The Experts below are selected from a list of 360 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Peter J Cotty - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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united states department of agriculture agricultural research service research on pre harvest prevention of Mycotoxins and mycotoxigenic fungi in us crops
Pest Management Science, 2003Co-Authors: Thomas E Cleveland, Deepak Bhatnagar, Patrick F Dowd, Anne E Desjardins, Peter J CottyAbstract:Mycotoxins (ie toxins produced by molds) are fungal metabolites that can contaminate foods and feeds and cause toxic effects in higher organisms that consume the contaminated commodities. Therefore, Mycotoxin contamination of foods and feeds results is a serious food safety issue and affects the competitiveness of US agriculture in both domestic and export markets. This article highlights research accomplished by Agricultural Research Service (ARS) laboratories on control of pre-harvest toxin contamination by using biocontrol, host-plant resistance enhancement and integrated management systems. Emphasis is placed on the most economicallyrelevant Mycotoxins, namely aflatoxins producedby Aspergillus flavus, Link, trichothecenes produced by various Fusarium spp and fumonisins produced by F verticillioides. Significant inroads have been made in establishing various control strategies such as development of atoxigenic biocontrol fungi that can outcompete their closely related, toxigenic cousins in field environments, thus reducing levels of Mycotoxins in the crops. Potential biochemical and genetic resistance markers have been identified in crops, particularly in corn, which are being utilized as selectable markers in breeding for resistance to aflatoxin contamination. Prototypes of genetically engineered crops have been developed which: (1) contain genes for resistance to the phytotoxic effects of certain trichothecenes, thereby helping reduce fungal virulence, or (2) contain genes encoding fungal growth inhibitors for reducing fungal infection. Gene clusters housing the genes governing formation of trichothecenes, fumonisins and aflatoxins have been elucidated and are being targeted in strategies to interrupt the biosynthesis of these Mycotoxins. Ultimately, a combination of strategies using biocompetitive fungi and enhancement of host-plant resistance may be needed to adequately prevent Mycotoxin contamination in the field. To achieve this, plants may be developed that resist fungal infection and/or reduce the toxic effects of the Mycotoxins themselves, or interrupt Mycotoxin biosynthesis. This research effort could potentially save affected agricultural industries hundreds of millions of dollars during years of serious Mycotoxin outbreaks. Published in 2003 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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united states department of agriculture agricultural research service research on pre harvest prevention of Mycotoxins and mycotoxigenic fungi in us crops
Pest Management Science, 2003Co-Authors: Thomas E Cleveland, Deepak Bhatnagar, Patrick F Dowd, Anne E Desjardins, Peter J CottyAbstract:Mycotoxins (ie toxins produced by molds) are fungal metabolites that can contaminate foods and feeds and cause toxic effects in higher organisms that consume the contaminated commodities. Therefore, Mycotoxin contamination of foods and feeds results is a serious food safety issue and affects the competitiveness of US agriculture in both domestic and export markets. This article highlights research accomplished by Agricultural Research Service (ARS) laboratories on control of pre-harvest toxin contamination by using biocontrol, host-plant resistance enhancement and integrated management systems. Emphasis is placed on the most economically relevant Mycotoxins, namely aflatoxins produced by Aspergillus flavus, Link, trichothecenes produced by various Fusarium spp and fumonisins produced by F verticillioides. Significant inroads have been made in establishing various control strategies such as development of atoxigenic biocontrol fungi that can outcompete their closely related, toxigenic cousins in field environments, thus reducing levels of Mycotoxins in the crops. Potential biochemical and genetic resistance markers have been identified in crops, particularly in corn, which are being utilized as selectable markers in breeding for resistance to aflatoxin contamination. Prototypes of genetically engineered crops have been developed which: (1) contain genes for resistance to the phytotoxic effects of certain trichothecenes, thereby helping reduce fungal virulence, or (2) contain genes encoding fungal growth inhibitors for reducing fungal infection. Gene clusters housing the genes governing formation of trichothecenes, fumonisins and aflatoxins have been elucidated and are being targeted in strategies to interrupt the biosynthesis of these Mycotoxins. Ultimately, a combination of strategies using biocompetitive fungi and enhancement of host-plant resistance may be needed to adequately prevent Mycotoxin contamination in the field. To achieve this, plants may be developed that resist fungal infection and/or reduce the toxic effects of the Mycotoxins themselves, or interrupt Mycotoxin biosynthesis. This research effort could potentially save affected agricultural industries hundreds of millions of dollars during years of serious Mycotoxin outbreaks.
