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Graham F Hatfull - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Expression and evolutionary patterns of Mycobacteriophage D29 and its temperate close relatives
'Springer Science and Business Media LLC', 2017Co-Authors: Rebekah M. Dedrick, Travis N. Mavrich, Graham F HatfullAbstract:Abstract Background Mycobacteriophages are viruses that infect Mycobacterium hosts. A large collection of phages known to infect the same bacterial host strain – Mycobacterium smegmatis mc2155 – exhibit substantial diversity and characteristically mosaic architectures. The well-studied lytic Mycobacteriophage D29 appears to be a deletion derivative of a putative temperate parent, although its parent has yet to be identified. Results Here we describe three newly-isolated temperate phages – Kerberos, Pomar16 and StarStuff – that are related to D29, and are predicted to be very close relatives of its putative temperate parent, revealing the repressor and additional genes that are lost in D29. Transcriptional profiles show the patterns of both lysogenic and lytic gene expression and identify highly-expressed, abundant, stable, small non-coding transcripts made from the Pleft early lytic promoter, and which are toxic to M. smegmatis. Conclusions Comparative genomics of phages D29, Kerberos, Pomar16 and StarStuff provide insights into bacteriophage evolution, and comparative transcriptomics identifies the pattern of lysogenic and lytic expression with unusual features including highly expressed, small, non-coding RNAs
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Virus-host protein-protein interactions of Mycobacteriophage Giles
Nature Publishing Group, 2017Co-Authors: Jitender Mehla, Rebekah M. Dedrick, Graham F Hatfull, Harry J. Caufield, Jeroen Wagemans, Neha Sakhawalkar, Allison Johnson, Peter UetzAbstract:Abstract Mycobacteriophage are viruses that infect mycobacteria. More than 1,400 Mycobacteriophage genomes have been sequenced, coding for over one hundred thousand proteins of unknown functions. Here we investigate Mycobacteriophage Giles-host protein-protein interactions (PPIs) using yeast two-hybrid screening (Y2H). A total of 25 reproducible PPIs were found for a selected set of 10 Giles proteins, including a putative virion assembly protein (gp17), the phage integrase (gp29), the endolysin (gp31), the phage repressor (gp47), and six proteins of unknown function (gp34, gp35, gp54, gp56, gp64, and gp65). We note that overexpression of the proteins is toxic to M. smegmatis, although whether this toxicity and the associated changes in cellular morphology are related to the putative interactions revealed in the Y2H screen is unclear
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OnlineOpen: This
2016Co-Authors: Mariana Piuri, Graham F HatfullAbstract:A peptidoglycan hydrolase motif within the Mycobacteriophage TM4 tape measure protein promotes efficient infection of stationary phase cell
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Mycobacteriophage repressor mediated immunity as a selectable genetic marker adephagia and bps repressor selection
Microbiology, 2015Co-Authors: Zaritza O Petrova, Gregory W Broussard, Graham F HatfullAbstract:Mycobacteriophages provide an abundance of systems for use in mycobacterial genetics, including manipulation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Because of the dearth of antibiotic resistance cassettes and biosafety concerns in constructing recombinant virulent M. tuberculosis strains, we developed the use of Mycobacteriophage-encoded repressor genes that can be selected in the presence of lytic versions of their cognate phages. The phage Adephagia repressor gene (43) was identified through its ability to confer immunity to Adephagia superinfection, together with the mapping of mutations in gene 43 that confer a clear-phage phenotype. Plasmid transformants containing either Adephagia 43 or the previously identified BPs repressor 33 can be readily selected following electroporation using engineered lytic derivatives of Adephagia and BPs, respectively. Selection is as efficient as antibiotic selection, can be used with either single-copy integration vectors or with extrachromosomal vectors, and works similarly in both Mycobacterium smegmatis and M. tuberculosis.
