier Fantin, Giraud TatianaAbstract:International audienceAnther-smut fungi provide a powerful system to study host–pathogen specialization and coevolution, with hundreds of Microbotryum species specialized on diverse Caryophyllaceae plants, castrating their hosts through manipulation of the hosts’ reproductive organs to facilitate disease transmission. Microbotryum fungi have exceptional genomic characteristics, including dimorphic mating-type chromosomes, that make this genus anexcellent model for studying the evolution of mating systems and their influence on population genetics structure and adaptive potential. Important insights into adaptation, coevolution, host specialization, and mating system evolution have been gained using anther-smut fungi, with new insights made possible by the recent advent of genomic approaches. We illustrate with Microbotryum case studies how using a combination of comparative genomics, population genomics, and transcriptomics approaches enables the integration of different evolutionary perspectives across different timescales. We also highlight current challenges and suggest future studies that will contribute to advancing our understanding of the mechanisms underlying adaptive processes in populations of fungal pathogens
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Data from: Sympatry and interference of divergent Microbotryum pathogen species.
2019Co-Authors: Hood, Michael E., Antonovics Janis, Giraud Tatiana, Wolf Monroe, Stern, Zachariah L, Abbate, Jessie LAbstract:The impact of infectious diseases in natural ecosystems is strongly influenced by the degree of pathogen specialization and by the local assemblies of potential host species. This study investigated anther-smut disease, caused by fungi in the genus Microbotryum, among natural populations of plants in the Caryophyllaceae. A broad geographic survey focused on sites of the disease on multiple host species in sympatry. Analysis of molecular identities for the pathogens revealed that sympatric disease was most often due to co-occurrence of distinct, host-specific anther-smut fungi, rather than localized cross-species disease transmission. Flowers from sympatric populations showed that the Microbotryum spores were frequently moved between host species. Experimental inoculations to simulate cross-species exposure to the pathogens in these plant communities showed that the anther-smut pathogen was less able to cause disease on its regular host when following exposure of the plants to incompatible pathogens from another host species. These results indicate that multi-host / multi-pathogen communities are common in this system and they involve a previously hidden mechanism of interference between Microbotryum fungi, which likely affects both pathogen and host distributions
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Sympatry and interference of divergent Microbotryum pathogen species
'Wiley', 2019Co-Authors: Hood Michael, Antonovics Janis, Giraud Tatiana, Wolf Monroe, Stern Zachariah, Abbate, Jessica LeeAbstract:International audienceThe impact of infectious diseases in natural ecosystems is strongly influenced by the degree of pathogen specialization and by the local assemblies of potential host species. This study investigated anther-smut disease, caused by fungi in the genus Microbotryum, among natural populations of plants in the Caryophyllaceae. A broad geographic survey focused on sites of the disease on multiple host species in sympatry. Analysis of molecular identities for the pathogens revealed that sympatric disease was most often due to co-occurrence of distinct, host-specific anther-smut fungi, rather than localized cross-species disease transmission. Flowers from sympatric populations showed that the Microbotryum spores were frequently moved between host species. Experimental inoculations to simulate cross-species exposure to the pathogens in these plant communities showed that the anther-smut pathogen was less able to cause disease on its regular host when following exposure of the plants to incompatible pathogens from another host species. These results indicate that multi-host/multi-pathogen communities are common in this system and they involve a previously hidden mechanism of interference between Microbotryum fungi, which likely affects both pathogen and host distributions
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Population locality dat Coordinates.Status
2019Co-Authors: Hood Michael, Antonovics Janis, Giraud Tatiana, Wolf Monroe, Stern Zachariah, Abbate JessieAbstract:This file provides location data for sites where multiple host species were present and movement of Microbotryum spores was quantified between them
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Data from: Multiple infections, relatedness and virulence in the anther-smut fungus castrating Saponaria plants
