The Experts below are selected from a list of 4428 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Nget Hong Tan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Elucidating the Venom Diversity in Sri Lankan Spectacled Cobra (Naja Naja) through De Novo Venom Gland Transcriptomics, Venom Proteomics and Toxicity Neutralization
'MDPI AG', 2021Co-Authors: Kin Ying Wong, Nget Hong Tan, Kae Yi Tan, Christeine Ariaranee Gnanathasan, Choo Hock TanAbstract:Inadequate effectiveness of Indian antivenoms in treating envenomation caused by the Spectacled Cobra/Indian Cobra (Naja Naja) in Sri Lanka has been attributed to geographical variations in the venom composition. This study investigated the de novo venom-gland transcriptomics and venom proteomics of the Sri Lankan N. Naja (NN-SL) to elucidate its toxin gene diversity and venom variability. The neutralization efficacy of a commonly used Indian antivenom product in Sri Lanka was examined against the lethality induced by NN-SL venom in mice. The transcriptomic study revealed high expression of 22 toxin genes families in NN-SL, constituting 46.55% of total transcript abundance. Three-finger toxins (3FTX) were the most diversely and abundantly expressed (87.54% of toxin gene expression), consistent with the dominance of 3FTX in the venom proteome (72.19% of total venom proteins). The 3FTX were predominantly S-type cytotoxins/cardiotoxins (CTX) and α-neurotoxins of long-chain or short-chain subtypes (α-NTX). CTX and α-NTX are implicated in local tissue necrosis and fatal neuromuscular paralysis, respectively, in envenomation caused by NN-SL. Intra-species variations in the toxin gene sequences and expression levels were apparent between NN-SL and other geographical specimens of N. Naja, suggesting potential antigenic diversity that impacts antivenom effectiveness. This was demonstrated by limited potency (0.74 mg venom/ml antivenom) of the Indian polyvalent antivenom (VPAV) in neutralizing the NN-SL venom. A pan-regional antivenom with improved efficacy to treat N. Naja envenomation is needed
-
Distinctive Distribution of Secretory Phospholipases A2 in the Venoms of Afro-Asian Cobras (Subgenus: Naja, AfroNaja, Boulengerina and Uraeus)
MDPI AG, 2019Co-Authors: Choo Hock Tan, Nget Hong Tan, Kin Ying Wong, Kae Yi TanAbstract:The protein abundances of phospholipases A2 in cobra venom proteomes appear to vary among cobra species. To determine the unique distribution of snake venom phospholipases A2 (svPLA2) in the cobras, the svPLA2 activities for 15 cobra species were examined with an acidimetric and a colorimetric assay, using egg yolk suspension and 4-nitro-3-octanoyloxy benzoic acid (NOBA) as the substrate. The colorimetric assay showed significant correlation between svPLA2 enzymatic activities with the svPLA2 protein abundances in venoms. High svPLA2 activities were observed in the venoms of Asiatic spitting cobras (Naja sputatrix, Naja sumatrana) and moderate activities in Asiatic non-spitters (Naja Naja, Naja atra, Naja kaouthia), African spitters (subgenus AfroNaja), and forest cobra (subgenus Boulengerina). African non-spitting cobras of subgenus Uraeus (Naja haje, Naja annulifera, Naja nivea, Naja senegalensis) showed exceptionally low svPLA2 enzymatic activities. The negligible PLA2 activity in Uraeus cobra venoms implies that PLA2 may not be ubiquitous in all snake venoms. The svPLA2 in cobra envenoming varies depending on the cobra species. This may potentially influence the efficacy of cobra antivenom in specific use for venom neutralization
-
elucidating the biogeographical variation of the venom of Naja Naja spectacled cobra from pakistan through a venom decomplexing proteomic study
Journal of Proteomics, 2017Co-Authors: Kin Ying Wong, Choo Hock Tan, Kae Yi Tan, Naeem H Quraishi, Nget Hong TanAbstract:Abstract Naja Naja is a medically important species that is distributed widely in South Asia. Its venom lethality and neutralization profile have been reported to vary markedly, but the understanding of this phenomenon has been limited without a comprehensive venom profile for the Pakistani N. Naja. This study set to investigate the venom proteome of Pakistani N. Naja applying reverse-phase HPLC, SDS-PAGE, mass spectrometry and data-mining approaches. The venom enzymatics and antigen binding activities were also studied. A total of 55 venom proteins comprising 11 toxin