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Julie K Pfeiffer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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rapid dissemination and Monopolization of viral populations in mice revealed using a panel of barcoded viruses
Journal of Virology, 2019Co-Authors: Broc T Mccune, Matthew R Lanahan, Benjamin R Tenoever, Julie K PfeifferAbstract:The gastrointestinal tract presents a formidable barrier for pathogens to initiate infection. Despite this barrier, enteroviruses, including coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), successfully penetrate the intestine to initiate infection and spread systemically prior to shedding in stool. However, the effect of the gastrointestinal barrier on CVB3 population dynamics is relatively unexplored, and the selective pressures acting on CVB3 in the intestine are not well characterized. To examine viral population dynamics in orally infected mice, we produced over 100 CVB3 clones harboring nine unique nucleotide "barcodes." Using this collection of barcoded viruses, we found diverse viral populations throughout each mouse within the first day postinfection, but by 48 h the viral populations were dominated by fewer than three barcoded viruses in intestinal and extraintestinal tissues. Using light-sensitive viruses to track replication status, we found that diverse viruses had replicated prior to loss of diversity. Sequencing whole viral genomes from samples later in infection did not reveal detectable viral adaptations. Surprisingly, orally inoculated CVB3 was detectable in pancreas and liver as soon as 20 min postinoculation, indicating rapid systemic dissemination. These results suggest rapid dissemination of diverse viral populations, followed by a major restriction in population diversity and Monopolization in all examined tissues. These results underscore a complex dynamic between dissemination and clearance for an enteric virus.IMPORTANCE Enteric viruses initiate infection in the gastrointestinal tract but can disseminate to systemic sites. However, the dynamics of viral dissemination are unclear. In this study, we created a library of 135 barcoded coxsackieviruses to examine viral population diversity across time and space following oral inoculation of mice. Overall, we found that the broad population of viruses disseminates early, followed by Monopolization of mouse tissues with three or fewer pool members at later time points. Interestingly, we detected virus in systemic tissues such as pancreas and liver just 20 min after oral inoculation. These results suggest rapid dissemination of diverse viral populations, followed by a major restriction in population diversity and Monopolization in all examined tissues.
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rapid dissemination and Monopolization of viral populations in mice revealed using a panel of barcoded viruses
bioRxiv, 2019Co-Authors: Broc T Mccune, Matthew R Lanahan, Benjamin R Tenoever, Julie K PfeifferAbstract:Abstract The gastrointestinal tract presents a formidable barrier for pathogens to initiate infection. Despite this barrier, enteroviruses, including coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), successfully penetrate the intestine to initiate infection and spread systemically prior to shedding in stool. However, the effect of the gastrointestinal barrier on CVB3 population dynamics is relatively unexplored, nor are the selective pressures acting on CVB3 in the intestine well-characterized. To examine viral population dynamics in orally infected mice, we produced over one hundred CVB3 viruses harboring unique nine nucleotide “barcodes.” Using this collection of barcoded viruses, we found diverse viral populations throughout each mouse within the first day post-infection, but by 48 hours the viral populations were dominated by less than three barcoded viruses in intestinal and extra-intestinal tissues. Using light-sensitive viruses to track replication status, we found diverse viruses had replicated prior to loss of diversity. Sequencing whole viral genomes from samples later in infection did not reveal detectable viral adaptations. Surprisingly, orally inoculated CVB3 was detectable in pancreas and liver as soon as 20 minutes post inoculation, indicating rapid systemic dissemination. These results suggest rapid dissemination of diverse viral populations, followed by a major restriction in population diversity and Monopolization in all examined tissues. These results underscore a complex dynamic between dissemination and clearance for an enteric virus. Importance Enteric viruses initiate infection in the gastrointestinal tract but can disseminate to systemic sites. However, the dynamics of viral dissemination are unclear. In this study, we created a library of 135 barcoded coxsackieviruses to examine viral population diversity across time and space following oral inoculation of mice. Overall, we found that the broad population of viruses disseminates early, followed by Monopolization of mouse tissues with three or fewer pool members at later time points. Interestingly, we detected virus in systemic tissues such as pancreas and liver just 20 minutes post-oral inoculation. These results suggest rapid dissemination of diverse viral populations, followed by a major restriction in population diversity and Monopolization in all examined tissues.
