The Experts below are selected from a list of 61425 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Kazuki Uemura - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • effects of visual interference on initial Motor Program errors and execution times in the choice step reaction
    Gait & Posture, 2013
    Co-Authors: Kazuki Uemura, Yasushi Uchiyama
    Abstract:

    Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine whether visual interference has any effect on error in the initial direction of anticipatory postural adjustment (APA) prior to a step (indicating a Motor Program error) and response time during the choice step execution. Twenty healthy young participants were instructed to execute forward stepping as quickly and accurately as possible on the side indicated by a central arrow (←, left vs. →, right) of a visual cue in the neutral condition. In the flanker condition, they were additionally required to ignore the 2 flanking arrows on each side (→→→→→, congruent or →→←→→, incongruent). Errors in the direction of the initial weight transfer (APA errors) and the step execution times were measured from the vertical force data. In the incongruent condition, the percentage of APA errors and the step execution times were significantly greater than those in the neutral and congruent conditions. A linear mixed model revealed that the step execution time in trials with APA errors was longer than those in trials without APA errors. The visual interference effect of a flanker task may load selective attention and judgment processing during movement initiation, leading to increased initial Motor Program errors and prolonged step execution times even in healthy young adults.

  • effects of visual interference on initial Motor Program errors and execution times in the choice step reaction
    Gait & Posture, 2013
    Co-Authors: Kazuki Uemura, Toshihisa Oya, Yasushi Uchiyama
    Abstract:

    The purpose of this study was to examine whether visual interference has any effect on error in the initial direction of anticipatory postural adjustment (APA) prior to a step (indicating a Motor Program error) and response time during the choice step execution. Twenty healthy young participants were instructed to execute forward stepping as quickly and accurately as possible on the side indicated by a central arrow (←, left vs. →, right) of a visual cue in the neutral condition. In the flanker condition, they were additionally required to ignore the 2 flanking arrows on each side (→→→→→, congruent or →→←→→, incongruent). Errors in the direction of the initial weight transfer (APA errors) and the step execution times were measured from the vertical force data. In the incongruent condition, the percentage of APA errors and the step execution times were significantly greater than those in the neutral and congruent conditions. A linear mixed model revealed that the step execution time in trials with APA errors was longer than those in trials without APA errors. The visual interference effect of a flanker task may load selective attention and judgment processing during movement initiation, leading to increased initial Motor Program errors and prolonged step execution times even in healthy young adults.

Simon Sponberg - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • precise timing is ubiquitous consistent and coordinated across a comprehensive spike resolved flight Motor Program
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2019
    Co-Authors: Joy Putney, Rachel Conn, Simon Sponberg
    Abstract:

    Sequences of action potentials, or spikes, carry information in the number of spikes and their timing. Spike timing codes are critical in many sensory systems, but there is now growing evidence that millisecond-scale changes in timing also carry information in Motor brain regions, descending decision-making circuits, and individual Motor units. Across all of the many signals that control a behavior, how ubiquitous, consistent, and coordinated are spike timing codes? Assessing these open questions ideally involves recording across the whole Motor Program with spike-level resolution. To do this, we took advantage of the relatively few Motor units controlling the wings of a hawk moth, Manduca sexta. We simultaneously recorded nearly every action potential from all major wing muscles and the resulting forces in tethered flight. We found that timing encodes more information about turning behavior than spike count in every Motor unit, even though there is sufficient variation in count alone. Flight muscles vary broadly in function as well as in the number and timing of spikes. Nonetheless, each muscle with multiple spikes consistently blends spike timing and count information in a 3:1 ratio. Coding strategies are consistent. Finally, we assess the coordination of muscles using pairwise redundancy measured through interaction information. Surprisingly, not only are all muscle pairs coordinated, but all coordination is accomplished almost exclusively through spike timing, not spike count. Spike timing codes are ubiquitous, consistent, and essential for coordination.