families were identified, with three-finger toxins (75.29%) being the predominant component, followed by phospholipase A2 (14.24%) and other proteins ( Biological significance This study reveals the compositional details of the venom proteome of Pakistani spectacled cobra (Naja Naja). The protein subtypes, proteoforms, and relative abundances of individual proteins were comprehensively revealed in this study, following a venom decomplexing proteomic approach. The Pakistani cobra venom is unique among the rest of the N. Naja venom composition reported thus far, as it contains a high abundance of alpha-neurotoxins (predominated by long neurotoxins); these are highly potent post-synaptic neuromuscular blockers that cause paralysis and are principal toxins that account for the high lethality of the venom (LD50 = 0.2 μg/g in mice). In contrast, previous reports showed that the N. Naja venoms of India and Sri Lanka had a lower content of neurotoxins and a relatively higher value of LD50. The Pakistani cobra venom demonstrated sufficient immunoreactivity toward three antivenom products manufactured outside Pakistan (including the Indian product VINS), however the potency of antigen binding was the highest toward Naja kaouthia monovalent antivenom, a heterologous antivenom raised against a long neurotoxin-predominated venom of the Thai monocled cobra. From the practical standpoint, the findings indicate that the treatment of N. Naja envenomation in Pakistan may be improved by the production of a locale-specific antivenom, in which the antivenom produced contains more antibodies that can target and react more specifically with the highly abundant lethal neurotoxins in the Pakistani N. Naja venom.
-
six isoforms of cardiotoxin in malayan spitting cobra Naja Naja sputatrix venom cloning and characterization of cdnas
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1998Co-Authors: Kandiah Jeyaseelan, Arunmozhiarasi Armugam, Ramkumar Lachumanan, C H Tan, Nget Hong TanAbstract:Cardiotoxins are the most abundant toxin components of cobra venom. Although many cardiotoxins have been purified and characterized by amino acid sequencing and other pharmacological and biochemical studies, to date only five cardiotoxin cDNAs from Taiwan cobra (Naja Naja atra), three cDNAs from Chinese cobra (Naja atra) and two more of uncertain origin (either Chinese or Taiwan cobra) have been reported. In this paper we show the existence of four isoforms of cardiotoxin by protein analysis and nine cDNA sequences encoding six isoforms of cardiotoxins (CTX 1-3, 4a, 4b and 5) from N. n. sputatrix by cDNA cloning. This forms the first report on the cloning and characterization of several cardiotoxin genes from a single species of a spitting cobra. The cDNAs encoding these isoforms, obtained by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), were subsequently expressed in Escherichia coli. The native and recombinant cardiotoxins were first characterized by Western blotting and N-terminal protein sequencing. These proteins were also found to have different levels of cytolytic activity on cultured baby hamster kidney cells. Four of the isoforms (CTX 1, 2, 4 and 5) are unique to N. n. sputatrix, with CTX 2 being the most abundant species constituting about 50% of the total cardiotoxins. The isoform CTX 3 (20% constitution) is highly homologous to the cardiotoxins of N. n. atra and N. n. Naja, indicating that it may be universally present in all Naja Naja subspecies. Our studies suggest that the most hydrophilic isoform (CTX 5) could have evolved first followed by the hydrophobic isoforms (CTX 1, 2, 3 and 4). We also speculate that Asiatic cobras could be the modern descendants of the African and Egyptian counterparts.
Ashis K Mukherjee - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
proteomics analysis to compare the venom composition between Naja Naja and Naja kaouthia from the same geographical location of eastern india correlation with pathophysiology of envenomation and immunological cross reactivity towards commercial polyantivenom
Expert Review of Proteomics, 2018Co-Authors: Abhishek Chanda, Bhargab Kalita, Aparup Patra, Ashis K MukherjeeAbstract:Background : Cobra bite is frequently reported across the Indian subcontinent and is associated with a high rate of death and morbidity. In eastern India (EI) Naja Naja and Naja kaouthia are report...