Broc T Mccune - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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rapid dissemination and Monopolization of viral populations in mice revealed using a panel of barcoded viruses
Journal of Virology, 2019Co-Authors: Broc T Mccune, Matthew R Lanahan, Benjamin R Tenoever, Julie K PfeifferAbstract:The gastrointestinal tract presents a formidable barrier for pathogens to initiate infection. Despite this barrier, enteroviruses, including coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), successfully penetrate the intestine to initiate infection and spread systemically prior to shedding in stool. However, the effect of the gastrointestinal barrier on CVB3 population dynamics is relatively unexplored, and the selective pressures acting on CVB3 in the intestine are not well characterized. To examine viral population dynamics in orally infected mice, we produced over 100 CVB3 clones harboring nine unique nucleotide "barcodes." Using this collection of barcoded viruses, we found diverse viral populations throughout each mouse within the first day postinfection, but by 48 h the viral populations were dominated by fewer than three barcoded viruses in intestinal and extraintestinal tissues. Using light-sensitive viruses to track replication status, we found that diverse viruses had replicated prior to loss of diversity. Sequencing whole viral genomes from samples later in infection did not reveal detectable viral adaptations. Surprisingly, orally inoculated CVB3 was detectable in pancreas and liver as soon as 20 min postinoculation, indicating rapid systemic dissemination. These results suggest rapid dissemination of diverse viral populations, followed by a major restriction in population diversity and Monopolization in all examined tissues. These results underscore a complex dynamic between dissemination and clearance for an enteric virus.IMPORTANCE Enteric viruses initiate infection in the gastrointestinal tract but can disseminate to systemic sites. However, the dynamics of viral dissemination are unclear. In this study, we created a library of 135 barcoded coxsackieviruses to examine viral population diversity across time and space following oral inoculation of mice. Overall, we found that the broad population of viruses disseminates early, followed by Monopolization of mouse tissues with three or fewer pool members at later time points. Interestingly, we detected virus in systemic tissues such as pancreas and liver just 20 min after oral inoculation. These results suggest rapid dissemination of diverse viral populations, followed by a major restriction in population diversity and Monopolization in all examined tissues.
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rapid dissemination and Monopolization of viral populations in mice revealed using a panel of barcoded viruses
bioRxiv, 2019Co-Authors: Broc T Mccune, Matthew R Lanahan, Benjamin R Tenoever, Julie K PfeifferAbstract:Abstract The gastrointestinal tract presents a formidable barrier for pathogens to initiate infection. Despite this barrier, enteroviruses, including coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), successfully penetrate the intestine to initiate infection and spread systemically prior to shedding in stool. However, the effect of the gastrointestinal barrier on CVB3 population dynamics is relatively unexplored, nor are the selective pressures acting on CVB3 in the intestine well-characterized. To examine viral population dynamics in orally infected mice, we produced over one hundred CVB3 viruses harboring unique nine nucleotide “barcodes.” Using this collection of barcoded viruses, we found diverse viral populations throughout each mouse within the first day post-infection, but by 48 hours the viral populations were dominated by less than three barcoded viruses in intestinal and extra-intestinal tissues. Using light-sensitive viruses to track replication status, we found diverse viruses had replicated prior to loss of diversity. Sequencing whole viral genomes from samples later in infection did not reveal detectable viral adaptations. Surprisingly, orally inoculated CVB3 was detectable in pancreas and liver as soon as 20 minutes post inoculation, indicating rapid systemic dissemination. These results suggest rapid dissemination of diverse viral populations, followed by a major restriction in population diversity and Monopolization in all examined tissues. These results underscore a complex dynamic between dissemination and clearance for an enteric virus. Importance Enteric viruses initiate infection in the gastrointestinal tract but can disseminate to systemic sites. However, the dynamics of viral dissemination are unclear. In this study, we created a library of 135 barcoded coxsackieviruses to examine viral population diversity across time and space following oral inoculation of mice. Overall, we found that the broad population of viruses disseminates early, followed by Monopolization of mouse tissues with three or fewer pool members at later time points. Interestingly, we detected virus in systemic tissues such as pancreas and liver just 20 minutes post-oral inoculation. These results suggest rapid dissemination of diverse viral populations, followed by a major restriction in population diversity and Monopolization in all examined tissues.