2018Co-Authors: Fortuna, Taiadjana M., Namias Alice, Snirc Alodie, Branca Antoine, Hood, Michael E., Raquin Christian, Shykoff, Jacqui A., Giraud TatianaAbstract:Multiple infections (co-occurrence of multiple pathogen genotypes within an individual host) can have important impacts on diseases. Relatedness among pathogens can affect the likelihood of multiple infections and their consequences through kin selection. Previous studies on the castrating anther-smut fungus Microbotryum lychnidis-dioicae have shown that multiple infections occur in its host plant Silene latifolia. Relatedness was high among fungal genotypes within plants, which could result from competitive exclusion between unrelated fungal genotypes, from population structure or from interactions between plant and fungal genotypes for infection ability. Here, we aimed at disentangling these hypotheses using M. saponariae and its host Saponaria officinalis, both experimentally tractable for these questions. By analysing populations using microsatellite markers, we also found frequent occurrence of multiple infections and high relatedness among strains within host plants. Infections resulting from experimental inoculations in the greenhouse also revealed high relatedness among strains coinfecting host plants, even in clonally-replicated plant genotypes, indicating that high relatedness within plants did not result merely from plant x fungus interactions or population structure. Furthermore, hyphal growth in vitro was affected by the presence of a competitor growing nearby and by its genetic similarity, although this latter effect was strain-dependent. Altogether, our results support the hypothesis that relatedness-dependent competitive exclusion occurs in Microbotryum fungi within plants. These micro-organisms can thus respond to competitors and to their level of relatedness
Dominik Begerow - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Host preference and sorus location correlate with parasite phylogeny in the smut fungal genus Microbotryum (Basidiomycota, Microbotryales)
Mycological Progress, 2020Co-Authors: Martin Kemler, Dominik Begerow, Teodor T. Denchev, Cvetomir M. Denchev, Marcin PiątekAbstract:The smut fungal genus Microbotryum (Microbotryales, Pucciniomycotina) contains species that parasitize plants from many different lineages of euasterids, with host specificity of individual parasite species in general being exceptionally high. Additionally, it has been shown that the location of spore production in some species is related to spore dispersal. In this phylogenetic study based on ITS and LSU rDNA data of 57 Microbotryum spp., host spectra and sorus location are mapped on the phylogeny of Microbotryum species in order to understand the macroevolutionary patterns of these two traits. We find that monophyletic parasite clades correspond well with monophyletic host clades and also that monophyletic parasite groups in general produce their spores in the same plant organ. Ancestral state reconstruction inferred the most probable ancestral trait for sorus location being leaves and the most probable ancestral host family for the genus Microbotryum as being the Polygonaceae. According to molecular analyses, a newly sequenced specimen of Ustilago ducellieri , a seed parasite on Arenaria leptoclados , previously treated as synonym of Microbotryum duriaeanum , belongs to a lineage distinct from specimens of M. duriaeanum . A new combination, Microbotryum ducellieri , is accordingly proposed. Taxonomic implications of the presented analyses for the genera Bauhinus and Haradaea are briefly discussed.
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Meiotic recombination in the offspring of Microbotryum hybrids and its impact on pathogenicity
'Springer Science and Business Media LLC', 2020Co-Authors: Britta Bueker, Michael E Hood, Marco Alexandre Guerreiro, Andreas Brachmann, Sven Rahmann, Dominik BegerowAbstract:Abstract Background Hybridization is a central mechanism in evolution, producing new species or introducing important genetic variation into existing species. In plant-pathogenic fungi, adaptation and specialization to exploit a host species are key determinants of evolutionary success. Here, we performed experimental crosses between the two pathogenic Microbotryum species, M. lychnidis-dioicae and M. silenes-acaulis that are specialized to different hosts. The resulting offspring were analyzed on phenotypic and genomic levels to describe genomic characteristics of hybrid offspring and genetic factors likely involved in host-specialization. Results Genomic analyses of interspecific fungal hybrids revealed that individuals were most viable if the majority of loci were inherited from one species. Interestingly, species-specific loci were strictly controlled by the species’ origin of the mating type locus. Moreover we detected signs of crossing over and chromosome duplications in the genomes of the analyzed hybrids. In Microbotryum, mitochondrial DNA was found to be uniparentally inherited from the a2 mating type. Genome comparison revealed that most gene families are shared and the majority of genes are conserved between the two species, indicating very similar biological features, including infection and pathogenicity processes. Moreover, we detected 211 candidate genes that were retained under host-driven selection of backcrossed lines. These genes and might therefore either play a crucial role in host specialization or be linked to genes that are essential for specialization. Conclusion The combination of genome analyses with experimental selection and hybridization is a promising way to investigate host-pathogen interactions. This study manifests genetic factors of host specialization that are required for successful biotrophic infection of the post-zygotic stage, but also demonstrates the strong influence of intra-genomic conflicts or instabilities on the viability of hybrids in the haploid host-independent stage