Ronald Maul - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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development of a rapid multi Mycotoxin lc ms ms stable isotope dilution analysis for grain legumes and its application on 66 market samples
Food Control, 2020Co-Authors: Birgitta Maria Kunz, Felicitas Wanko, Sabine Kemmlein, Arnold Bahlmann, Sascha Rohn, Ronald MaulAbstract:Abstract Mycotoxin contamination is a well-known problem in grains, nuts, and oilseeds. Similarly, grain legumes (pulses) are affected by fungal infections and, consequently, the formation of Mycotoxins as well. However, only little data on Mycotoxin occurrence exists for this commodity and only few validated quantification methods for multi-Mycotoxin analysis have been reported. In order to effectively assess contamination levels for grain legumes, a high performance liquid chromatography method coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed, validated for the matrix soybean and tested with further grain legumes. The method implements a QuEChERS-like extraction and a stable isotope dilution assay (SIDA) to facilitate the quantification of nine different Mycotoxins (aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin). In a non-representative market sample screening, 66 samples of dry grain legumes from the Dutch and the German market were measured. Incidentally, high levels of ochratoxin A were detected in white beans and green peas with 157 μg/kg and 49.4 μg/kg, respectively. In addition, T-2 toxin was detected in one black lentil sample. A multi-Mycotoxin method as a tool for rapid collection of data on Mycotoxin levels in grain legumes may proof valuable for evaluating exposure and fate of Mycotoxins during the whole value-added (feed and food) chain.
Thomas E Cleveland - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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united states department of agriculture agricultural research service research on pre harvest prevention of Mycotoxins and mycotoxigenic fungi in us crops
Pest Management Science, 2003Co-Authors: Thomas E Cleveland, Deepak Bhatnagar, Patrick F Dowd, Anne E Desjardins, Peter J CottyAbstract:Mycotoxins (ie toxins produced by molds) are fungal metabolites that can contaminate foods and feeds and cause toxic effects in higher organisms that consume the contaminated commodities. Therefore, Mycotoxin contamination of foods and feeds results is a serious food safety issue and affects the competitiveness of US agriculture in both domestic and export markets. This article highlights research accomplished by Agricultural Research Service (ARS) laboratories on control of pre-harvest toxin contamination by using biocontrol, host-plant resistance enhancement and integrated management systems. Emphasis is placed on the most economicallyrelevant Mycotoxins, namely aflatoxins producedby Aspergillus flavus, Link, trichothecenes produced by various Fusarium spp and fumonisins produced by F verticillioides. Significant inroads have been made in establishing various control strategies such as development of atoxigenic biocontrol fungi that can outcompete their closely related, toxigenic cousins in field environments, thus reducing levels of Mycotoxins in the crops. Potential biochemical and genetic resistance markers have been identified in crops, particularly in corn, which are being utilized as selectable markers in breeding for resistance to aflatoxin contamination. Prototypes of genetically engineered crops have been developed which: (1) contain genes for resistance to the phytotoxic effects of certain trichothecenes, thereby helping reduce fungal virulence, or (2) contain genes encoding fungal growth inhibitors for reducing fungal infection. Gene clusters housing the genes governing formation of trichothecenes, fumonisins and aflatoxins have been elucidated and are being targeted in strategies to interrupt the biosynthesis of these Mycotoxins. Ultimately, a combination of strategies using biocompetitive fungi and enhancement of host-plant resistance may be needed to adequately prevent Mycotoxin contamination in the field. To achieve this, plants may be developed that resist fungal infection and/or reduce the toxic effects of the Mycotoxins themselves, or interrupt Mycotoxin biosynthesis. This research effort could potentially save affected agricultural industries hundreds of millions of dollars during years of serious Mycotoxin outbreaks. Published in 2003 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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united states department of agriculture agricultural research service research on pre harvest prevention of Mycotoxins and mycotoxigenic fungi in us crops
Pest Management Science, 2003Co-Authors: Thomas E Cleveland, Deepak Bhatnagar, Patrick F Dowd, Anne E Desjardins, Peter J CottyAbstract:Mycotoxins (ie toxins produced by molds) are fungal metabolites that can contaminate foods and feeds and cause toxic effects in higher organisms that consume the contaminated commodities. Therefore, Mycotoxin contamination of foods and feeds results is a serious food safety issue and affects the competitiveness of US agriculture in both domestic and export markets. This article highlights research accomplished by Agricultural Research Service (ARS) laboratories on control of pre-harvest toxin contamination by using biocontrol, host-plant resistance enhancement and integrated management systems. Emphasis is placed on the most economically relevant Mycotoxins, namely aflatoxins produced by Aspergillus flavus, Link, trichothecenes produced by various Fusarium spp and fumonisins produced by F verticillioides. Significant inroads have been made in establishing various control strategies such as development of atoxigenic biocontrol fungi that can outcompete their closely related, toxigenic cousins in field environments, thus reducing levels of Mycotoxins in the crops. Potential biochemical and genetic resistance markers have been identified in crops, particularly in corn, which are being utilized as selectable markers in breeding for resistance to aflatoxin contamination. Prototypes of genetically engineered crops have been developed which: (1) contain genes for resistance to the phytotoxic effects of certain trichothecenes, thereby helping reduce fungal virulence, or (2) contain genes encoding fungal growth inhibitors for reducing fungal infection. Gene clusters housing the genes governing formation of trichothecenes, fumonisins and aflatoxins have been elucidated and are being targeted in strategies to interrupt the biosynthesis of these Mycotoxins. Ultimately, a combination of strategies using biocompetitive fungi and enhancement of host-plant resistance may be needed to adequately prevent Mycotoxin contamination in the field. To achieve this, plants may be developed that resist fungal infection and/or reduce the toxic effects of the Mycotoxins themselves, or interrupt Mycotoxin biosynthesis. This research effort could potentially save affected agricultural industries hundreds of millions of dollars during years of serious Mycotoxin outbreaks.
