The Experts below are selected from a list of 95832 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Ruth A Baer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Assessment of Mindfulness
Clinical Handbook of Mindfulness, 2009Co-Authors: Ruth A Baer, Erin Walsh, Emily L. B. LykinsAbstract:Mindfulness-based interventions have been developed for a wide range of problems, disorders, and populations and are increasingly available in a variety of settings. Empirically supported interventions that are based on or incorporate Mindfulness training include acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT; Hayes, Strosahl, & Wilson, 1999), dialectical behavior therapy (DBT; Linehan, 1993), Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT; Segal, Williams, & Teasdale, 2002), and Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR; Kabat-Zinn, 1982, 1990). Variations on these approaches, including integration of Mindfulness training into individual psychotherapy from diverse perspectives, also have been described (Germer, Siegel, & Fulton, 2005). As the empirical evidence for the efficacy of these interventions continues to grow, the importance of investigating the mechanisms or processes by which they lead to beneficial outcomes is increasingly recognized (Bishop et al., 2004; Shapiro, Carlson, Astin, & Freedman, 2006). Addressing this question requires psychometrically sound measures of Mindfulness (Baer, Smith, & Allen, 2004; Brown & Ryan, 2004; Dimidjian & Linehan, 2003). Without such measures it is impossible to determine whether the practice of Mindfulness leads to increased levels of Mindfulness and whether these changes are responsible for the improvements in psychological functioning that are often observed. The development of tools for assessing Mindfulness requires clarity about its definition. According to Clark and Watson (1995), a sound measure must be based on “a precise and detailed conception of the target construct” (p. 310). Although the current literature includes many descriptions of Mindfulness, several authors have noted that Mindfulness is a subtle and somewhat elusive construct and that defining it in concrete terms is difficult (Block-Lerner, Salters-Pednault, & Tull, 2005; Brown & Ryan, 2004). Compounding the difficulty is the necessity of understanding closely related constructs such as acceptance and decentering. These are sometimes described as components or elements of Mindfulness (Block-Lerner et al., 2005; Dimidjian & Linehan, 2003), whereas others argue that they are better understood as outcomes of practicing Mindfulness (Bishop et al., 2004) or as skills that aid in fostering Mindfulness (Brown, Ryan, & Creswell, in press). This chapter will provide an overview of current definitions and descriptions
-
relationships between Mindfulness practice and levels of Mindfulness medical and psychological symptoms and well being in a Mindfulness based stress reduction program
Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 2008Co-Authors: James Carmody, Ruth A BaerAbstract:Relationships were investigated between home practice of Mindfulness meditation exercises and levels of Mindfulness, medical and psychological symptoms, perceived stress, and psychological well-being in a sample of 174 adults in a clinical Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) program. This is an 8- session group program for individuals dealing with stress-related problems, illness, anxiety, and chronic pain. Participants completed measures of Mindfulness, perceived stress, symptoms, and well-being at pre- and post-MBSR, and monitored their home practice time throughout the intervention. Results showed increases in Mindfulness and well-being, and decreases in stress and symptoms, from pre- to post-MBSR. Time spent engaging in home practice of formal meditation exercises (body scan, yoga, sitting meditation) was significantly related to extent of improvement in most facets of Mindfulness and several measures of symptoms and well-being. Increases in Mindfulness were found to mediate the relationships between formal Mindfulness practice and improvements in psychological functioning, suggesting that the practice of Mindfulness meditation leads to increases in Mindfulness, which in turn leads to symptom reduction and improved well-being.
-
using self report assessment methods to explore facets of Mindfulness
Assessment, 2006Co-Authors: Ruth A Baer, Gregory T Smith, Jaclyn Hopkins, Jennifer Krietemeyer, Leslie ToneyAbstract:The authors examine the facet structure of Mindfulness using five recently developed Mindfulness questionnaires. Two large samples of undergraduate students completed Mindfulness questionnaires and measures of other constructs. Psychometric properties of the Mindfulness questionnaires were examined, including internal consistency and convergent and discriminant relationships with other variables. Factor analyses of the combined pool of items from the Mindfulness questionnaires suggested that collectively they contain five clear, interpretable facets of Mindfulness. Hierarchical confirmatory factor analyses suggested that at least four of the identified factors are components of an overall Mindfulness construct and that the factor structure of Mindfulness may vary with meditation experience. Mindfulness facets were shown to be differentially correlated in expected ways with several other constructs and to have incremental validity in the prediction of psychological symptoms. Findings suggest that conceptualizing Mindfulness as a multifaceted construct is helpful in understanding its components and its relationships with other variables.