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ral ssBioMed CentBMC Evolutionary Biology Open AcceResearch article Implications of molecular characters for the phylogeny of the
2016Co-Authors: Microbotryaceae Urediniomycetes, Franz Oberwinkler, Dominik Begerow, Martin Kemler, Markus GökerAbstract:Background: Anther smuts of the basidiomycetous genus Microbotryum on Caryophyllaceae are important model organisms for many biological disciplines. Members of Microbotryum are most commonly found parasitizing the anthers of host plants in the family Caryophyllaceae, however they can also be found on the anthers of members of the Dipsacaceae, Lamiaceae, Lentibulariaceae, and Portulacaceae. Additionally, some members of Microbotryum can be found infecting other organs of mainly Polygonaceae hosts. Based on ITS nrDNA sequences of members of almost all genera in Microbotryaceae, this study aims to resolve the phylogeny of the anther smuts and their relationship to the other members of the family of plant parasites. A multiple analysis strategy was used to correct for the effects of different equally possible ITS sequence alignments on the phylogenetic outcome, which appears to have been neglected in previous studies. Results: The genera of Microbotryaceae were not clearly resolved, but alignment-independent moderate bootstrap support was achieved for a clade containing the majority of the Microbotryum species. The anther parasites appeared in two different well-supported lineages whose interrelationship remained unresolved. Whereas bootstrap support values for some clades wer
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Microsatellite-Data
2016Co-Authors: Britta Bueker, Dominik Begerow, Pierre Gladieux, Michael Hood, Alodie Snirc, Chris Eberlein, Angela Schaefer, Dominic Bennett, Tatiana GiraudAbstract:Microsatellite data file resulting from genotyping of 255 individuals of Microbotryum silenes-acaulis with 23 markers. Second sheet represents the Structure Input File for the global data set (195 Individuals) analysed with 16 previously developed markers. Third sheet represents the Structure Input File for the Norway/Svalbard Set (110 Individuals) analysed with seven newly-developed markers
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Herbaria-Collections
2016Co-Authors: Britta Bueker, Dominik Begerow, Pierre Gladieux, Michael Hood, Alodie Snirc, Chris Eberlein, Angela Schaefer, Dominic Bennett, Tatiana GiraudAbstract:Results from herbaria collection of specimens of the plant Silene acaulis partially infected with the pathogen Microbotryum silenes-acaulis. Data has been recorded between 2001 to 2013 from the following herbaria: U.S. Forest Service Herbarium (USFS), New York Botanical Garden (NY), Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (P), Oregon State University (OSC), University of California, Berkeley (UC), University of Iowa and Iowa State University (ISC), University of Minnesota (MIN), University Washington (WTU), Washington State University (WS), British Museum of Natural History (BM)
Eric Fontanillas - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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sex and parasites genomic and transcriptomic analysis of Microbotryum lychnidis dioicae the biotrophic and plant castrating anther smut fungus
BMC Genomics, 2015Co-Authors: Michael H. Perlin, Eric Fontanillas, Zehua Chen, Sebastien Duplessis, Bernard Henrissat, Joelle Amselem, Jonathan M GoldbergAbstract:The genus Microbotryum includes plant pathogenic fungi afflicting a wide variety of hosts with anther smut disease. Microbotryum lychnidis-dioicae infects Silene latifolia and replaces host pollen with fungal spores, exhibiting biotrophy and necrosis associated with altering plant development. We determined the haploid genome sequence for M. lychnidis-dioicae and analyzed whole transcriptome data from plant infections and other stages of the fungal lifecycle, revealing the inventory and expression level of genes that facilitate pathogenic growth. Compared to related fungi, an expanded number of major facilitator superfamily transporters and secretory lipases were detected; lipase gene expression was found to be altered by exposure to lipid compounds, which signaled a switch to dikaryotic, pathogenic growth. In addition, while enzymes to digest cellulose, xylan, xyloglucan, and highly substituted forms of pectin were absent, along with depletion of peroxidases and superoxide dismutases that protect the fungus from oxidative stress, the repertoire of glycosyltransferases and of enzymes that could manipulate host development has expanded. A total of 14 % of the genome was categorized as repetitive sequences. Transposable elements have accumulated in mating-type chromosomal regions and were also associated across the genome with gene clusters of small secreted proteins, which may mediate host interactions. The unique absence of enzyme classes for plant cell wall degradation and maintenance of enzymes that break down components of pollen tubes and flowers provides a striking example of biotrophic host adaptation.