Matthew R Lanahan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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rapid dissemination and Monopolization of viral populations in mice revealed using a panel of barcoded viruses
Journal of Virology, 2019Co-Authors: Broc T Mccune, Matthew R Lanahan, Benjamin R Tenoever, Julie K PfeifferAbstract:The gastrointestinal tract presents a formidable barrier for pathogens to initiate infection. Despite this barrier, enteroviruses, including coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), successfully penetrate the intestine to initiate infection and spread systemically prior to shedding in stool. However, the effect of the gastrointestinal barrier on CVB3 population dynamics is relatively unexplored, and the selective pressures acting on CVB3 in the intestine are not well characterized. To examine viral population dynamics in orally infected mice, we produced over 100 CVB3 clones harboring nine unique nucleotide "barcodes." Using this collection of barcoded viruses, we found diverse viral populations throughout each mouse within the first day postinfection, but by 48 h the viral populations were dominated by fewer than three barcoded viruses in intestinal and extraintestinal tissues. Using light-sensitive viruses to track replication status, we found that diverse viruses had replicated prior to loss of diversity. Sequencing whole viral genomes from samples later in infection did not reveal detectable viral adaptations. Surprisingly, orally inoculated CVB3 was detectable in pancreas and liver as soon as 20 min postinoculation, indicating rapid systemic dissemination. These results suggest rapid dissemination of diverse viral populations, followed by a major restriction in population diversity and Monopolization in all examined tissues. These results underscore a complex dynamic between dissemination and clearance for an enteric virus.IMPORTANCE Enteric viruses initiate infection in the gastrointestinal tract but can disseminate to systemic sites. However, the dynamics of viral dissemination are unclear. In this study, we created a library of 135 barcoded coxsackieviruses to examine viral population diversity across time and space following oral inoculation of mice. Overall, we found that the broad population of viruses disseminates early, followed by Monopolization of mouse tissues with three or fewer pool members at later time points. Interestingly, we detected virus in systemic tissues such as pancreas and liver just 20 min after oral inoculation. These results suggest rapid dissemination of diverse viral populations, followed by a major restriction in population diversity and Monopolization in all examined tissues.
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rapid dissemination and Monopolization of viral populations in mice revealed using a panel of barcoded viruses
bioRxiv, 2019Co-Authors: Broc T Mccune, Matthew R Lanahan, Benjamin R Tenoever, Julie K PfeifferAbstract:Abstract The gastrointestinal tract presents a formidable barrier for pathogens to initiate infection. Despite this barrier, enteroviruses, including coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), successfully penetrate the intestine to initiate infection and spread systemically prior to shedding in stool. However, the effect of the gastrointestinal barrier on CVB3 population dynamics is relatively unexplored, nor are the selective pressures acting on CVB3 in the intestine well-characterized. To examine viral population dynamics in orally infected mice, we produced over one hundred CVB3 viruses harboring unique nine nucleotide “barcodes.” Using this collection of barcoded viruses, we found diverse viral populations throughout each mouse within the first day post-infection, but by 48 hours the viral populations were dominated by less than three barcoded viruses in intestinal and extra-intestinal tissues. Using light-sensitive viruses to track replication status, we found diverse viruses had replicated prior to loss of diversity. Sequencing whole viral genomes from samples later in infection did not reveal detectable viral adaptations. Surprisingly, orally inoculated CVB3 was detectable in pancreas and liver as soon as 20 minutes post inoculation, indicating rapid systemic dissemination. These results suggest rapid dissemination of diverse viral populations, followed by a major restriction in population diversity and Monopolization in all examined tissues. These results underscore a complex dynamic between dissemination and clearance for an enteric virus. Importance Enteric viruses initiate infection in the gastrointestinal tract but can disseminate to systemic sites. However, the dynamics of viral dissemination are unclear. In this study, we created a library of 135 barcoded coxsackieviruses to examine viral population diversity across time and space following oral inoculation of mice. Overall, we found that the broad population of viruses disseminates early, followed by Monopolization of mouse tissues with three or fewer pool members at later time points. Interestingly, we detected virus in systemic tissues such as pancreas and liver just 20 minutes post-oral inoculation. These results suggest rapid dissemination of diverse viral populations, followed by a major restriction in population diversity and Monopolization in all examined tissues.
Benjamin R Tenoever - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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rapid dissemination and Monopolization of viral populations in mice revealed using a panel of barcoded viruses
Journal of Virology, 2019Co-Authors: Broc T Mccune, Matthew R Lanahan, Benjamin R Tenoever, Julie K PfeifferAbstract:The gastrointestinal tract presents a formidable barrier for pathogens to initiate infection. Despite this barrier, enteroviruses, including coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), successfully penetrate the intestine to initiate infection and spread systemically prior to shedding in stool. However, the effect of the gastrointestinal barrier on CVB3 population dynamics is relatively unexplored, and the selective pressures acting on CVB3 in the intestine are not well characterized. To examine viral population dynamics in orally infected mice, we produced over 100 CVB3 clones harboring nine unique nucleotide "barcodes." Using this collection of barcoded viruses, we found diverse viral populations throughout each mouse within the first day postinfection, but by 48 h the viral populations were dominated by fewer than three barcoded viruses in intestinal and extraintestinal tissues. Using light-sensitive viruses to track replication status, we found that diverse viruses had replicated prior to loss of diversity. Sequencing whole viral genomes from samples later in infection did not reveal detectable viral adaptations. Surprisingly, orally inoculated CVB3 was detectable in pancreas and liver as soon as 20 min postinoculation, indicating rapid systemic dissemination. These results suggest rapid dissemination of diverse viral populations, followed by a major restriction in population diversity and Monopolization in all examined tissues. These results underscore a complex dynamic between dissemination and clearance for an enteric virus.IMPORTANCE Enteric viruses initiate infection in the gastrointestinal tract but can disseminate to systemic sites. However, the dynamics of viral dissemination are unclear. In this study, we created a library of 135 barcoded coxsackieviruses to examine viral population diversity across time and space following oral inoculation of mice. Overall, we found that the broad population of viruses disseminates early, followed by Monopolization of mouse tissues with three or fewer pool members at later time points. Interestingly, we detected virus in systemic tissues such as pancreas and liver just 20 min after oral inoculation. These results suggest rapid dissemination of diverse viral populations, followed by a major restriction in population diversity and Monopolization in all examined tissues.