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2015Co-Authors: Graham F Hatfull, Marisa L. Pedulla, Pauline M. Cichon, Amy Foley, Michael E. Ford, Rebecca M. Gonda, Vanessa A. Kelchner, Swathi Namburi, In V. Pajcini, Mark G. PopovichAbstract:Bacteriophages are the most abundant forms of life in the biosphere and carry genomes characterized by high genetic diversity and mosaic architectures. The complete sequences of 30 Mycobacteriophage genomes show them collectively to encode 101 tRNAs, three tmRNAs, and 3,357 proteins belonging to 1,536 ‘‘phamilies’ ’ of related sequences, and a statistical analysis predicts that these represent approximately 50 % of the total number of phamilies in the Mycobacteriophage population. These phamilies contain 2.19 proteins on average; more than half (774) of them contain just a single protein sequence. Only six phamilies have representatives in more than half of the 30 genomes, and only three—encoding tape-measure proteins, lysins, and minor tail proteins—are present in all 30 phages, although these phamilies are themselves highly modular, such that no single amino acid sequence element is present in all 30 Mycobacteriophage genomes. Of the 1,536 phamilies, only 230 (15%) have amino acid sequence similarity to previously reported proteins, reflecting the enormous genetic diversity of the entire phage population. The abundanc
Madalena Pimentel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Mycobacteriophage Ms6 LysB N-Terminus Displays Peptidoglycan Binding Affinity
'MDPI AG', 2021Co-Authors: Adriano M. Gigante, Maria João Catalão, Francisco Olivença, Paula Leandro, José Moniz-pereira, Sérgio R. Filipe, Madalena PimentelAbstract:Double-stranded DNA bacteriophages end their lytic cycle by disrupting the host cell envelope, which allows the release of the virion progeny. Each phage must synthesize lysis proteins that target each cell barrier to phage release. In addition to holins, which permeabilize the cytoplasmic membrane, and endolysins, which disrupt the peptidoglycan (PG), Mycobacteriophages synthesize a specific lysis protein, LysB, capable of detaching the outer membrane from the complex cell wall of mycobacteria. The family of LysB proteins is highly diverse, with many members presenting an extended N-terminus. The N-terminal region of Mycobacteriophage Ms6 LysB shows structural similarity to the PG-binding domain (PGBD) of the φKZ endolysin. A fusion of this region with enhanced green fluorescent protein (Ms6LysBPGBD-EGFP) was shown to bind to Mycobacterium smegmatis, Mycobacterium vaccae, Mycobacterium bovis BGC and Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra cells pretreated with SDS or Ms6 LysB. In pulldown assays, we demonstrate that Ms6 LysB and Ms6LysBPGBD-EGFP bind to purified peptidoglycan of M. smegmatis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis, demonstrating affinity to PG of the A1γ chemotype. An infection assay with an Ms6 mutant producing a truncated version of LysB lacking the first 90 amino acids resulted in an abrupt lysis. These results clearly demonstrate that the N-terminus of Ms6 LysB binds to the PG
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Mycobacteriophage Lysis Enzymes: Targeting the Mycobacterial Cell Envelope
MDPI AG, 2018Co-Authors: Maria João Catalão, Madalena PimentelAbstract:Mycobacteriophages are viruses that specifically infect mycobacteria, which ultimately culminate in host cell death. Dedicated enzymes targeting the complex mycobacterial cell envelope arrangement have been identified in Mycobacteriophage genomes, thus being potential candidates as antibacterial agents. These comprise lipolytic enzymes that target the mycolic acid-containing outer membrane and peptidoglycan hydrolases responsive to the atypical mycobacterial peptidoglycan layer. In the recent years, a remarkable progress has been made, particularly on the comprehension of the mechanisms of bacteriophage lysis proteins activity and regulation. Notwithstanding, information about Mycobacteriophages lysis strategies is limited and is mainly represented by the studies performed with Mycobacteriophage Ms6. Since Mycobacteriophages target a specific group of bacteria, which include Mycobacterium tuberculosis responsible for one of the leading causes of death worldwide, exploitation of the use of these lytic enzymes demands a special attention, as they may be an alternative to tackle multidrug resistant tuberculosis. This review focuses on the current knowledge of the function of lysis proteins encoded by Mycobacteriophages and their potential applications, which may contribute to increasing the effectiveness of antimycobacterial therapy
