The Experts below are selected from a list of 474 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Randall W. Engle - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Individual differences in working memory capacity and dual-process theories of the mind
Psychological Bulletin, 2004Co-Authors: Lisa Feldman Barrett, Michele M. Tugade, Randall W. EngleAbstract:Dual-process theories of the mind are ubiquitous in psychology. A central principle of these theories is that behavior is determined by the interplay of automatic and controlled processing. In this article, the authors examine individual differences in the capacity to control attention as a major contributor to differences in working memory capacity (WMC). The authors discuss the enormous implications of this individual difference for a host of dual-process theories in social, personality, cognitive, and clinical psychology. In addition, the authors propose several new areas of investigation that derive directly from applying the concept of WMC to dual-process theories of the mind.
Gregory S. Sullivan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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SDT Mini-Theories: Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction, Intrinsic Motivation, and Cognitive Evaluation
Servant Leadership in Sport, 2019Co-Authors: Gregory S. SullivanAbstract:This chapter introduces the reader to the first two Mini-Theories of self-determination theory and how they relate to need satisfaction within an athletic context. The first mini-theory to be discussed is basic psychological needs theory (BPNT). Just like humans have physiological needs (air, food, water, shelter) that are necessary for growth and well-being, there are also needs that are necessary for psychological well-being. Those three psychological needs are autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Satisfaction of those needs can lead to intrinsic motivation (activities for which the reward is the activity itself). An increased understanding of intrinsic motivation has changed our approach to motivation but equally important is the idea that we have a natural inclination toward intrinsic motivation. The ways that intrinsic motivation can be supported or hindered is the primary interest of the next mini-theory of SDT, cognitive evaluation theory (CET). The primary premises of CET are as follows: when a person perceives that his or her need for autonomy and competency are not being met, intrinsic motivation decreases.
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SDT Mini-Theories Continued: Continuum of Motivation, Personality Aspects, Goal Orientations, and Relationships
Servant Leadership in Sport, 2019Co-Authors: Gregory S. SullivanAbstract:This chapter introduces the balance of the Mini-Theories of self-determination theory. First is the concept that motivation is not a dichotomous construct (intrinsic or extrinsic). SDT researchers have confirmed that there are actually differing levels of extrinsic motivation and should be viewed as being on a continuum. They found that extrinsic motivations can become more self-regulated through a process known as internalization. The next SDT mini-theory, causality orientations theory (COT) provides an explanation to that question and pertains to personal characteristics that determine how people uniquely perceive and organize information. They have identified three distinct personality types, referred to as causality orientations. While these orientations are relatively stable aspects of our personality, we all possess levels of these orientations to some degree depending upon the environment. Goal orientations are also integral to motivation and well-being. SDT researchers found that desiring and achieving some goals satisfied basic psychological needs of autonomy, competency, and relatedness while others did not. Finally, the latest mini-theory to be added to SDT, relationship motivation theory (RMT), focuses on our perceptions about the basis of our relationships.
Speziale Simone - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Quantum cosmology of a dynamical Lambda
'American Physical Society (APS)', 2020Co-Authors: Magueijo Joao, Zlosnik Tom, Speziale SimoneAbstract:By allowing torsion into the gravitational dynamics one can promote the cosmological constant, $\Lambda$, to a dynamical variable in a class of quasi-topological theories. In this paper we perform a mini-superspace quantization of these theories in the connection representation. If $\Lambda$ is kept fixed, the solution is a delta-normalizable version of the Chern-Simons (CS) state, which is the dual of the Hartle and Hawking and Vilenkin wave-functions. We find that the CS state solves the Wheeler-DeWitt equation also if $\Lambda$ is rendered dynamical by an Euler quasi-topological invariant, {\it in the parity-even branch of the theory}. In the absence of an infra-red (IR) cut-off, the CS state suggests the marginal probability $P(\Lambda)=\delta(\Lambda)$. Should there be an IR cutoff (for whatever reason) the probability is sharply peaked at the cut off. In the parity-odd branch, however, we can still find the CS state as a particular (but not most general) solution, but further work is needed to sharpen the predictions. For the theory based on the Pontryagin invariant (which only has a parity-odd branch) the CS wave function no longer is a solution to the constraints. We find the most general solution in this case, which again leaves room for a range of predictions for $\Lambda$.Comment: Version to be published in Phys.Rev.
