The Experts below are selected from a list of 19497 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Antonio R Damasio - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
damage to the prefrontal cortex increases utilitarian Moral Judgements
Nature, 2007Co-Authors: Michael Koenigs, Daniel Tranel, Liane Young, Ralph Adolphs, Fiery Cushman, Marc D Hauser, Antonio R DamasioAbstract:The psychological and neurobiological processes underlying Moral Judgement have been the focus of many recent empirical studies. Of central interest is whether emotions play a causal role in Moral Judgement, and, in parallel, how emotion-related areas of the brain contribute to Moral Judgement. Here we show that six patients with focal bilateral damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPC), a brain region necessary for the normal generation of emotions and, in particular, social emotions, produce an abnormally 'utilitarian' pattern of Judgements on Moral dilemmas that pit compelling considerations of aggregate welfare against highly emotionally aversive behaviours (for example, having to sacrifice one person's life to save a number of other lives). In contrast, the VMPC patients' Judgements were normal in other classes of Moral dilemmas. These findings indicate that, for a selective set of Moral dilemmas, the VMPC is critical for normal Judgements of right and wrong. The findings support a necessary role for emotion in the generation of those Judgements.
Daniel Tranel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
arrested development early prefrontal lesions impair the maturation of Moral Judgement
Brain, 2014Co-Authors: Bradley C Taberthomas, Erik Asp, Michael Koenigs, Matthew J Sutterer, Steven W Anderson, Daniel TranelAbstract:Learning to make Moral Judgements based on considerations beyond self-interest is a fundamental aspect of Moral development. A deficit in such learning is associated with poor socialization and criminal behaviour. The neural systems required for the acquisition and maturation of Moral competency are not well understood. Here we show in a unique sample of neurological patients that focal lesions involving ventromedial prefrontal cortex, acquired during development, result in an abnormally egocentric pattern of Moral Judgement. In response to simple hypothetical Moral scenarios, the patients were more likely than comparison participants to endorse self-interested actions that involved breaking Moral rules or physically harming others in order to benefit themselves. This pattern (which we also found in subjects with psychopathy) differs from that of patients with adult-onset ventromedial prefrontal cortex lesions—the latter group showed normal rejection of egocentric rule violations. This novel contrast of patients with ventromedial prefrontal cortex lesions acquired during development versus during adulthood yields new evidence suggesting that the ventromedial prefrontal cortex is a critical neural substrate for the acquisition and maturation of Moral competency that goes beyond self-interest to consider the welfare of others. Disruption to this affective neural system early in life interrupts Moral development.
-
damage to the prefrontal cortex increases utilitarian Moral Judgements
Nature, 2007Co-Authors: Michael Koenigs, Daniel Tranel, Liane Young, Ralph Adolphs, Fiery Cushman, Marc D Hauser, Antonio R DamasioAbstract:The psychological and neurobiological processes underlying Moral Judgement have been the focus of many recent empirical studies. Of central interest is whether emotions play a causal role in Moral Judgement, and, in parallel, how emotion-related areas of the brain contribute to Moral Judgement. Here we show that six patients with focal bilateral damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPC), a brain region necessary for the normal generation of emotions and, in particular, social emotions, produce an abnormally 'utilitarian' pattern of Judgements on Moral dilemmas that pit compelling considerations of aggregate welfare against highly emotionally aversive behaviours (for example, having to sacrifice one person's life to save a number of other lives). In contrast, the VMPC patients' Judgements were normal in other classes of Moral dilemmas. These findings indicate that, for a selective set of Moral dilemmas, the VMPC is critical for normal Judgements of right and wrong. The findings support a necessary role for emotion in the generation of those Judgements.
Michael Koenigs - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
arrested development early prefrontal lesions impair the maturation of Moral Judgement
Brain, 2014Co-Authors: Bradley C Taberthomas, Erik Asp, Michael Koenigs, Matthew J Sutterer, Steven W Anderson, Daniel TranelAbstract:Learning to make Moral Judgements based on considerations beyond self-interest is a fundamental aspect of Moral development. A deficit in such learning is associated with poor socialization and criminal behaviour. The neural systems required for the acquisition and maturation of Moral competency are not well understood. Here we show in a unique sample of neurological patients that focal lesions involving ventromedial prefrontal cortex, acquired during development, result in an abnormally egocentric pattern of Moral Judgement. In response to simple hypothetical Moral scenarios, the patients were more likely than comparison participants to endorse self-interested actions that involved breaking Moral rules or physically harming others in order to benefit themselves. This pattern (which we also found in subjects with psychopathy) differs from that of patients with adult-onset ventromedial prefrontal cortex lesions—the latter group showed normal rejection of egocentric rule violations. This novel contrast of patients with ventromedial prefrontal cortex lesions acquired during development versus during adulthood yields new evidence suggesting that the ventromedial prefrontal cortex is a critical neural substrate for the acquisition and maturation of Moral competency that goes beyond self-interest to consider the welfare of others. Disruption to this affective neural system early in life interrupts Moral development.