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(page number not for citation purposes) BMC Molecular Biology
2015Co-Authors: Tiago Dos Vultos, Madalena Pimentel, José Moniz-pereira, Isabelle Méderlé, Valérie Abadie, Brigitte Gicquel, Jean-marc Reyrat, Nathalie WinterAbstract:Modification of the Mycobacteriophage Ms6 attP core allows the integration of multiple vectors into different tRNAala T-loops in slow- and fast-growing mycobacteri
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a second endolysin gene is fully embedded in frame with the lysa gene of Mycobacteriophage ms6
PLOS ONE, 2011Co-Authors: Maria João Catalão, Jose Monizpereira, Catarina Milho, Madalena PimentelAbstract:Mycobacteriophages are dsDNA viruses that infect mycobacterial hosts. The Mycobacteriophage Ms6 accomplishes lysis by producing two cell wall hydrolytic enzymes, Lysin A (LysA) that possesses a central peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP) super-family conserved domain with the amidase catalytic site, that cleaves the amide bond between the N-acetylmuramic acid and L-alanine residues in the oligopeptide crosslinking chains of the peptidoglycan and Lysin B (LysB) a mycolylarabinogalactan esterase that hydrolyzes the mycolic acids from the mycolyl-arabinogalactan-peptidoglycan complex. Examination of the endolysin (lysA) DNA sequence revealed the existence of an embedded gene (lysA241) encoded in the same reading frame and preceded by a consensus ribosome-binding site. In the present work we show that, even though lysA is essential for Ms6 viability, phage mutants that express only the longer (Lysin384) or the shorter (Lysin241) endolysin are viable, but defective in the normal timing, progression and completion of host cell lysis. In addition, both endolysins have peptidoglycan hydrolase activity and demonstrated broad growth inhibition activity against various Gram-positive bacteria and mycobacteria.
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Mycobacteriophage ms6 lysb specifically targets the outer membrane of mycobacterium smegmatis
Microbiology, 2010Co-Authors: Anna E Grzegorzewicz, Maria João Catalão, Joao Vital, Michael R Mcneil, Madalena PimentelAbstract:LysB, a Mycobacteriophage Ms6-encoded protein, was previously identified as a lipolytic enzyme able to hydrolyse the ester bond in lipase and esterase substrates. In the present work, we show that LysB can hydrolyse lipids containing mycolic acids from the outer membrane of the mycobacterial cell wall. LysB was shown to hydrolyse the mycolic acids from the mycolyl-arabinogalactan–peptidoglycan complex where the mycolates of the inner leaflet of the outer membrane are covalently attached to an arabinosyl head group. In addition, treatment of the extractable lipids from Mycobacterium smegmatis, Mycobacterium bovis BCG and Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra with LysB showed that trehalose 6,6′-dimycolate (TDM), a trehalose diester of two mycolic acid molecules, was hydrolysed by the enzyme. We have also determined the structures of the mycolic acid molecules that form the M. smegmatis TDM. The identification of a phage-encoded enzyme that targets the outer membrane of the mycobacterial cell wall enhances our understanding of the mechanism of Mycobacteriophage lysis.
Hector R Morbidoni - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Weirdo19ES is a novel singleton Mycobacteriophage that selects for glycolipid deficient phage-resistant M. smegmatis mutants.
'Public Library of Science (PLoS)', 2020Co-Authors: Cristian Alejandro Suarez, Jorgelina Judith Franceschelli, Sabrina Emilse Tasselli, Hector R MorbidoniAbstract:The sequencing and bioinformatics analysis of bacteriophages infecting mycobacteria has yielded a large amount of information on their evolution, including that on their environmental propagation on other genera such as Gordonia, closely related to Mycobacterium. However, little is known on Mycobacteriophages cell biology such as the nature of their receptor(s) or their replication cycle. As part of our on-going screening for novel Mycobacteriophages, we herein report the isolation and genome bioinformatics analysis of Weirdo19ES, a singleton Siphoviridae temperate Mycobacteriophage with a 70.19% GC content. Nucleotide and protein sequence comparison to actinobacteriophage databases revealed that Weirdo19ES shows low homology to Gordonia phage Ruthy and Mycobacteriophages falling in clusters Q and G and to singleton DS6A.Weirdo19ES also displays uncommon features such as a very short Lysin A gene (with only one enzymatic domain) and two putative HNH endonucleases. Mycobacterium smegmatis mutants resistant to Weirdo19ES are cross- resistant to I3. In agreement with that phenotype, analysis of cell envelope of those mutants showed that Weirdo19ES shares receptors with the transducing Mycobacteriophage I3.This singleton Mycobacteriophage adds up to the uncommonness of local Mycobacteriophages previously isolated by our group and helps understanding the nature of Mycobacteriophage receptors
