The Experts below are selected from a list of 360 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Peter B Reich - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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climate modifies response of non Native and Native Species richness to nutrient enrichment
Science & Engineering Faculty, 2016Co-Authors: Habacuc Floresmoreno, Peter B Reich, Eric M Lind, Lauren L Sullivan, Eric W Seabloom, Laura Yahdjian, Andrew S Macdougall, Lara G Reichmann, Juan Alberti, Selene BaezAbstract:Free to read Ecosystem eutrophication often increases domination by non-Natives and causes displacement of Native taxa. However, variation in environmental conditions may affect the outcome of interactions between Native and non-Native taxa in environments where nutrient supply is elevated. We examined the interactive effects of eutrophication, climate variability and climate average conditions on the success of Native and non-Native plant Species using experimental nutrient manipulations replicated at 32 grassland sites on four continents. We hypothesized that effects of nutrient addition would be greatest where climate was stable and benign, owing to reduced niche partitioning. We found that the abundance of non-Native Species increased with nutrient addition independent of climate; however, nutrient addition increased non-Native Species richness and decreased Native Species richness, with these effects dampened in warmer or wetter sites. Eutrophication also altered the time scale in which grassland invasion responded to climate, decreasing the importance of long-term climate and increasing that of annual climate. Thus, climatic conditions mediate the responses of Native and non-Native flora to nutrient enrichment. Our results suggest that the negative effect of nutrient addition on Native abundance is decoupled from its effect on richness, and reduces the time scale of the links between climate and compositional change.
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climate modifies response of non Native and Native Species richness to nutrient enrichment
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 2016Co-Authors: Habacuc Floresmoreno, Peter B Reich, Eric M Lind, Lauren L Sullivan, Eric W Seabloom, Laura Yahdjian, Andrew S Macdougall, Lara G Reichmann, Juan AlbertiAbstract:Ecosystem eutrophication often increases domination by non-Natives and causes displacement of Native taxa. However, variation in environmental conditions may affect the outcome of interactions between Native and non-Native taxa in environments where nutrient supply is elevated. We examined the interactive effects of eutrophication, climate variability and climate average conditions on the success of Native and non-Native plant Species using experimental nutrient manipulations replicated at 32 grassland sites on four continents. We hypothesized that effects of nutrient addition would be greatest where climate was stable and benign, owing to reduced niche partitioning. We found that the abundance of non-Native Species increased with nutrient addition independent of climate; however, nutrient addition increased non-Native Species richness and decreased Native Species richness, with these effects dampened in warmer or wetter sites. Eutrophication also altered the time scale in which grassland invasion responded to climate, decreasing the importance of long-term climate and increasing that of annual climate. Thus, climatic conditions mediate the responses of Native and non-Native flora to nutrient enrichment. Our results suggest that the negative effect of nutrient addition on Native abundance is decoupled from its effect on richness, and reduces the time scale of the links between climate and compositional change.
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opposite relationships between invasibility and Native Species richness at patch versus landscape scales
Oikos, 2005Co-Authors: Kathleen S Knight, Peter B ReichAbstract:of Native Species. In 1 m 2 patches, Native cover was positively associated with Native richness and thus cover-related competition was a likely mechanism by which richness influenced R. cathartica . At the landscape scale (comparing the aggregate stand-scale metrics among the 17 stands), Native cover and richness were still positively related, but had opposite relationships with R. cathartica cover. R. cathartica cover was positively related to Species richness and negatively related to Native Species cover. The observed switch at different scales from a positive to a negative relationship between R. cathartica cover and Native richness supported the hypothesized scale dependence of these relations. Propagule pressure, which we estimated by measuring the size of nearby mature R. cathartica shrubs, had a large positive effect on R. cathartica seedling cover at the landscape scale. These results suggest that landscape patterns of invasion may be best understood in light of the combination of many factors including Native diversity, Native cover, and propagule pressure.