Birgitta Maria Kunz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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development of a rapid multi Mycotoxin lc ms ms stable isotope dilution analysis for grain legumes and its application on 66 market samples
Food Control, 2020Co-Authors: Birgitta Maria Kunz, Felicitas Wanko, Sabine Kemmlein, Arnold Bahlmann, Sascha Rohn, Ronald MaulAbstract:Abstract Mycotoxin contamination is a well-known problem in grains, nuts, and oilseeds. Similarly, grain legumes (pulses) are affected by fungal infections and, consequently, the formation of Mycotoxins as well. However, only little data on Mycotoxin occurrence exists for this commodity and only few validated quantification methods for multi-Mycotoxin analysis have been reported. In order to effectively assess contamination levels for grain legumes, a high performance liquid chromatography method coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed, validated for the matrix soybean and tested with further grain legumes. The method implements a QuEChERS-like extraction and a stable isotope dilution assay (SIDA) to facilitate the quantification of nine different Mycotoxins (aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin). In a non-representative market sample screening, 66 samples of dry grain legumes from the Dutch and the German market were measured. Incidentally, high levels of ochratoxin A were detected in white beans and green peas with 157 μg/kg and 49.4 μg/kg, respectively. In addition, T-2 toxin was detected in one black lentil sample. A multi-Mycotoxin method as a tool for rapid collection of data on Mycotoxin levels in grain legumes may proof valuable for evaluating exposure and fate of Mycotoxins during the whole value-added (feed and food) chain.
Nelson Lima - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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further Mycotoxin effects from climate change
Food Research International, 2011Co-Authors: R R M Paterson, Nelson LimaAbstract:article i nfo Article history: Received 12 April 2011 Accepted 31 May 2011 Climate change will affect Mycotoxins in food. The 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report is reinterpreted herein to account for what may occur with Mycotoxins. Warmer weather, heat waves, greater precipitation and drought will have various impacts, depending on which regions of the world and Mycotoxin systems are considered. The humidity issues are more complex as some areas will experience drought and others greater precipitation: in vivo data on the effects of moisture on Mycotoxins in crops are more ambiguous than those for temperature. In vitro data on fungal growth and Mycotoxin production may not relate directly to the situation in the field or post harvest, but are useful for base-line assumptions. The effects of climate in various regions of the world, i.e. Africa, Europe, Asia, Latin America and North America are considered in terms of Mycotoxin contamination. Crops introduced to exploit altered climate may be subject to fewer Mycotoxin producing fungi (the "Parasites Lost" phenomenon). Increased Mycotoxins and UV radiation may cause fungi to mutate on crops and produce different Mycotoxins. Whereas there is relevant information on aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol, and ochratoxin A, more Mycotoxins require to be considered: Data on patulin are missing. The current paper considers uniquely ergot alkaloids. Amelioration strategies are provided. There is considerable urgency in the need to address these issues.
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how will climate change affect Mycotoxins in food
Food Research International, 2010Co-Authors: R R M Paterson, Nelson LimaAbstract:This invited review and opinion piece, assesses the impact of climate change on Mycotoxins in food: only one paper and an abstract referred directly from a substantial literature search and then only in relation to Europe. Climate change is an accepted probability by most scientists. Favourable temperature and water activity are crucial for mycotoxigenic fungi and Mycotoxin production. Fungal diseases of crops provide relevant information for pre-harvest Mycotoxin contamination. However, the Mycotoxin issue also involves post-harvest scenarios. There are no data on how Mycotoxins affect competing organisms in crop ecosystems. In general, if the temperature increases in cool or temperate climates, the relevant countries may become more liable to aflatoxins. Tropical countries may become too inhospitable for conventional fungal growth and Mycotoxin production. Could this lead to the extinction of thermotolerant Aspergillus flavus? Currently cold regions may become liable to temperate problems concerning ochratoxin A, patulin and Fusarium toxins (e.g. deoxynivalenol). Regions which can afford to control the environment of storage facilities may be able to avoid post-harvest problems but at high additional cost. There appears to be a lack of awareness of the issue in some non-European countries. The era will provide numerous challenges for mycotoxicologists.