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Mycobacteriophage crb2 defines a new subcluster in Mycobacteriophage classification
PLOS ONE, 2019Co-Authors: Cristian Alejandro Suarez, Jorgelina Judith Franceschelli, Hector R MorbidoniAbstract:Mycobacteriophages are viruses -mostly temperates- that infect Mycobacterium smegmatis and sometimes Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mycobacteriophages are grouped in clusters on the basis of the overall nucleotide sequence homology, being further divided in subclusters as more Mycobacteriophage genomes are sequenced and annotated. As part of our on-going screening for novel isolates, we herein report the bioinformatics analysis of CRB2, a Mycobacteriophage belonging into the Siphoviridae family that propagates at 30°C. CRB2 has a 72,217 bp genome with a 69.78% GC content that belongs to Cluster B; nucleotide comparison with other B cluster members positions CRB2 as the sole member of a new subcluster, B9, being Mycobacteriophage Saguaro (belonging into subcluster B7) its closest relative. Sequencing and annotation of 14 Mycobacteriophages isolated by our group has yielded six cluster A members, a singleton, four of the five members of subcluster B6, one of the three reported members of subcluster G4, and CRB2 which defines subcluster B9. Considering the massive Mycobacteriophage search performed in USA and the relatively rarity of our phages, we propose that factors other than size of the sampling determine the variability of Mycobacteriophage distribution, and thus a world-wide concerted mining would most likely bring extremely rare and yet undiscovered Mycobacteriophages.
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Gene content dissimilarity (GCD).
2019Co-Authors: Cristian Alejandro Suarez, Jorgelina Judith Franceschelli, Hector R MorbidoniAbstract:Mycobacteriophage CRB2 was compared with 160 Mycobacteriophages (listed in S1 Table) belonging to the different B subclusters. GCD varies between 0 and 1, which correspond to 100% shared genes and no shared genes, respectively.
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Heatmap representation based on the average nucleotide identity (ANI) distance matrix.
2019Co-Authors: Cristian Alejandro Suarez, Jorgelina Judith Franceschelli, Hector R MorbidoniAbstract:Dendrogram at the top showed the hierarchical clustering. Each Mycobacteriophage subcluster was represented by different colors.
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Analysis of the genome size, %GC content and subcluster classification by PCA.
2019Co-Authors: Cristian Alejandro Suarez, Jorgelina Judith Franceschelli, Hector R MorbidoniAbstract:This graphics shows the individuals factor map, were each point represent a Mycobacteriophage; phages (points) are displayed in colors identifying each B subcluster. Confidence ellipses are plot with α = 0.05. The inset picture represents the variable factor map, where the vectors of genome and %GC content variables are shown.
Hatfull, Graham F. - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Virus-host protein-protein interactions of Mycobacteriophage Giles
Nature Publishing Group, 2017Co-Authors: Mehla Jitender, Hatfull, Graham F., Dedrick, Rebekah M, Caufield J Harry, Wagemans Jeroen, Sakhawalkar Neha, Johnson Allison, Uetz PeterAbstract:Mycobacteriophage are viruses that infect mycobacteria. More than 1,400 Mycobacteriophage genomes have been sequenced, coding for over one hundred thousand proteins of unknown functions. Here we investigate Mycobacteriophage Giles-host protein-protein interactions (PPIs) using yeast two-hybrid screening (Y2H). A total of 25 reproducible PPIs were found for a selected set of 10 Giles proteins, including a putative virion assembly protein (gp17), the phage integrase (gp29), the endolysin (gp31), the phage repressor (gp47), and six proteins of unknown function (gp34, gp35, gp54, gp56, gp64, and gp65). We note that overexpression of the proteins is toxic to M. smegmatis, although whether this toxicity and the associated changes in cellular morphology are related to the putative interactions revealed in the Y2H screen is unclear.status: publishe
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Mycobacteriophages: Genes and Genomes.