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Quantum cosmology of a dynamical Lambda
HAL CCSD, 2020Co-Authors: Magueijo Joao, Zlosnik Tom, Speziale SimoneAbstract:By allowing torsion into the gravitational dynamics one can promote the cosmological constant, $\Lambda$, to a dynamical variable in a class of quasi-topological theories. In this paper we perform a mini-superspace quantization of these theories in the connection representation. If $\Lambda$ is kept fixed, the solution is a delta-normalizable version of the Chern-Simons (CS) state, which is the dual of the Hartle and Hawking and Vilenkin wave-functions. We find that the CS state solves the Wheeler-DeWitt equation also if $\Lambda$ is rendered dynamical by an Euler quasi-topological invariant, {\it in the parity-even branch of the theory}. In the absence of an infra-red (IR) cut-off, the CS state suggests the marginal probability $P(\Lambda)=\delta(\Lambda)$. Should there be an IR cutoff (for whatever reason) the probability is sharply peaked at the cut off. In the parity-odd branch, however, we can still find the CS state as a particular (but not most general) solution, but further work is needed to sharpen the predictions. For the theory based on the Pontryagin invariant (which only has a parity-odd branch) the CS wave function no longer is a solution to the constraints. We find the most general solution in this case, which again leaves room for a range of predictions for $\Lambda$
Bart Soenens - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions
Motivation and Emotion, 2020Co-Authors: Maarten Vansteenkiste, Richard M. Ryan, Bart SoenensAbstract:The study of basic psychological needs has witnessed a strong revival, in part spurred by Basic Psychological Need Theory (BPNT), one of the six Mini-Theories within Self-Determination Theory. Empirical studies on BPNT have increased exponentially since the millennium turn, leading to refinements and extensions in theory. In this contribution we review these two decades of research in order to introduce two special issues on BPNT. We first discuss key criteria that define and identify a basic need within BPNT. We then review several need-relevant themes, highlighting advancements and trends that characterize contemporary research on BPNT. Specifically, we address potential extensions of the shortlist of basic psychological needs, the role of psychological need frustration in increasing vulnerability to maladjustment, the study of the interface between individuals’ psychological and physical needs (e.g., sleep, sex, hunger), novel insights into critical need-supportive and need-thwarting practices, and the universality (versus variability) of effects of need satisfactions and supports across demographics, psychological characteristics, and cultural contexts. We also situate each of the 19 contributions that appear in this special double-issue on BPNT within these themes, while suggesting avenues for further research on the role of basic psychological needs in motivation, adjustment, and wellness.
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The development of the five Mini-Theories of self-determination theory: an historical overview, emerging trends, and future directions
Advances in Motivation and Achievement, 2010Co-Authors: Maarten Vansteenkiste, Christopher P. Niemiec, Bart SoenensAbstract:Cognitive evaluation theory (CET; Deci, 1975), SDT's first mini-theory, was built from research on the dynamic interplay between external events (e.g., rewards, choice) and people's task interest or enjoyment – that is, intrinsic motivation (IM). At the time, this research was quite controversial, as operant theory (Skinner, 1971) had dominated the psychological landscape. The central assumption of operant theory was that reinforcement contingencies in the environment control behavior, which precluded the existence of inherently satisfying activities performed for non-separable outcomes. During this time, Deci proposed that people – by nature – possess intrinsic motivation (IM), which can manifest as engagement in curiosity-based behaviors, discovery of new perspectives, and seeking out optimal challenges (see also Harlow, 1953; White, 1959). IM thus represents a manifestation of the organismic growth tendency and is readily observed in infants' and toddlers' exploratory behavior and play. Operationally, an intrinsically motivated activity is performed for its own sake – that is, the behavior is experienced as inherently satisfying. From an attributional perspective (deCharms, 1968), such behaviors have an internal perceived locus of causality, as people perceive their behavior as emanating from their sense of self, rather than from experiences of control or coercion.
Bruno D Zumbo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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goal contents motivation psychological need satisfaction well being and physical activity a test of self determination theory over 6 months
Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 2014Co-Authors: Katie E Gunnell, Peter R E Crocker, Diane E Mack, Philip M Wilson, Bruno D ZumboAbstract:Abstract Objectives This investigation examined how Goal Contents Theory, Organismic Integration Theory, and Basic Psychological Needs Theory collectively explain well-being and behavioral outcomes related to physical activity over 6 months. Specifically we examined a model whereby changes in relative intrinsic goal contents → changes in motivation → changes in psychological need satisfaction → well-being and physical activity. Methods and design Participants were 203 adults from the general population (68.00% female; M age = 32.57 years, SD = 15.73). Two identical questionnaire packages containing assessments of goal contents, motivational regulations, basic psychological need satisfaction, indicators of well-being and physical activity behavior, separated by six months were given to participants. Residualized change scores were analyzed with path analysis. Results Results supported the hypothesized sequence of SDT. Changes in psychological need satisfaction mediated the relationship between changes in autonomous motivation and well-being. A more complex pattern of results emerged for the indirect effects of motivation and psychological need satisfaction between relative intrinsic goals → well-being. Changes in competence satisfaction mediated the relationship between autonomous motivation and physical activity behavior. Moreover, changes in autonomous motivation through competence satisfaction mediated the relationship between relative intrinsic goals and physical activity. Conclusions Findings support a model based on 3 Mini-Theories of SDT and suggest that psychological need fulfillment during physical activity could be a key mechanism that facilitates increased well-being and behavior. Findings also highlight the importance of examining competence, autonomy, and relatedness independently (rather than as a composite).