-
proteomics analysis to compare the venom composition between Naja Naja and Naja kaouthia from the same geographical location of eastern india correlation with pathophysiology of envenomation and immunological cross reactivity towards commercial polyantivenom
Expert Review of Proteomics, 2018Co-Authors: Abhishek Chanda, Bhargab Kalita, Aparup Patra, Ashis K MukherjeeAbstract:BACKGROUND Cobra bite is frequently reported across the Indian subcontinent and is associated with a high rate of death and morbidity. In eastern India (EI) Naja Naja and Naja kaouthia are reported to be the two most abundant species of cobra. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The venom proteome composition of N. Naja (NnV) and N. kaouthia (NkV) from Burdwan districts of EI were compared by separation of venom proteins by 1D-SDS-PAGE followed by LC-MS/MS analysis of protein bands. The potency of commercial polyantivenom (PAV) was assessed by neutralization, ELISA, immuno-blot and venom-PAV immunoaffinity chromatography studies. RESULTS Proteomic analysis identified 52 and 55 proteins for NnV and NkV, respectively, when searched against the Elapidae database. A small quantitative difference in venom composition between these two species of cobra was observed. PAVs exhibited poor cross-reactivity against low molecular mass toxins (<20 kDa) of both cobra venoms, which was substantiated by a meager neutralization of their phospholipase A2 activity. Phospholipase A2 and 3FTx, the two major classes of nonenzymatic and enzymatic proteins, respectively, were partially recognized by PAVs. CONCLUSIONS Efforts must be made to improve immunization protocols and supplement existing antivenoms with antibodies raised against the major toxins of these venoms.
-
proteomic analysis to unravel the complex venom proteome of eastern india Naja Naja correlation of venom composition with its biochemical and pharmacological properties
Journal of Proteomics, 2017Co-Authors: Sumita Dutta, Abhishek Chanda, Bhargab Kalita, Taufikul Islam, Aparup Patra, Ashis K MukherjeeAbstract:Abstract The complex venom proteome of the eastern India (EI) spectacled cobra ( Naja Naja ) was analyzed using tandem mass spectrometry of cation-exchange venom fractions. About 75% of EI N. Naja venom proteins were N. Naja venom with a percent composition of about 28.4% and 71.6% respectively were distributed over 15 venom protein families. The three finger toxins (63.8%) and phospholipase A 2 s (11.4%) were the most abundant families of non-enzymatic and enzymatic proteins, respectively. nanoLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis demonstrated the occurrence of acetylcholinesterase, phosphodiesterase, cholinesterase and snake venom serine proteases in N. Naja venom previously not detected by proteomic analysis. ATPase, ADPase, hyaluronidase, TAME, and BAEE-esterase activities were detected by biochemical analysis; however, due to a limitation in the protein database depository they were not identified in EI N. Naja venom by proteomic analysis. The proteome composition of EI N. Naja venom was well correlated with its in vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties in experimental animals and envenomed human. Biological significance Proteomic analysis reveals the complex and diverse protein profile of EI N. Naja venom which collectively contributes to the severe pathophysiological manifestation upon cobra envenomation. The study has also aided in comprehending the compositional variation in venom proteins of N. Naja within the Indian sub-continent. In addition, this study has also identified several enzymes in EI N. Naja venom which were previously uncharacterized by proteomic analysis of Naja venom.
-
isolation of a snake venom phospholipase a2 pla2 inhibitor aiplai from leaves of azadirachta indica neem mechanism of pla2 inhibition by aiplai in vitro condition
Toxicon, 2008Co-Authors: Ashis K Mukherjee, Robin Doley, Debashree SaikiaAbstract:A compound (AIPLAI (Azadirachta indica PLA2 inhibitor)) purified from the methanolic leaf extract of A. indica (Neem) inhibits the cobra and Russell's viper venoms (RVVs) phospholipase A2 enzymes in a dose-dependent manner. Inhibition of catalytic and tested pharmacological properties of cobra venom (Naja Naja and Naja kaouthia) PLA2 enzymes by AIPLAI is significantly higher (P<0.05) compared to the inhibition of PLA2 enzymes of crude RVV (Daboia russelli) when tested under the same condition. Kinetic study reveals that in in vitro condition, AIPLAI inhibits the purified N. kaouthia PLA2 enzymes in a non-competitive manner. The AIPLAI is quite stable at room temperature. The present study shows that AIPLAI holds good promise for the development of novel anti-snake venom drug in future.