Annual Reviews, 2010Co-Authors: Hatfull, Graham F.Abstract:Viruses are powerful tools for investigating and manipulating their hosts, but the enormous size and amazing genetic diversity of the bacteriophage population have emerged as something of a surprise. In light of the evident importance of mycobacteria to human health--especially Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which causes tuberculosis--and the difficulties that have plagued their genetic manipulation, Mycobacteriophages are especially appealing subjects for discovery, genomic characterization, and manipulation. With more than 70 complete genome sequences available, the Mycobacteriophages have provided a wealth of information on the diversity of phages that infect a common bacterial host, revealed the pervasively mosaic nature of phage genome architectures, and identified a huge number of genes of unknown function. Mycobacteriophages have provided key tools for tuberculosis genetics, and new methods for simple construction of Mycobacteriophage recombinants will facilitate postgenomic explorations into Mycobacteriophage biology.\ud \u
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Conditionally replicating Mycobacteriophages: A system for transposon delivery to Mycobacterium tuberculosis
The National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 1997Co-Authors: Bardarov Stoyan, Hatfull, Graham F., Kriakov Jordan, Carriere Christian, Yu Shengwei, Vaamonde Carlos, Mcadam, Ruth A., Bloom, Barry R., Jacobs, William R.Abstract:Transposon mutagenesis provides a direct selection for mutants and is an extremely powerful technique to analyze genetic functions in a variety of prokaryotes. Transposon mutagenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been limited in part because of the inefficiency of the delivery systems. This report describes the development of conditionally replicating shuttle phasmids from the Mycobacteriophages D29 and TM4 that enable efficient delivery of transposons into both fast- and slow-growing mycobacteria. These shuttle phasmids consist of an Escherichia coli cosmid vector containing either a mini-Tn10(kan) or Tn5367 inserted into a nonessential region of the phage genome. Thermosensitive mutations were created in the Mycobacteriophage genome that allow replication at 30°C but not at 37°C (TM4) or 38.5°C (D29). Infection of mycobacteria at the nonpermissive temperature results in highly efficient transposon delivery to the entire population of mycobacterial cells. Transposition of mini-Tn10(kan) occurred in a site-specific fashion in M. smegmatis whereas Tn5367 transposed apparently randomly in M. phlei, Bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG), and M. tuberculosis. Sequence analysis of the M. tuberculosis and BCG chromosomal regions adjacent to Tn5367 insertions, in combination with M. tuberculosis genomic sequence and physical map data, indicates that the transpositions have occurred randomly in diverse genes in every quadrant of the genome. Using this system, it has been readily possible to generate libraries containing thousands of independent mutants of M. phlei, BCG, and M. tuberculosis
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Conditionally Replicating Mycobacteriophages: a System for Transposon Delivery to Mycobacterium Tuberculosis.
National Academy of Sciences, 1997Co-Authors: Bardarov S, Hatfull, Graham F., Mcadam, Ruth A., Bloom, Barry R., Kriakov J, Carriere C, Yu S, Vaamonde C, Jacobs, William R.Abstract:Transposon mutagenesis provides a direct selection for mutants and is an extremely powerful technique to analyze genetic functions in a variety of prokaryotes. Transposon mutagenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been limited in part because of the inefficiency of the delivery systems. This report describes the development of conditionally replicating shuttle phasmids from the Mycobacteriophages D29 and TM4 that enable efficient delivery of transposons into both fast- and slow-growing mycobacteria. These shuttle phasmids consist of an Escherichia coli cosmid vector containing either a mini-Tn10(kan) or Tn5367 inserted into a nonessential region of the phage genome. Thermosensitive mutations were created in the Mycobacteriophage genome that allow replication at 30 degrees C but not at 37 degrees C (TM4) or 38.5 degrees C (D29). Infection of mycobacteria at the nonpermissive temperature results in highly efficient transposon delivery to the entire population of mycobacterial cells. Transposition of mini-Tn10(kan) occurred in a site-specific fashion in M. smegmatis whereas Tn5367 transposed apparently randomly in M. phlei, Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), and M. tuberculosis. Sequence analysis of the M. tuberculosis and BCG chromosomal regions adjacent to Tn5367 insertions, in combination with M. tuberculosis genomic sequence and physical map data, indicates that the transpositions have occurred randomly in diverse genes in every quadrant of the genome. Using this system, it has been readily possible to generate libraries containing thousands of independent mutants of M. phlei, BCG, and M. tuberculosis.\ud \u
Cristian Alejandro Suarez - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Weirdo19ES is a novel singleton Mycobacteriophage that selects for glycolipid deficient phage-resistant M. smegmatis mutants.