Natalie J. Loxton - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
the relationship between trait Mindfulness personality and psychological distress a revised reinforcement sensitivity theory perspective
Personality and Individual Differences, 2016Co-Authors: Paul Harnett, Natasha Reid, Natalie J. LoxtonAbstract:Interest in the application of Mindfulness-based intervention for the treatment of psychological disorders and promotion of wellbeing has grown exponentially in recent years. Mindfulness-based interventions have been found to be beneficial for treatment of various forms of psychopathology as well as improve psychological wellbeing and enhance physical health. Little research has investigated for whom and under what conditions training people to use Mindfulness-based therapeutic techniques is most effective. Recent studies have found evidence that individual differences in personality traits are associated with Mindfulness. For example, neuroticism has been found to be negatively associated with Mindfulness. These associations raise the possibility that individual differences in personality may potentially moderate the effectiveness of Mindfulness-based interventions. In the present study we draw on Gray's revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (r-RST) to examine relationships between personality traits, Mindfulness and psychological distress. We found that the Flight, Fight, Freeze system mediated the relationship between trait Mindfulness and psychological distress, while trait Mindfulness moderated the relationship between the Flight, Fight, Freeze system and psychological distress. Both results are consistent with the suggestion that acquiring the skills from learning and practicing Mindfulness techniques is potentially useful, particularly for threat-sensitive individuals with low to moderate levels of trait Mindfulness.
Paul E. Jose - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
The Development of Mindfulness in Young Adults: the Relationship of Personality, Reinforcement Sensitivity, and Mindfulness
Mindfulness, 2021Co-Authors: Johannes A. Karl, Ronald Fischer, Paul E. JoseAbstract:Objectives We report a pre-registered longitudinal study of emerging adults which examined the links between facets of Mindfulness with Big Five and reinforcement sensitivity personality traits with the aim of exploring possible origins of individual differences in trait Mindfulness. Methods We investigated the relationship between personality, reinforcement sensitivity (including Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) and Behavioral Approach System (BAS)), and Mindfulness in a sample of 227 undergraduate students across 8 months, using a random-intercept cross-lagged panel model. Results Mindfulness, in general, exhibited stronger longitudinal effects on personality than the other way around. We found reciprocal effects between reinforcement sensitivity and Mindfulness facets: higher BAS-Goal-Drive Persistence positively predicted increased Acting with Awareness over time ( B = 0.369 [.044, .693], p = .026) and higher Acting with Awareness predicted an increase in BAS-Goal-Drive Persistence ( B = .173 [.041, .305], p = .010). Higher Non-Reacting Mindfulness predicted a reduction of BIS over time ( B = − .132 [− .247, − .017], p = .025), with individuals with more skills to stay calm in emotional situations decreasing their reported levels of anxiety and emotional lability. Additionally, we found that higher Non-Judging Mindfulness facets predicted an increase in Conscientiousness ( B = .147 [.014, .280], p = .031). Finally, higher levels of Describing Mindfulness predicted an increase in Neuroticism over time ( B = .200 [.034, .366], p = .018). Conclusions Overall, our research findings indicate that Mindfulness and personality share developmental trajectories over a 4-month period, suggesting avenues for possible personality development via Mindfulness interventions.
Brad Sanderson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Improvements in Stress, Affect, and Irritability Following Brief Use of a Mindfulness-based Smartphone App: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Mindfulness, 2018Co-Authors: Marcos Economides, Janis Martman, Megan J. Bell, Brad SandersonAbstract:Mindfulness training, which involves observing thoughts and feelings without judgment or reaction, has been shown to improve aspects of psychosocial well-being when delivered via in-person training programs such as Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) and Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT). Less is known about the efficacy of digital training mediums, such as smartphone apps, which are rapidly rising in popularity. In this study, novice meditators were randomly allocated to an introductory Mindfulness meditation program or to a psychoeducational audiobook control featuring an introduction to the concepts of Mindfulness and meditation. The interventions were delivered via the same Mindfulness app, were matched across a range of criteria, and were presented to participants as well-being programs. Affect, irritability, and two distinct components of stress were measured immediately before and after each intervention in a cohort of healthy adults. While both interventions were effective at reducing stress associated with personal vulnerability, only the Mindfulness intervention had a significant positive impact on irritability, affect, and stress resulting from external pressure (between group Cohen’s d = 0.44, 0.47, 0.45, respectively). These results suggest that brief Mindfulness training has a beneficial impact on several aspects of psychosocial well-being, and that smartphone apps are an effective delivery medium for Mindfulness training.
James Carmody - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
relationships between Mindfulness practice and levels of Mindfulness medical and psychological symptoms and well being in a Mindfulness based stress reduction program
Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 2008Co-Authors: James Carmody, Ruth A BaerAbstract:Relationships were investigated between home practice of Mindfulness meditation exercises and levels of Mindfulness, medical and psychological symptoms, perceived stress, and psychological well-being in a sample of 174 adults in a clinical Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) program. This is an 8- session group program for individuals dealing with stress-related problems, illness, anxiety, and chronic pain. Participants completed measures of Mindfulness, perceived stress, symptoms, and well-being at pre- and post-MBSR, and monitored their home practice time throughout the intervention. Results showed increases in Mindfulness and well-being, and decreases in stress and symptoms, from pre- to post-MBSR. Time spent engaging in home practice of formal meditation exercises (body scan, yoga, sitting meditation) was significantly related to extent of improvement in most facets of Mindfulness and several measures of symptoms and well-being. Increases in Mindfulness were found to mediate the relationships between formal Mindfulness practice and improvements in psychological functioning, suggesting that the practice of Mindfulness meditation leads to increases in Mindfulness, which in turn leads to symptom reduction and improved well-being.