-
biochemical composition lethality and pathophysiology of venom from two cobras Naja Naja and n kaouthia
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B, 2002Co-Authors: Ashis K Mukherjee, C R MaityAbstract:The cobras Naja Naja and N. kaouthia are abundant in eastern and north-eastern India, accounting for maximum snakebite deaths. Here we report on variation in the composition of Naja kaouthia and N. Naja venom from eastern India on corresponding differences in the severity of pathogenesis. These two venoms differ in chromatographic elution profile through Sephadex G-50 and enzyme activity, protein and carbohydrate contents associated with each fraction. The presence of greater amounts of basic phospholipase A2, l-amino acid oxidase and low molecular weight membrane active polypeptides in the N. Naja venom makes it more toxic than N. kaouthia venom. A commercial polyvalent antivenom raised against N. Naja venom inactivates lethality and variety of toxic effects of homologous venom more effectively than N. kaouthia venom.
Kae Yi Tan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Elucidating the Venom Diversity in Sri Lankan Spectacled Cobra (Naja Naja) through De Novo Venom Gland Transcriptomics, Venom Proteomics and Toxicity Neutralization
'MDPI AG', 2021Co-Authors: Kin Ying Wong, Nget Hong Tan, Kae Yi Tan, Christeine Ariaranee Gnanathasan, Choo Hock TanAbstract:Inadequate effectiveness of Indian antivenoms in treating envenomation caused by the Spectacled Cobra/Indian Cobra (Naja Naja) in Sri Lanka has been attributed to geographical variations in the venom composition. This study investigated the de novo venom-gland transcriptomics and venom proteomics of the Sri Lankan N. Naja (NN-SL) to elucidate its toxin gene diversity and venom variability. The neutralization efficacy of a commonly used Indian antivenom product in Sri Lanka was examined against the lethality induced by NN-SL venom in mice. The transcriptomic study revealed high expression of 22 toxin genes families in NN-SL, constituting 46.55% of total transcript abundance. Three-finger toxins (3FTX) were the most diversely and abundantly expressed (87.54% of toxin gene expression), consistent with the dominance of 3FTX in the venom proteome (72.19% of total venom proteins). The 3FTX were predominantly S-type cytotoxins/cardiotoxins (CTX) and α-neurotoxins of long-chain or short-chain subtypes (α-NTX). CTX and α-NTX are implicated in local tissue necrosis and fatal neuromuscular paralysis, respectively, in envenomation caused by NN-SL. Intra-species variations in the toxin gene sequences and expression levels were apparent between NN-SL and other geographical specimens of N. Naja, suggesting potential antigenic diversity that impacts antivenom effectiveness. This was demonstrated by limited potency (0.74 mg venom/ml antivenom) of the Indian polyvalent antivenom (VPAV) in neutralizing the NN-SL venom. A pan-regional antivenom with improved efficacy to treat N. Naja envenomation is needed
-
Distinctive Distribution of Secretory Phospholipases A2 in the Venoms of Afro-Asian Cobras (Subgenus: Naja, AfroNaja, Boulengerina and Uraeus)
MDPI AG, 2019Co-Authors: Choo Hock Tan, Nget Hong Tan, Kin Ying Wong, Kae Yi TanAbstract:The protein abundances of phospholipases A2 in cobra venom proteomes appear to vary among cobra species. To determine the unique distribution of snake venom phospholipases A2 (svPLA2) in the cobras, the svPLA2 activities for 15 cobra species were examined with an acidimetric and a colorimetric assay, using egg yolk suspension and 4-nitro-3-octanoyloxy benzoic acid (NOBA) as the substrate. The colorimetric assay showed significant correlation between svPLA2 enzymatic activities with the svPLA2 protein abundances in venoms. High svPLA2 activities were observed in the venoms of Asiatic spitting cobras (Naja sputatrix, Naja sumatrana) and moderate activities in Asiatic non-spitters (Naja Naja, Naja atra, Naja kaouthia), African spitters (subgenus AfroNaja), and forest cobra (subgenus Boulengerina). African non-spitting cobras of subgenus Uraeus (Naja haje, Naja annulifera, Naja nivea, Naja senegalensis) showed exceptionally low svPLA2 enzymatic activities. The negligible PLA2 activity in Uraeus cobra venoms implies that PLA2 may not be ubiquitous in all snake venoms. The svPLA2 in cobra envenoming varies depending on the cobra species. This may potentially influence the efficacy of cobra antivenom in specific use for venom neutralization