-
damage to the prefrontal cortex increases utilitarian Moral Judgements
Nature, 2007Co-Authors: Michael Koenigs, Daniel Tranel, Liane Young, Ralph Adolphs, Fiery Cushman, Marc D Hauser, Antonio R DamasioAbstract:The psychological and neurobiological processes underlying Moral Judgement have been the focus of many recent empirical studies. Of central interest is whether emotions play a causal role in Moral Judgement, and, in parallel, how emotion-related areas of the brain contribute to Moral Judgement. Here we show that six patients with focal bilateral damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPC), a brain region necessary for the normal generation of emotions and, in particular, social emotions, produce an abnormally 'utilitarian' pattern of Judgements on Moral dilemmas that pit compelling considerations of aggregate welfare against highly emotionally aversive behaviours (for example, having to sacrifice one person's life to save a number of other lives). In contrast, the VMPC patients' Judgements were normal in other classes of Moral dilemmas. These findings indicate that, for a selective set of Moral dilemmas, the VMPC is critical for normal Judgements of right and wrong. The findings support a necessary role for emotion in the generation of those Judgements.
Jonathan Baron - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
challenges for the sequential two system model of Moral Judgement
Thinking & Reasoning, 2017Co-Authors: Burcu Gurcay, Jonathan BaronAbstract:ABSTRACTConsiderable evidence supports the sequential two-system (“default interventionist”) model of Moral Judgement, as proposed by Greene and others. We tested whether Judgement speed and/or personal/impersonal Moral dilemmas can predict the kind of Moral Judgements (utilitarian or deontological) subjects make for each dilemma, and whether personal dilemmas create difficulty in Moral Judgements. Our results showed that neither personal/impersonal conditions nor spontaneous/thoughtful-reflection conditions were reliable predictors of utilitarian or deontological Moral Judgements. Yet, we found support for an alternative view, in which, when the two types of responses are in conflict; the resolution of this conflict depends on both the subject and the dilemma. While thinking about this conflict, subjects sometimes change their minds in both directions, as suggested by the data from a mouse-tracking task.
-
Social roles and the Moral Judgement of acts and omissions
European Journal of Social Psychology, 1996Co-Authors: Jonathan Haidt, Jonathan BaronAbstract:Three experiments investigated how Moral Judgements of harmful acts and omissions are affected by information about social roles. Subjects were given vignettes in which the relationship between an actor and victim was varied along the dimensions of solidarity (e.g. friends versus strangers) and hierachy (e.g. superior versus equal ; the terms are from Hamilton & Sanders, 1981). Subjects were asked to judge the Morality of the actor in each case, both for a harmful omission (e.g. intentionally withholding the truth) and for an equivalent act (e.g. actively lying). Subjects judged the bahaviour worse in the act than the omission. Judgements were also affected by role relationships. The act-omission difference was also greater in the low-responsibility roles. Responses to the high-responsibility roles seem to reflect in a consequentialist perspective, focusing on outcomes rather than prohibitions.
Ralph Adolphs - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
damage to the prefrontal cortex increases utilitarian Moral Judgements
Nature, 2007Co-Authors: Michael Koenigs, Daniel Tranel, Liane Young, Ralph Adolphs, Fiery Cushman, Marc D Hauser, Antonio R DamasioAbstract:The psychological and neurobiological processes underlying Moral Judgement have been the focus of many recent empirical studies. Of central interest is whether emotions play a causal role in Moral Judgement, and, in parallel, how emotion-related areas of the brain contribute to Moral Judgement. Here we show that six patients with focal bilateral damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPC), a brain region necessary for the normal generation of emotions and, in particular, social emotions, produce an abnormally 'utilitarian' pattern of Judgements on Moral dilemmas that pit compelling considerations of aggregate welfare against highly emotionally aversive behaviours (for example, having to sacrifice one person's life to save a number of other lives). In contrast, the VMPC patients' Judgements were normal in other classes of Moral dilemmas. These findings indicate that, for a selective set of Moral dilemmas, the VMPC is critical for normal Judgements of right and wrong. The findings support a necessary role for emotion in the generation of those Judgements.