  • precise timing is ubiquitous consistent and coordinated across a comprehensive spike resolved flight Motor Program
    bioRxiv, 2019
    Co-Authors: Joy Putney, Rachel Conn, Simon Sponberg
    Abstract:

    Sequences of action potentials, or spikes, carry information in the number of spikes and their timing. Spike timing codes are critical in many sensory systems, but there is now growing evidence that millisecond-scale changes in timing also carry information in Motor brain regions, descending decision-making circuits, and individual Motor units. Across all the many signals that control a behavior how ubiquitous, consistent, and coordinated are spike timing codes? Assessing these open questions ideally involves recording across the whole Motor Program with spike-level resolution. To do this, we took advantage of the relatively few Motor units controlling the wings of a hawk moth, Manduca sexta. We simultaneously recorded nearly every action potential from all major wing muscles and the resulting forces in tethered flight. We found that timing encodes more information about turning behavior than spike count in every Motor unit, even though there is sufficient variation in count alone. Flight muscles vary broadly in function as well as in the number and timing of spikes. Nonetheless, each muscle with multiple spikes consistently blends spike timing and count information in a 3:1 ratio. Coding strategies are consistent. Finally, we assess the coordination of muscles using pairwise redundancy measured through interaction information. Surprisingly, not only are all muscle pairs coordinated, but all coordination is accomplished almost exclusively through spike timing, not spike count. Spike timing codes are ubiquitous, consistent, and essential for coordination. Significance Statement Brains can encode precise sensory stimuli and specific Motor systems also appear to be precise, but how important are millisecond changes in timing of neural spikes across the whole Motor Program for a behavior? We record every spike that the hawk moth’s nervous system sends to its wing muscles. We show that all muscles convey the majority of their information in spike timing. The number of spikes does play a role, but not in a coordinated way across muscles. Instead, all coordination is done using in the millisecond timing of in spikes. The importance and prevalence of timing across the Motor Program pose new questions for how nervous systems create precise, coordinated Motor commands.

  • Timing is (almost) everything in a comprehensive, spike-resolved flight Motor Program
    2019
    Co-Authors: Rachel Conn, Joy Putney, Simon Sponberg
    Abstract:

    Abstract Precise spike timing can be critical in sensory systems. In a few specific Motor systems, we now know millisecond-scale timing of neural spikes is functionally important for behavior. However, we know little about the extent of timing codes across the whole Motor Program of an animal. Taking advantage of the relatively few Motor units that control the wings of a hawk moth, we captured a comprehensive, spike-resolved Motor Program in tethered flight. We simultaneously record nearly every action potential from all muscles and the resulting forces. We find that timing encodes more information than rate in every Motor unit. Motor units use consistent encoding, blending precise spike timing and rate information in a 3:1 ratio, despite their varying functions. Finally, we show that each muscle is coordinated with all other muscles through spike timings while spike rates are independent. Spike timing codes are ubiquitous, consistent, and essential for coordination.

Rachel Conn - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • precise timing is ubiquitous consistent and coordinated across a comprehensive spike resolved flight Motor Program
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2019
    Co-Authors: Joy Putney, Rachel Conn, Simon Sponberg
    Abstract:

    Sequences of action potentials, or spikes, carry information in the number of spikes and their timing. Spike timing codes are critical in many sensory systems, but there is now growing evidence that millisecond-scale changes in timing also carry information in Motor brain regions, descending decision-making circuits, and individual Motor units. Across all of the many signals that control a behavior, how ubiquitous, consistent, and coordinated are spike timing codes? Assessing these open questions ideally involves recording across the whole Motor Program with spike-level resolution. To do this, we took advantage of the relatively few Motor units controlling the wings of a hawk moth, Manduca sexta. We simultaneously recorded nearly every action potential from all major wing muscles and the resulting forces in tethered flight. We found that timing encodes more information about turning behavior than spike count in every Motor unit, even though there is sufficient variation in count alone. Flight muscles vary broadly in function as well as in the number and timing of spikes. Nonetheless, each muscle with multiple spikes consistently blends spike timing and count information in a 3:1 ratio. Coding strategies are consistent. Finally, we assess the coordination of muscles using pairwise redundancy measured through interaction information. Surprisingly, not only are all muscle pairs coordinated, but all coordination is accomplished almost exclusively through spike timing, not spike count. Spike timing codes are ubiquitous, consistent, and essential for coordination.