-
Distinctive Distribution of Secretory Phospholipases A2 in the Venoms of Afro-Asian Cobras (Subgenus: Naja, AfroNaja, Boulengerina and Uraeus)
'MDPI AG', 2019Co-Authors: Tan, Choo Hock, Wong, Kin Ying, Tan, Nget Hong, Ng, Tzu Shan, Kae Yi TanAbstract:The protein abundances of phospholipases A2 in cobra venom proteomes appear to vary among cobra species. To determine the unique distribution of snake venom phospholipases A2 (svPLA2) in the cobras, the svPLA2 activities for 15 cobra species were examined with an acidimetric and a colorimetric assay, using egg yolk suspension and 4-nitro-3-octanoyloxy benzoic acid (NOBA) as the substrate. The colorimetric assay showed significant correlation between svPLA2 enzymatic activities with the svPLA2 protein abundances in venoms. High svPLA2 activities were observed in the venoms of Asiatic spitting cobras (Naja sputatrix, Naja sumatrana) and moderate activities in Asiatic non-spitters (Naja Naja, Naja atra, Naja kaouthia), African spitters (subgenus AfroNaja), and forest cobra (subgenus Boulengerina). African non-spitting cobras of subgenus Uraeus (Naja haje, Naja annulifera, Naja nivea, Naja senegalensis) showed exceptionally low svPLA2 enzymatic activities. The negligible PLA2 activity in Uraeus cobra venoms implies that PLA2 may not be ubiquitous in all snake venoms. The svPLA2 in cobra envenoming varies depending on the cobra species. This may potentially influence the efficacy of cobra antivenom in specific use for venom neutralization. © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland
-
Elucidating the biogeographical variation of the venom of Naja Naja (spectacled cobra) from Pakistan through a venom-decomplexing proteomic study
'Elsevier BV', 2018Co-Authors: Wong, Kin Ying, Kae Yi Tan, Tan, Choo Hock, Quraishi, Naeem H., Tan, Nget HongAbstract:Naja Naja is a medically important species that is distributed widely in South Asia. Its venom lethality and neutralization profile have been reported to vary markedly, but the understanding of this phenomenon has been limited without a comprehensive venom profile for the Pakistani N. Naja. This study set to investigate the venom proteome of Pakistani N. Naja applying reverse-phase HPLC, SDS-PAGE, mass spectrometry and data-mining approaches. The venom enzymatics and antigen binding activities were also studied. A total of 55 venom proteins comprising 11 toxin families were identified, with three-finger toxins (75.29%) being the predominant component, followed by phospholipase A2 (14.24%) and other proteins (< 5%). The enzyme activities of most of the venom components were also detected in this work. The high abundance of long neurotoxins (LNTX, 21.61%) in the Pakistani N. Naja venom is varied from that reported for N. Naja venoms from other geographical origins. The venom exhibited high immunoreactivity toward Naja kaouthia monovalent antivenom (NKMAV), which was raised against the LNTX-predominated heterologous Thai N. kaouthia venom. Together, the findings show that the Pakistani N. Naja venom is predominated by LNTX, and this unique property correlates with its high lethality and effective neutralization by the heterologous NKMAV. Biological significance: This study reveals the compositional details of the venom proteome of Pakistani spectacled cobra (Naja Naja). The protein subtypes, proteoforms, and relative abundances of individual proteins were comprehensively revealed in this study, following a venom decomplexing proteomic