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degeneration of the nonrecombining regions in the mating type chromosomes of the anther smut fungi
Molecular Biology and Evolution, 2015Co-Authors: Hélène Badouin, Michael E Hood, Elsa Petit, Eric Fontanillas, Valerie Barbe, Jerome GouzyAbstract:Dimorphic mating-type chromosomes in fungi are excellent models for understanding the genomic consequences of recombination suppression. Their suppressed recombination and reduced effective population size are expected to limit the efficacy of natural selection, leading to genomic degeneration. Our aim was to identify the sequences of the matingtype chromosomes (a1and a2) of the anther-smut fungi and to investigate degeneration in their nonrecombining regions. We used the haploid a1 Microbotryum lychnidis-dioicae reference genome sequence. The a1 and a2 mating-type chromosomes were both isolated electrophoretically and sequenced. Integration with restriction-digest optical maps identified regions of recombination and nonrecombination in the mating-type chromosomes. Genome sequence data were also obtained for 12 other Microbotryum species. We found strong evidence of degeneration across the genus in the nonrecombining regions of the mating-type chromosomes, with significantly higher rates of nonsynonymous substitution (dN/dS) than in nonmating-type chromosomes or in recombining regions of the mating-type chromosomes. The nonrecombining regions of the mating-type chromosomes also showed high transposable element content, weak gene expression, and gene losses. The levels of degeneration did not differ between the a1 and a2 mating-type chromosomes, consistent with the lack of homogametic/heterogametic asymmetry between them, and contrasting with X/Y or Z/W sex chromosomes.
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Sex and parasites: genomic and transcriptomic analysis of Microbotryum lychnidis-dioicae, the biotrophic and plant-castrating anther smut fungus
BMC Genomics, 2015Co-Authors: Michael H. Perlin, Eric Fontanillas, Su San Toh, Zehua Chen, Sebastien Duplessis, Bernard Henrissat, Sarah Young, Joelle Amselem, Jonathan Goldberg, Qiandong ZengAbstract:Abstract Background: The genus Microbotryum includes plant pathogenic fungi afflicting a wide variety of hosts with anther smut disease. Microbotryum lychnidis-dioicae infects Silene latifolia and replaces host pollen with fungal spores, exhibiting biotrophy and necrosis associated with altering plant development. Results: We determined the haploid genome sequence for M. lychnidis-dioicae and analyzed whole transcriptome data from plant infections and other stages of the fungal lifecycle, revealing the inventory and expression level of genes that facilitate pathogenic growth. Compared to related fungi, an expanded number of major facilitator superfamily transporters and secretory lipases were detected; lipase gene expression was found to be altered by exposure to lipid compounds, which signaled a switch to dikaryotic, pathogenic growth. In addition, while enzymes to digest cellulose, xylan, xyloglucan, and highly substituted forms of pectin were absent, along with depletion of peroxidases and superoxide dismutases that protect the fungus from oxidative stress, the repertoire of glycosyltransferases and of enzymes that could manipulate host development has expanded. A total of 14 % of the genome was categorized as repetitive sequences. Transposable elements have accumulated in mating-type chromosomal regions and were also associated across the genome with gene clusters of small secreted proteins, which may mediate host interactions. Conclusions: The unique absence of enzyme classes for plant cell wall degradation and maintenance of enzymes that break down components of pollen tubes and flowers provides a striking example of biotrophic host adaptation.