The Experts below are selected from a list of 228 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Sarah A. Stapley - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The effect of Military Clothing on gunshot wound patterns in a cadaveric animal limb model
International Journal of Legal Medicine, 2019Co-Authors: Tom Stevenson, Debra J. Carr, Iain E. Gibb, Sarah A. StapleyAbstract:The majority of injuries in survivors of gunshot wounds (GSW) are typically to the extremities. Novel wound ballistic research is encouraged to try and capture corporate knowledge on the management of these injuries gained during recent conflicts and understand the wounding patterns seen. With recent work examining the effect of UK Military Clothing on extremity GSW patterns in a synthetic model, a model with greater biofidelity is needed for ballistic testing. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of UK Military Clothing on GSW patterns within a cadaveric animal limb model using two types of ammunition commonly used in recent conflicts—7.62 × 39 mm and 5.45 × 39 mm. In total, 24 fallow deer hind limbs were shot, 12 by 7.62 mm projectiles and the remaining 12 shot by 5.45 mm projectiles, further divided into four with no Clothing layers ( C _nil), four with a single Clothing layer ( C _min) and four with maximum Clothing layers ( C _max) as worn on active duty by UK Military personnel. Limbs were analysed after ballistic impact using contrast CT scanning to obtain measurements of permanent cavity damage, and results were compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results showed significantly different damage measurements within limbs with C _max for both ammunition types compared with the other Clothing states. This may result in GSWs that require more extensive surgical management, and invites further study.
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The effect of Military Clothing on gunshot wounding patterns in gelatine
International Journal of Legal Medicine, 2019Co-Authors: Tom Stevenson, Debra J. Carr, Sarah A. StapleyAbstract:With no two gunshot wounds (GSW) being the same, novel research into wound ballistics is challenging. It is evident that the majority of previous wound ballistic research has been conducted without the presence of Clothing. Whilst the effect of Clothing on wound contamination has been explored, there is a paucity of literature examining the effect of Clothing on GSW patterns. The aim of this study was to test the effect of Multi-Terrain Pattern (MTP) UK Military Clothing on GSW patterns within calibrated blocks of 10% by mass gelatine, using two types of ammunition commonly used in recent conflicts—7.62 × 39 mm and 5.45 × 39 mm. In total, 36 blocks were shot, 18 by each projectile type, further divided into 6 with no Clothing layers (C_nil), 6 with a single Clothing layer (C_min) and 6 with maximum Clothing layers (C_max) worn on active duty. Blocks were analysed with high-speed video and dissection to capture measurements of damage, and results compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results showed significantly different damage measurements within blocks with C_max for both ammunition types compared to the other Clothing states. This may result in GSWs that require more extensive surgical management, inviting further study.
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The Effect of Clothing on Gunshot Wounds in Gelatine: The Naked Truth
30th International Symposium on Ballistics, 2017Co-Authors: Thomas Stevenson, Debra J. Carr, Sarah A. StapleyAbstract:There is a paucity of literature regarding the effect of Clothing on gunshot wounding patterns. In this paper the effect of a Military Clothing layer compared to its absence on patterns of gunshot wounding was investigated using calibrated 10% gelatine and two types of Military ammunition: 7.62x39mm and 5.45x39mm. In total 18 blocks of 10% gelatin were used, 12 shot by 7.62x39mm rounds (6 with a Clothing layer and 6 without) and 6 shot by 5.45x39mm rounds (3 with a Clothing layer and 3 without). Multi-Terrain Pattern (MTP) issued Military uniform was used to provide the Clothing layer. Samples were analysed with high speed video and dissection, and compared using appropriate statistical techniques. Results showed no significant effect of a MTP Clothing layer on wounding patterns in gelatine blocks with either ammunition type when compared with unclothed gelatine blocks.