James M Bullock - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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global trade networks determine the distribution of invasive non Native Species
Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2017Co-Authors: Daniel S Chapman, Bethan V Purse, Helen E Roy, James M BullockAbstract:Aim: Although global trade is implicated in biological invasions, the assumption that trade networks explain the large-scale distributions of non-Native Species remains largely untested. We addressed this by analysing relationships between global trade networks and plant pest invasion. Location: Forty-eight countries in Europe and the Mediterranean. Time period: Current. Major taxa studied: Four hundred and twenty-two non-Native plant pests (173 invertebrates, 166 pathogens, 83 plants). Methods: Ten types of connectivity index were developed, representing potential roles of trade networks, air transport links, geographical proximity, climatic similarity and source country wealth in facilitating invasion. Generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) identified the connectivity index that best explained both historical and recent invasion. Then, more complex GLMMs were developed including connectivity through trade networks for multiple commodities relevant for pests (live plants, forest products, fruit and vegetables and seeds) and Species’ transport associations with those commodities. Results: Total import volumes, Species’ global prevalence and connectivity measures based on air transport, geographical distance or climate did not explain invasion as well as connectivity through global trade networks. Invasion was strongly promoted by agricultural imports from countries in which the focal Species was present and that were climatically similar to the importing country. However, live plant imports from nearby countries provided a better explanation of the most recent invasions. Connectivity through multiple trade networks predicted invasion better than total agricultural trade, and there was support for our hypothesis that Species known to be transported with a particular network had greater sensitivity to its connectivity. Main conclusions: Our findings show that patterns of invasion are governed to a large extent by global trade networks connecting source areas for non-Native Species and the dispersal of those Species through multiple trade networks. This enhances potential for developing a predictive framework to improve risk assessment, biosecurity and surveillance for invasions.
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the impacts of non Native Species on uk biodiversity and the effectiveness of control
Journal of Applied Ecology, 2000Co-Authors: Sarah J Manchester, James M BullockAbstract:1. The introduction of non-Native Species continues to cause ecological concern globally, but there have been no published reviews of their effects in the UK. Impacts in the UK are therefore reviewed, along with current legislation and guidelines relating to the introduction and control of such Species. 2. A large number of non-Native Species have been introduced to the UK, both deliberately and accidentally, but only a small number of introduced non-Native Species have established and caused detrimental ecological impacts. However, general declines in UK biodiversity, and the potential effects of future climate change, may increase the susceptibility of ecosystems to invasions. 3. Detrimental impacts of non-Native Species on Native biota have occurred through competition, predation, herbivory, habitat alteration, disease and genetic effects (i.e. hybridization). There are potential effects on genetic biodiversity as well as Species biodiversity. 4. Several high profile examples highlight the technical difficulties, and financial implications, of removing an introduced Species once it is established. Few UK control or eradication programmes have been successful. 5. Control might be more feasible if ‘problem’ Species could be identified at an earlier stage of establishment. However, the poor success of attempts to characterize invasive Species and predict which will have negative impacts highlight the individual and unpredictable nature of invasions. The difficulties of making general predictions suggest that every proposed Species introduction should be subject to rigorous ecological characterization and risk assessment prior to introduction. 6. The plethora of UK legislation and guidelines developed to reduce impacts of non-Native Species only go part of the way towards ameliorating impact. Many Species already established in the wild might cause future problems. Illegal releases and escapes of non-Native Species may augment feral populations or establish new colonies. While regulation of imports and releases is important, further enforcement of existing legislation and action against unlicensed releases is necessary.
Erkki Leppakoski - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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are invasive Species most successful in habitats of low Native Species richness across european brackish water seas
Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, 2005Co-Authors: Marjo Paavola, Sergej Olenin, Erkki LeppakoskiAbstract:European brackish water seas (Baltic Sea, Black Sea and Sea of Azov, Caspian Sea) are subject to intense invasion of non-indigenous Species (NIS). In these seas, salinity is the most important range limiting factor and Native Species seem to reach a minimum Species richness at intermediate salinities. This trend, revealed by Remane in 1934 and later on confirmed by many other scientists, was compared to the salinity range of already established NIS in the European brackish water seas. It turned out that most NIS are well adapted to the salinities holding lowest Native Species richness, already in their Native area, and that NIS richness maximum in brackish water seas occurs in the salinity intervals of Native Species richness minimum. A predictable pattern in the salinity range of NIS can be used as a tool in initial risk assessment of future invasions in brackish water seas, especially when mapping highly potential donor and recipient areas. A product of empty niches, suitable environmental conditions, and availability of proper vectors might be the most effective predictor for the invasibility of brackish water areas.