  • precise timing is ubiquitous consistent and coordinated across a comprehensive spike resolved flight Motor Program
    bioRxiv, 2019
    Co-Authors: Joy Putney, Rachel Conn, Simon Sponberg
    Abstract:

    Sequences of action potentials, or spikes, carry information in the number of spikes and their timing. Spike timing codes are critical in many sensory systems, but there is now growing evidence that millisecond-scale changes in timing also carry information in Motor brain regions, descending decision-making circuits, and individual Motor units. Across all the many signals that control a behavior how ubiquitous, consistent, and coordinated are spike timing codes? Assessing these open questions ideally involves recording across the whole Motor Program with spike-level resolution. To do this, we took advantage of the relatively few Motor units controlling the wings of a hawk moth, Manduca sexta. We simultaneously recorded nearly every action potential from all major wing muscles and the resulting forces in tethered flight. We found that timing encodes more information about turning behavior than spike count in every Motor unit, even though there is sufficient variation in count alone. Flight muscles vary broadly in function as well as in the number and timing of spikes. Nonetheless, each muscle with multiple spikes consistently blends spike timing and count information in a 3:1 ratio. Coding strategies are consistent. Finally, we assess the coordination of muscles using pairwise redundancy measured through interaction information. Surprisingly, not only are all muscle pairs coordinated, but all coordination is accomplished almost exclusively through spike timing, not spike count. Spike timing codes are ubiquitous, consistent, and essential for coordination. Significance Statement Brains can encode precise sensory stimuli and specific Motor systems also appear to be precise, but how important are millisecond changes in timing of neural spikes across the whole Motor Program for a behavior? We record every spike that the hawk moth’s nervous system sends to its wing muscles. We show that all muscles convey the majority of their information in spike timing. The number of spikes does play a role, but not in a coordinated way across muscles. Instead, all coordination is done using in the millisecond timing of in spikes. The importance and prevalence of timing across the Motor Program pose new questions for how nervous systems create precise, coordinated Motor commands.

  • Timing is (almost) everything in a comprehensive, spike-resolved flight Motor Program
    2019
    Co-Authors: Rachel Conn, Joy Putney, Simon Sponberg
    Abstract:

    Abstract Precise spike timing can be critical in sensory systems. In a few specific Motor systems, we now know millisecond-scale timing of neural spikes is functionally important for behavior. However, we know little about the extent of timing codes across the whole Motor Program of an animal. Taking advantage of the relatively few Motor units that control the wings of a hawk moth, we captured a comprehensive, spike-resolved Motor Program in tethered flight. We simultaneously record nearly every action potential from all muscles and the resulting forces. We find that timing encodes more information than rate in every Motor unit. Motor units use consistent encoding, blending precise spike timing and rate information in a 3:1 ratio, despite their varying functions. Finally, we show that each muscle is coordinated with all other muscles through spike timings while spike rates are independent. Spike timing codes are ubiquitous, consistent, and essential for coordination.

Gabriel B Mindlin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • syringeal emgs and synthetic stimuli reveal a switch like activation of the songbird s vocal Motor Program
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2018
    Co-Authors: Alan Bush, Juan F Doppler, Franz Goller, Gabriel B Mindlin
    Abstract:

    The coordination of complex vocal behaviors like human speech and oscine birdsong requires fine interactions between sensory and Motor Programs, the details of which are not completely understood. Here, we show that in sleeping male zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata), the activity of the song system selectively evoked by playbacks of their own song can be detected in the syrinx. Electromyograms (EMGs) of a syringeal muscle show playback-evoked patterns strikingly similar to those recorded during song execution, with preferred activation instants within the song. Using this global and continuous readout, we studied the activation dynamics of the song system elicited by different auditory stimuli. We found that synthetic versions of the bird's song, rendered by a physical model of the avian phonation apparatus, evoked very similar responses, albeit with lower efficiency. Modifications of autogenous or synthetic songs reduce the response probability, but when present, the elicited activity patterns match execution patterns in shape and timing, indicating an all-or-nothing activation of the vocal Motor Program.