Faming Wang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Effects of various protective Clothing and thermal environments on heat strain of unacclimated men: The PHS (predicted heat strain) model revisited
Industrial Health, 2013Co-Authors: Faming Wang, Kalev Kuklane, Ingvar HolmérAbstract:Five protective garments (light summer Clothing L, high visibility Clothing HV, Military Clothing MIL, climber coverall CLM and firefighting Clothing FIRE) were assessed on eight unac- climated male subjects at two environments: moderate warm environment with high humidity (MWH, 20.0°C, 86% relative humidity) and warm environment with moderate humidity (WMH, 30.0°C, 47% relative humidity). The thermophysiological responses and subjective sensations were reported. The PHS model (ISO7933) was used for predicting thermophysiological responses for each testing scenario. It was found that there were significant differences between Clothing FIRE and other Clothing on thermal sensation (p
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Personal cooling with phase change materials in a very hot environment
2011Co-Authors: Faming Wang, Kalev Kuklane, Ingvar HolmérAbstract:Hot environments are a threat for daily life, sports and exercises, work, Military drills and operations. Ambient air cooling has been approved to be ineffective when air temperature reaches 40 °C or higher, particularly when relative humidity is also high. In a hot and dry environment (45 °C and 10% relative humidity), the study of ventilated vest with ambient air alleviated heat strain when subjects worn Military Clothing (Barwood et al., 2009). However, a recent study showed that continuous cooling of the torso by use of fan-driven ambient air at 45 °C and 20% relative humidity is not efficient (Ciuha et al., 2011).The study of the rectal temperature drop during resting recovery with a battery driven ambient air fan based cooling vest at 40 °C and 40% relative humidity heat exposure showed no cooling effect (Hadid et al. 2008). Cooling capacity for body ventilation system with ambient air cooling decreased as ambient temperature increased. The cooling capacity decreased to about zero when ambient temperature was higher than 40 °C (Xu and Gonzalez, 2011). Therefore to explore alternative personal cooling methods in very hot environments is necessary. Our previous studies on cooling effects of phase change materials (PCMs) when wearing fire fighting clothes in an extremely hot environment showed that PCMs alleviated heat strain (Gao et al., 2010 and 2011). The objective of this study was to investigate if personal cooling with PCM could mitigate heat strain of subjects with Military Clothing in a very hot environment at 40 °C and 45% relative humidity.
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Can the PHS model (ISO7933) predict reasonable thermophysiological responses while wearing protective Clothing in hot environments?
Physiological measurement, 2011Co-Authors: Faming Wang, Chuansi Gao, Kalev Kuklane, Ingvar HolmérAbstract:In this paper, the prediction accuracy of the PHS (predicted heat strain) model on human physiological responses while wearing protective Clothing ensembles was examined. Six human subjects (aged 29 ± 3 years) underwent three experimental trials in three different protective garments (Clothing thermal insulation I(cl) ranges from 0.63 to 2.01 clo) in two hot environments (40 °C, relative humidities: 30% and 45%). The observed and predicted mean skin temperature, core body temperature and sweat rate were presented and statistically compared. A significant difference was found in the metabolic rate between FIRE (firefighting Clothing) and HV (high visibility Clothing) or MIL (Military Clothing) (p < 0.001). Also, the development of heart rate demonstrated the significant effects of the exposure time and Clothing ensembles. In addition, the predicted evaporation rate during HV, MIL and FIRE was much lower than the experimental values. Hence, the current PHS model is not applicable for protective Clothing with intrinsic thermal insulations above 1.0 clo. The results showed that the PHS model generated unreliable predictions on body core temperature when human subjects wore thick protective Clothing such as firefighting Clothing (I(cl) > 1.0 clo). The predicted mean skin temperatures in three Clothing ensembles HV, MIL and FIRE were also outside the expected limits. Thus, there is a need for further extension for the Clothing insulation validation range of the PHS model. It is recommended that the PHS model should be amended and validated by individual algorithms, physical or physiological parameters, and further subject studies.
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Can the PHS model (ISO7933) predict reasonable thermophysiological responses while wearing protective Clothing in hot environments
Physiological Measurement, 2010Co-Authors: Faming Wang, Kalev Kuklane, Ingvar HolmérAbstract:In this paper, the prediction accuracy of the PHS (predicted heat strain) model on human physiological responses while wearing protective Clothing ensembles was examined. Six human subjects (aged 29 ± 3 years) underwent three experimental trials in three different protective garments (Clothing thermal insulation Icl ranges from 0.63 to 2.01 clo) in two hot environments (40 °C, relative humidities: 30% and 45%). The observed and predicted mean skin temperature, core body temperature and sweat rate were presented and statistically compared. A significant difference was found in the metabolic rate between FIRE (firefighting Clothing) and HV (high visibility Clothing) or MIL (Military Clothing) (p 1.0 clo). The predicted mean skin temperatures in three Clothing ensembles HV, MIL and FIRE were also outside the expected limits. Thus, there is a need for further extension for the Clothing insulation validation range of the PHS model. It is recommended that the PHS model should be amended and validated by individual algorithms, physical or physiological parameters, and further subject studies.