Dilermando P Limajunior - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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expansion of aquaculture parks and the increasing risk of non Native Species invasions in brazil
Reviews in Aquaculture, 2018Co-Authors: Luciano B Lima, Fagner Junior Machado De Oliveira, Henrique C Giacomini, Dilermando P LimajuniorAbstract:Aquaculture is the main vector for introduction of non-Native Species in Brazil and around the world. Despite the potentially serious and irreversible ecological impacts caused by non-Native Species, they continue to be in many cases the preferred option in aquaculture farms, of which the recent plans of aquaculture expansion promoted by the Brazilian Government are an emblematic example. In this study, we present a survey of publicly available information on aquaculture parks to be installed across the Brazilian territory, with emphasis on Species status as Native or non-Native, and discuss the implications for the conservation of aquatic biodiversity. One hundred and thirty-nine aquaculture parks (APs), with a total of 1556 sites covering 941.38 hectares, have been called for bids. Among these, 122 APs will contain at least one non-Native Species, and 68 APs will be based exclusively on their cultivation. A predictable consequence is the enhancement of propagule pressure in surrounding aquatic ecosystems, increasing the risk of non-Native Species establishment or persistence, which will likely intensify the environmental impacts already in course in four major river basins and along the Brazilian coast. These impacts will add up to more direct effects of aquaculture farming – for example elevated input of nutrients and organic matter – and include changes in habitat and water quality, spread of diseases, biotic homogenization, loss of population viability resulting from hybridization and outbreeding depression, and the local extirpation of Native Species.
Tim M Blackburn - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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alien versus Native Species as drivers of recent extinctions
Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 2019Co-Authors: Tim M Blackburn, Celine Bellard, Anthony RicciardiAbstract:Native plants and animals can rapidly become superabundant and dominate ecosystems, leading some people to claim that Native Species are no less likely than alien Species to cause environmental damage such as biodiversity loss. We compared how frequently alien Species and Native Species have been implicated as drivers of recent extinctions in a comprehensive global database, the 2017 IUCN Red List. Alien Species were considered to be a contributing cause of 25% of plant extinctions and 33% of animal extinctions, whereas Native Species were implicated in less than 3% and 5% of animal and plant extinctions, respectively. When listed as a putative driver of recent extinctions, Native Species were more often associated with co-occurring drivers than were alien Species. Our results add a new line of evidence that the biogeographic origin (evolutionary history) of a Species is a determining factor of its potential to cause disruptive environmental impacts.
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defining the impact of non Native Species
Conservation Biology, 2014Co-Authors: Jonathan M Jeschke, Sven Bacher, Tim M Blackburn, Jaimie T A Dick, Franz Essl, Thomas Evans, Mirijam Gaertner, Philip E Hulme, Ingolf Kuhn, Agata MrugalaAbstract:Non-Native Species cause changes in the ecosystems to which they are introduced. These changes, or some of them, are usually termed impacts; they can be manifold and potentially damaging to ecosystems and biodiversity. However, the impacts of most non-Native Species are poorly understood, and a synthesis of available information is being hindered because authors often do not clearly define impact. We argue that explicitly defining the impact of non-Native Species will promote progress toward a better understanding of the implications of changes to biodiversity and ecosystems caused by non-Native Species; help disentangle which aspects of scientific debates about non-Native Species are due to disparate definitions and which represent true scientific discord; and improve communication between scientists from different research disciplines and between scientists, managers, and policy makers. For these reasons and based on examples from the literature, we devised seven key questions that fall into 4 categories: directionality, classification and measurement, ecological or socio-economic changes, and scale. These questions should help in formulating clear and practical definitions of impact to suit specific scientific, stakeholder, or legislative contexts.