approach. The Pakistani cobra venom is unique among the rest of the N. Naja venom composition reported thus far, as it contains a high abundance of alpha-neurotoxins (predominated by long neurotoxins); these are highly potent post-synaptic neuromuscular blockers that cause paralysis and are principal toxins that account for the high lethality of the venom (LD50 = 0.2 μg/g in mice). In contrast, previous reports showed that the N. Naja venoms of India and Sri Lanka had a lower content of neurotoxins and a relatively higher value of LD50. The Pakistani cobra venom demonstrated sufficient immunoreactivity toward three antivenom products manufactured outside Pakistan (including the Indian product VINS), however the potency of antigen binding was the highest toward Naja kaouthia monovalent antivenom, a heterologous antivenom raised against a long neurotoxin-predominated venom of the Thai monocled cobra. From the practical standpoint, the findings indicate that the treatment of N. Naja envenomation in Pakistan may be improved by the production of a locale-specific antivenom, in which the antivenom produced contains more antibodies that can target and react more specifically with the highly abundant lethal neurotoxins in the Pakistani N. Naja venom
-
elucidating the biogeographical variation of the venom of Naja Naja spectacled cobra from pakistan through a venom decomplexing proteomic study
Journal of Proteomics, 2017Co-Authors: Kin Ying Wong, Choo Hock Tan, Kae Yi Tan, Naeem H Quraishi, Nget Hong TanAbstract:Abstract Naja Naja is a medically important species that is distributed widely in South Asia. Its venom lethality and neutralization profile have been reported to vary markedly, but the understanding of this phenomenon has been limited without a comprehensive venom profile for the Pakistani N. Naja. This study set to investigate the venom proteome of Pakistani N. Naja applying reverse-phase HPLC, SDS-PAGE, mass spectrometry and data-mining approaches. The venom enzymatics and antigen binding activities were also studied. A total of 55 venom proteins comprising 11 toxin families were identified, with three-finger toxins (75.29%) being the predominant component, followed by phospholipase A2 (14.24%) and other proteins ( Biological significance This study reveals the compositional details of the venom proteome of Pakistani spectacled cobra (Naja Naja). The protein subtypes, proteoforms, and relative abundances of individual proteins were comprehensively revealed in this study, following a venom decomplexing proteomic approach. The Pakistani cobra venom is unique among the rest of the N. Naja venom composition reported thus far, as it contains a high abundance of alpha-neurotoxins (predominated by long neurotoxins); these are highly potent post-synaptic neuromuscular blockers that cause paralysis and are principal toxins that account for the high lethality of the venom (LD50 = 0.2 μg/g in mice). In contrast, previous reports showed that the N. Naja venoms of India and Sri Lanka had a lower content of neurotoxins and a relatively higher value of LD50. The Pakistani cobra venom demonstrated sufficient immunoreactivity toward three antivenom products manufactured outside Pakistan (including the Indian product VINS), however the potency of antigen binding was the highest toward Naja kaouthia monovalent antivenom, a heterologous antivenom raised against a long neurotoxin-predominated venom of the Thai monocled cobra. From the practical standpoint, the findings indicate that the treatment of N. Naja envenomation in Pakistan may be improved by the production of a locale-specific antivenom, in which the antivenom produced contains more antibodies that can target and react more specifically with the highly abundant lethal neurotoxins in the Pakistani N. Naja venom.
Kempaiah Kemparaju - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
The action of Echis carinatus and Naja Naja venoms on human neutrophils; an emphasis on NETosis.