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rapid dissemination and Monopolization of viral populations in mice revealed using a panel of barcoded viruses
bioRxiv, 2019Co-Authors: Broc T Mccune, Matthew R Lanahan, Benjamin R Tenoever, Julie K PfeifferAbstract:Abstract The gastrointestinal tract presents a formidable barrier for pathogens to initiate infection. Despite this barrier, enteroviruses, including coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), successfully penetrate the intestine to initiate infection and spread systemically prior to shedding in stool. However, the effect of the gastrointestinal barrier on CVB3 population dynamics is relatively unexplored, nor are the selective pressures acting on CVB3 in the intestine well-characterized. To examine viral population dynamics in orally infected mice, we produced over one hundred CVB3 viruses harboring unique nine nucleotide “barcodes.” Using this collection of barcoded viruses, we found diverse viral populations throughout each mouse within the first day post-infection, but by 48 hours the viral populations were dominated by less than three barcoded viruses in intestinal and extra-intestinal tissues. Using light-sensitive viruses to track replication status, we found diverse viruses had replicated prior to loss of diversity. Sequencing whole viral genomes from samples later in infection did not reveal detectable viral adaptations. Surprisingly, orally inoculated CVB3 was detectable in pancreas and liver as soon as 20 minutes post inoculation, indicating rapid systemic dissemination. These results suggest rapid dissemination of diverse viral populations, followed by a major restriction in population diversity and Monopolization in all examined tissues. These results underscore a complex dynamic between dissemination and clearance for an enteric virus. Importance Enteric viruses initiate infection in the gastrointestinal tract but can disseminate to systemic sites. However, the dynamics of viral dissemination are unclear. In this study, we created a library of 135 barcoded coxsackieviruses to examine viral population diversity across time and space following oral inoculation of mice. Overall, we found that the broad population of viruses disseminates early, followed by Monopolization of mouse tissues with three or fewer pool members at later time points. Interestingly, we detected virus in systemic tissues such as pancreas and liver just 20 minutes post-oral inoculation. These results suggest rapid dissemination of diverse viral populations, followed by a major restriction in population diversity and Monopolization in all examined tissues.
James W. A. Grant - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Causes of Resource Monopolization: Interaction Between Resource Dispersion and Mode of Competition
Ethology, 2004Co-Authors: Laura K. Weir, James W. A. GrantAbstract:The degree of Monopolization of resources is thought to be higher in groups that compete by interference than by exploitation. However, the Monopolization of resources will presumably depend on (1) whether the dispersion of resources is economically defendable, and (2) whether some competitors have the ability to defend these resource distributions and hence capitalize on this potential. We tested for an interaction between the effects of temporal resource dispersion and aggressiveness on the degree of resource Monopolization in a foraging system. Two species of fish differing markedly in aggressiveness (high: convict cichlids, Archocentrus nigrofasciatus; low: goldfish, Carrasius auratus) were allowed to compete intra-specifically in groups of four for food that was either potentially defendable (arrived asynchronously) or not (arrived synchronously). As predicted, the Monopolization of food, measured as the coefficient of variation of food eaten within groups, was significantly higher in the defendable than in the undefendable treatment for convict cichlids but not for goldfish. However, the Monopolization of food was higher in the non-aggressive goldfish than in the aggressive convict cichlids. Future studies should quantify and compare the Monopolization in species that compete primarily via scramble competition to those that use primarily resource defence.