'Public Library of Science (PLoS)', 2020Co-Authors: Cristian Alejandro Suarez, Jorgelina Judith Franceschelli, Sabrina Emilse Tasselli, Hector R MorbidoniAbstract:The sequencing and bioinformatics analysis of bacteriophages infecting mycobacteria has yielded a large amount of information on their evolution, including that on their environmental propagation on other genera such as Gordonia, closely related to Mycobacterium. However, little is known on Mycobacteriophages cell biology such as the nature of their receptor(s) or their replication cycle. As part of our on-going screening for novel Mycobacteriophages, we herein report the isolation and genome bioinformatics analysis of Weirdo19ES, a singleton Siphoviridae temperate Mycobacteriophage with a 70.19% GC content. Nucleotide and protein sequence comparison to actinobacteriophage databases revealed that Weirdo19ES shows low homology to Gordonia phage Ruthy and Mycobacteriophages falling in clusters Q and G and to singleton DS6A.Weirdo19ES also displays uncommon features such as a very short Lysin A gene (with only one enzymatic domain) and two putative HNH endonucleases. Mycobacterium smegmatis mutants resistant to Weirdo19ES are cross- resistant to I3. In agreement with that phenotype, analysis of cell envelope of those mutants showed that Weirdo19ES shares receptors with the transducing Mycobacteriophage I3.This singleton Mycobacteriophage adds up to the uncommonness of local Mycobacteriophages previously isolated by our group and helps understanding the nature of Mycobacteriophage receptors
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Mycobacteriophage crb2 defines a new subcluster in Mycobacteriophage classification
PLOS ONE, 2019Co-Authors: Cristian Alejandro Suarez, Jorgelina Judith Franceschelli, Hector R MorbidoniAbstract:Mycobacteriophages are viruses -mostly temperates- that infect Mycobacterium smegmatis and sometimes Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mycobacteriophages are grouped in clusters on the basis of the overall nucleotide sequence homology, being further divided in subclusters as more Mycobacteriophage genomes are sequenced and annotated. As part of our on-going screening for novel isolates, we herein report the bioinformatics analysis of CRB2, a Mycobacteriophage belonging into the Siphoviridae family that propagates at 30°C. CRB2 has a 72,217 bp genome with a 69.78% GC content that belongs to Cluster B; nucleotide comparison with other B cluster members positions CRB2 as the sole member of a new subcluster, B9, being Mycobacteriophage Saguaro (belonging into subcluster B7) its closest relative. Sequencing and annotation of 14 Mycobacteriophages isolated by our group has yielded six cluster A members, a singleton, four of the five members of subcluster B6, one of the three reported members of subcluster G4, and CRB2 which defines subcluster B9. Considering the massive Mycobacteriophage search performed in USA and the relatively rarity of our phages, we propose that factors other than size of the sampling determine the variability of Mycobacteriophage distribution, and thus a world-wide concerted mining would most likely bring extremely rare and yet undiscovered Mycobacteriophages.
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Gene content dissimilarity (GCD).
2019Co-Authors: Cristian Alejandro Suarez, Jorgelina Judith Franceschelli, Hector R MorbidoniAbstract:Mycobacteriophage CRB2 was compared with 160 Mycobacteriophages (listed in S1 Table) belonging to the different B subclusters. GCD varies between 0 and 1, which correspond to 100% shared genes and no shared genes, respectively.
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Heatmap representation based on the average nucleotide identity (ANI) distance matrix.
2019Co-Authors: Cristian Alejandro Suarez, Jorgelina Judith Franceschelli, Hector R MorbidoniAbstract:Dendrogram at the top showed the hierarchical clustering. Each Mycobacteriophage subcluster was represented by different colors.
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Analysis of the genome size, %GC content and subcluster classification by PCA.
2019Co-Authors: Cristian Alejandro Suarez, Jorgelina Judith Franceschelli, Hector R MorbidoniAbstract:This graphics shows the individuals factor map, were each point represent a Mycobacteriophage; phages (points) are displayed in colors identifying each B subcluster. Confidence ellipses are plot with α = 0.05. The inset picture represents the variable factor map, where the vectors of genome and %GC content variables are shown.