  • synthetic stimuli reveal a predictive and switch like activation of the songbird s vocal Motor Program
    bioRxiv, 2018
    Co-Authors: Alan Bush, Juan F Doppler, Franz Goller, Gabriel B Mindlin
    Abstract:

    Acquisition and maintenance of complex vocal behaviors like human speech and oscine birdsong require continuous auditory feedback. The exact way in which this feedback is integrated into the vocal Motor Programs is not completely understood. Here we show that in sleeping zebra finches ( Taeniopygia guttata ), the activity of the song system selectively evoked by playbacks of their own song can be detected in the syrinx. Measuring the electrical activity of syringeal muscles, we found playback-evoked patterns identical to those recorded during song execution. Using this global and continuous readout we studied the activation dynamics of the song system elicited by different auditory stimuli. We found that a synthetic version of the bird9s song, rendered by a physical model of the avian phonation apparatus, evoked exactly the same response, albeit with lower efficiency. Analysis of these responses reveal a predictive and switch-like activation of the Motor Program, with preferred activation instants within the song.

Yasushi Uchiyama - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • effects of visual interference on initial Motor Program errors and execution times in the choice step reaction
    Gait & Posture, 2013
    Co-Authors: Kazuki Uemura, Yasushi Uchiyama
    Abstract:

    Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine whether visual interference has any effect on error in the initial direction of anticipatory postural adjustment (APA) prior to a step (indicating a Motor Program error) and response time during the choice step execution. Twenty healthy young participants were instructed to execute forward stepping as quickly and accurately as possible on the side indicated by a central arrow (←, left vs. →, right) of a visual cue in the neutral condition. In the flanker condition, they were additionally required to ignore the 2 flanking arrows on each side (→→→→→, congruent or →→←→→, incongruent). Errors in the direction of the initial weight transfer (APA errors) and the step execution times were measured from the vertical force data. In the incongruent condition, the percentage of APA errors and the step execution times were significantly greater than those in the neutral and congruent conditions. A linear mixed model revealed that the step execution time in trials with APA errors was longer than those in trials without APA errors. The visual interference effect of a flanker task may load selective attention and judgment processing during movement initiation, leading to increased initial Motor Program errors and prolonged step execution times even in healthy young adults.

  • effects of visual interference on initial Motor Program errors and execution times in the choice step reaction
    Gait & Posture, 2013
    Co-Authors: Kazuki Uemura, Toshihisa Oya, Yasushi Uchiyama
    Abstract:

    The purpose of this study was to examine whether visual interference has any effect on error in the initial direction of anticipatory postural adjustment (APA) prior to a step (indicating a Motor Program error) and response time during the choice step execution. Twenty healthy young participants were instructed to execute forward stepping as quickly and accurately as possible on the side indicated by a central arrow (←, left vs. →, right) of a visual cue in the neutral condition. In the flanker condition, they were additionally required to ignore the 2 flanking arrows on each side (→→→→→, congruent or →→←→→, incongruent). Errors in the direction of the initial weight transfer (APA errors) and the step execution times were measured from the vertical force data. In the incongruent condition, the percentage of APA errors and the step execution times were significantly greater than those in the neutral and congruent conditions. A linear mixed model revealed that the step execution time in trials with APA errors was longer than those in trials without APA errors. The visual interference effect of a flanker task may load selective attention and judgment processing during movement initiation, leading to increased initial Motor Program errors and prolonged step execution times even in healthy young adults.