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an increase in habitat complexity reduces aggression and Monopolization of food by zebra fish danio rerio
Canadian Journal of Zoology, 1998Co-Authors: Sean P Basquill, James W. A. GrantAbstract:We tested the predictions that an increase in the structural complexity of a habitat causes both a decrease in aggression and the Monopolization of resources. Groups of three zebra fish (Danio rerio) were allowed to compete for food in a complex habitat with simulated vegetation and in a simple habitat with no vegetation. As predicted, both the levels of aggression by the dominant fish (P = 0.050) and the coefficient of variation of the amount of food eaten within a group (P = 0.020), a measure of food Monopolization, were lower in the complex habitat than in the simple one. Fish that chased competitors more frequently ate more food in both habitats, but the relationship was stronger in the simple than in the complex habitat. Our results suggest that aggression is less useful as a mode of competition in habitats with greater structural complexity. Manipulating the structural complexity of the habitat may be a practical way of controlling the intensity of aggression and resource Monopolization in groups of animals.
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Monopolization in a resource queue: water striders competing for food and mates
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 1998Co-Authors: Wolf U. Blanckenhorn, James W. A. Grant, Daphne J. FairbairnAbstract:The Monopolization of resources plays an important theoretical role in the literature on competition for food and mates. We used 12 groups of male water striders (Aquariusremigis) to: (1) test the general prediction that Monopolization of both food and mates decreases as the temporal clumping of resources increases, (2) compare the efficiency of two indices of resource Monopolization, coefficient of variation and Q (Ruzzante et al. 1996), and (3) quantitatively assess the resource queue model of Blanckenhorn and Caraco (1992). Each group of six males competed for both food items and mates released from the upstream end of a laboratory stream. The mean inter-arrival time for resource units (food or females) was 10 min, with four levels of temporal clumping (variance in inter-arrival time: 0, 25, 50 or 320 min2). As predicted, the Monopolization of both food and mates decreased as the temporal clumping of resource arrival increased, although Monopolization was greater for food than for mates. Q detected the difference in Monopolization of food and mates, whereas the coefficient of variation did not, because Q is independent of mean resource abundance. The resource queue model successfully predicted Monopolization of both resource types, explaining 89% and 76% of variation in the proportion of food and mates acquired by the six males. The success of the model suggests that the scaling of handling time to the variance in resource inter-arrival time should play an important role in any general theory of resource Monopolization.
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resource defence Monopolization and variation of fitness in groups of female japanese medaka depend on the synchrony of food arrival
Animal Behaviour, 1995Co-Authors: Michael J Bryant, James W. A. GrantAbstract:Abstract The predictions that a decrease in the synchrony of food arrival leads to an increase in aggression, resource Monopolization and, ultimately, variation in fitness within groups were tested. Groups of four female medaka, Oryzias latipes, were allowed to compete over a 2-week period for prey (Artemia sp.)_that arrived either synchronously (every 5 s) or asynchronously (ever 60 s). As predicted, both the Monopolization of food and the frequency of aggression were higher when food arrived asynchronously than when it arrived synchronously. Fitness of individual fish was measured as the number of eggs spawned, growth, and surplus power, the sum of the energy allocated to eggs and growth. Variation of within-group fitness was greater in the asynchronous treatment than in the synchronous treatment when measured by growth and surplus power, but not by number of eggs. The frequency of aggression by an individual was positively correlated with feeding success and ultimately to fitness in the asynchronous treatment but was not correlated with either in the synchronous treatment. These results suggest that food was economically defendable only in the asynchronous treatment.
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temporal clumping of food arrival reduces its Monopolization and defence by zebrafish brachydanio rerio
Animal Behaviour, 1992Co-Authors: James W. A. Grant, Donald L KramerAbstract:Abstract The hypothesis that Monopolization and defence of resources decreases as the temporal clumping of resource arrival increases was tested using groups of six zebrafish competing for 300 Daphnia pulex prey. Clumping was varied by controlling the duration of the period (3, 10, 30, 100, or 300 min) over which the prey arrived through a single, centrally located feeding tube, which was vigorously defended by the dominant fish in each group. Resource Monopolization, measured by the variance/mean ratio of prey eaten per individual per trial within a group, increased as trial duration increased. The share going to the most successful fish also increased with trial duration. Resource defence by the dominant fish, measured as total chases per trial, increased as trial duration increased, but number of chases per min reached a peak in the 30-min trial. The number of competitors near the feeding tube decreased with trial duration, suggesting that defence became more effective in longer trials. In short trials, dominant fish were not necessarily the most successful individuals, but with increasing trial length the proportion of groups in which dominant fish were the most successful and the proportion of prey taken by the dominant fish in each group increased. This is the first direct evidence that an increase in Monopolization produced by a decrease in clumping of resource arrival occurs because of more effective defence.