Ingvar Holmér - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Effects of various protective Clothing and thermal environments on heat strain of unacclimated men: The PHS (predicted heat strain) model revisited
Industrial Health, 2013Co-Authors: Faming Wang, Kalev Kuklane, Ingvar HolmérAbstract:Five protective garments (light summer Clothing L, high visibility Clothing HV, Military Clothing MIL, climber coverall CLM and firefighting Clothing FIRE) were assessed on eight unac- climated male subjects at two environments: moderate warm environment with high humidity (MWH, 20.0°C, 86% relative humidity) and warm environment with moderate humidity (WMH, 30.0°C, 47% relative humidity). The thermophysiological responses and subjective sensations were reported. The PHS model (ISO7933) was used for predicting thermophysiological responses for each testing scenario. It was found that there were significant differences between Clothing FIRE and other Clothing on thermal sensation (p
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Personal cooling with phase change materials in a very hot environment
2011Co-Authors: Faming Wang, Kalev Kuklane, Ingvar HolmérAbstract:Hot environments are a threat for daily life, sports and exercises, work, Military drills and operations. Ambient air cooling has been approved to be ineffective when air temperature reaches 40 °C or higher, particularly when relative humidity is also high. In a hot and dry environment (45 °C and 10% relative humidity), the study of ventilated vest with ambient air alleviated heat strain when subjects worn Military Clothing (Barwood et al., 2009). However, a recent study showed that continuous cooling of the torso by use of fan-driven ambient air at 45 °C and 20% relative humidity is not efficient (Ciuha et al., 2011).The study of the rectal temperature drop during resting recovery with a battery driven ambient air fan based cooling vest at 40 °C and 40% relative humidity heat exposure showed no cooling effect (Hadid et al. 2008). Cooling capacity for body ventilation system with ambient air cooling decreased as ambient temperature increased. The cooling capacity decreased to about zero when ambient temperature was higher than 40 °C (Xu and Gonzalez, 2011). Therefore to explore alternative personal cooling methods in very hot environments is necessary. Our previous studies on cooling effects of phase change materials (PCMs) when wearing fire fighting clothes in an extremely hot environment showed that PCMs alleviated heat strain (Gao et al., 2010 and 2011). The objective of this study was to investigate if personal cooling with PCM could mitigate heat strain of subjects with Military Clothing in a very hot environment at 40 °C and 45% relative humidity.
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Can the PHS model (ISO7933) predict reasonable thermophysiological responses while wearing protective Clothing in hot environments
Physiological Measurement, 2010Co-Authors: Faming Wang, Kalev Kuklane, Ingvar HolmérAbstract:In this paper, the prediction accuracy of the PHS (predicted heat strain) model on human physiological responses while wearing protective Clothing ensembles was examined. Six human subjects (aged 29 ± 3 years) underwent three experimental trials in three different protective garments (Clothing thermal insulation Icl ranges from 0.63 to 2.01 clo) in two hot environments (40 °C, relative humidities: 30% and 45%). The observed and predicted mean skin temperature, core body temperature and sweat rate were presented and statistically compared. A significant difference was found in the metabolic rate between FIRE (firefighting Clothing) and HV (high visibility Clothing) or MIL (Military Clothing) (p 1.0 clo). The predicted mean skin temperatures in three Clothing ensembles HV, MIL and FIRE were also outside the expected limits. Thus, there is a need for further extension for the Clothing insulation validation range of the PHS model. It is recommended that the PHS model should be amended and validated by individual algorithms, physical or physiological parameters, and further subject studies.
Denise Carley - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Apparel Research Network (ARN). Apparel Order Processing Module (AOPM) Interfaced with The Electronic Order Form (EOF) (AOPM/EOF).