Biochimica et biophysica acta. General subjects, 2020Co-Authors: Basavarajaiah Swethakumar, Kesturu S. Girish, Somanathapura K. Naveenkumar, Kempaiah KemparajuAbstract:Abstract Background Neutrophils are the first line defense cells of the innate immunity. As a final defense, they discharge their de-condensed chromatin/DNA fibers, the NETs (Neutrophil Extracellular Traps), by a process called NETosis. Two types of NETosis have been currently described: the suicidal/delayed/classical-type, which is ROS dependent that results in the ejection of nuclear DNA, and the vital/rapid/early-type, which may or may not require ROS but, eject nuclear/mitochondrial DNA or both. Thus, Echis carinatus and Naja Naja venoms are comparatively studied for their NET inducing property. Methods Formation of NETs, cell viability, ROS, and Ca2+ levels are estimated. An in vivo toxicity study and possible cellular signaling have been addressed using immunoblots and pharmacological inhibitors. Results E. carinatus and N. Naja venoms respectively induce suicidal and vital NETosis. E. carinatus venom induces NETosis by activating NOX and PAD-4 enzymes in a ROS dependent manner via PKC/ERK/JNK signaling axis, while N. Naja venom does it by activating PAD-4 enzyme, but independent of ROS requirement and as well as PKC/ERK/JNK activation. Conclusion For the first time our study demonstrates the distinct action of E. carinatus and N. Naja venoms on the process of NETosis. NETosis being a newly explored area in snake venom pharmacodynamics, it is important to study its impact on the various pathophysiological properties induced by snake venoms. Significance Understanding the varied actions of snake venoms on neutrophils/blood cells and the role of DNase are likely to provide insights for better management of snakebite pathophysiology.
-
Hyaluronidase and protease activities from Indian snake venoms: neutralization by Mimosa pudica root extract
Fitoterapia, 2004Co-Authors: Kesturu S. Girish, H.p. Mohanakumari, Sabout Nagaraju, B S Vishwanath, Kempaiah KemparajuAbstract:The aqueous root extract of Mimosa pudica dose dependently inhibited the hyaluronidase and protease activities of Indian snakes (Naja Naja, Vipera russelii and Echis carinatus) venom.
K. Kemparaju - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Variation in biochemical and pharmacological properties of Indian cobra (Naja Naja Naja) venom due to geographical distribution
Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 2002Co-Authors: R. Shashidharamurthy, D.k. Jagadeesha, K.s. Girish, K. KemparajuAbstract:Indian cobra ( Naja Naja Naja ) venom obtained from three different geographical regions was studied in terms of electrophoretic pattern, biochemical and pharmacological activities. SDS-PAGE banding pattern revealed significant variation in the protein constituents of the three regional venoms. The eastern venom showed highest indirect hemolysis and hyaluronidase activity. In contrast, western and southern venoms were rich in proteolytic activity. All the three regional venoms were devoid of p-tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester hydrolysing activity. The eastern venom was found to be most lethal among the three regional venoms. The lethal potency varied as eastern > western > southern regional venoms. In addition, all the three regional venoms showed marked variations in their ability to induce symptoms/signs of neurotoxicity, myotoxicity, edema and effect on plasma coagulation process. Polyclonal antiserum prepared against the venom of eastern region cross-reacted with both southern and western regional venoms, but varied in the extent of cross-reactivity by ouchterlony immunodiffusion and ELISA.
-
A non-toxic anticoagulant metalloprotease: purification and characterization from Indian cobra (Naja Naja Naja) venom
Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology, 2002Co-Authors: D.k. Jagadeesha, K.s. Girish, R. Shashidhara Murthy, K. KemparajuAbstract:Abstract A non-toxic potent anticoagulant metalloprotease NN-PF 3 has been purified to homogeneity from the Indian cobra ( Naja Naja Naja ) venom through a combination of column chromatography and electrophoresis. NN-PF 3 is a single chain protein with a molecular weight of 68 kDa by SDS–PAGE. It hydrolysed casein, gelatin, haemoglobin and bovine fibrinogen, but did not hydrolyse bovine serum albumin or synthetic substrates such as TAME, BAEE and BAPNA. EDTA, EGTA and cyanide inhibited the enzymatic activity while 1,10-phenanthroline, PMSF, leupetin and pepstatin did not show any effect. NN-PF 3 is a metalloprotease containing Ca 2+ and Zn 2+ at a molar ratio of 1:1.2 and 1:0.4, respectively, as revealed by atomic absorption spectroscopy. NN-PF 3 was non-lethal up to an i.p. dose of 15 mg/kg body weight of mice and is devoid of myotoxicity, cytotoxicity and haemorrhagic activity. It is weakly oedematic, but strongly anticoagulant in property and the effect observed was both dose and time dependent.