1999Co-Authors: Denise CarleyAbstract:Abstract : The ARN AOPM Application System was developed to retrieve and process special measurement and stock orders for Military Clothing. AOPM was initially developed to replace the SF 358 and SF 1111, the special measurement forms used for male and female personnel. After completion of AOPM, ARN Partner Clemson Apparel Research (CAR), initiated the Electronic Order Form (EOF) Project. The purpose of the EOF Project was to place the special measurement ordering process on the DSCP Web site. The EOF program replaced the special measurement functionality in AOPM. Military locations requiring special measurement Clothing now access EOF to submit their special measurement orders to DSCP. DSCP uses this special measurement order to initiate a formal EDI order to a specific Defense Apparel Manufacturer (DAM) . The formal order, an EDI ANSI X12 4010 850 Purchase Order, is transmitted to the DAM. The DAM retrieves the EOF special measurements via FTP and the 850 Purchase Order via the Value Added Network (VAN). The DAM then launches an AOPM Requisition Number match routine. If there is a match between any Purchase Order and EOF special measurement data retrieved, the information is then "married" together for the DAM to use in initiating the manufacturing process.
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Apparel Research Network (ARN); Apparel Order Processing Module (AOPM): Field User Manual, Version 1
1997Co-Authors: Denise CarleyAbstract:Abstract : This manual applies to Version 1 of the Apparel Research Network (ARN) Apparel Order Processing Module (AOPM). The AOPM is a PC-based application system that creates or receives electronic orders, shipping documents and invoices for Military Clothing. It is designed for use at any activity involved in the processing of these orders, including Clothing initial Issue Points (CIIPs), Defense Apparel Manufacturers (DAMs), and the Defense Personnel Support Center (DPSC). After the creation of order, shipping or invoice transaction via the AOPM entry screen, the transaction data is translated to Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) format and transmitted to the intended recipient. At a receiving location, after EDI translation, the AOPM may be used to review and respond to the transaction. This manual describes the transaction entry screen and associated maintenance screens for creating or reviewing inbound or outbound documents related to Military Clothing orders, including measurement, profile, shipment information, status messages, invoices, and other related documents. Also described are the mapping and translation processes associated with conversion of data to various file formats and the transmission of data to intended recipients.
Tom Stevenson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The effect of Military Clothing on gunshot wound patterns in a cadaveric animal limb model
International Journal of Legal Medicine, 2019Co-Authors: Tom Stevenson, Debra J. Carr, Iain E. Gibb, Sarah A. StapleyAbstract:The majority of injuries in survivors of gunshot wounds (GSW) are typically to the extremities. Novel wound ballistic research is encouraged to try and capture corporate knowledge on the management of these injuries gained during recent conflicts and understand the wounding patterns seen. With recent work examining the effect of UK Military Clothing on extremity GSW patterns in a synthetic model, a model with greater biofidelity is needed for ballistic testing. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of UK Military Clothing on GSW patterns within a cadaveric animal limb model using two types of ammunition commonly used in recent conflicts—7.62 × 39 mm and 5.45 × 39 mm. In total, 24 fallow deer hind limbs were shot, 12 by 7.62 mm projectiles and the remaining 12 shot by 5.45 mm projectiles, further divided into four with no Clothing layers ( C _nil), four with a single Clothing layer ( C _min) and four with maximum Clothing layers ( C _max) as worn on active duty by UK Military personnel. Limbs were analysed after ballistic impact using contrast CT scanning to obtain measurements of permanent cavity damage, and results were compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results showed significantly different damage measurements within limbs with C _max for both ammunition types compared with the other Clothing states. This may result in GSWs that require more extensive surgical management, and invites further study.
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The effect of Military Clothing on gunshot wounding patterns in gelatine
International Journal of Legal Medicine, 2019Co-Authors: Tom Stevenson, Debra J. Carr, Sarah A. StapleyAbstract:With no two gunshot wounds (GSW) being the same, novel research into wound ballistics is challenging. It is evident that the majority of previous wound ballistic research has been conducted without the presence of Clothing. Whilst the effect of Clothing on wound contamination has been explored, there is a paucity of literature examining the effect of Clothing on GSW patterns. The aim of this study was to test the effect of Multi-Terrain Pattern (MTP) UK Military Clothing on GSW patterns within calibrated blocks of 10% by mass gelatine, using two types of ammunition commonly used in recent conflicts—7.62 × 39 mm and 5.45 × 39 mm. In total, 36 blocks were shot, 18 by each projectile type, further divided into 6 with no Clothing layers (C_nil), 6 with a single Clothing layer (C_min) and 6 with maximum Clothing layers (C_max) worn on active duty. Blocks were analysed with high-speed video and dissection to capture measurements of damage, and results compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results showed significantly different damage measurements within blocks with C_max for both ammunition types compared to the other Clothing states. This may result in GSWs that require more extensive surgical management, inviting further study.