The Experts below are selected from a list of 47694 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Frederick C Koerner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
occult Nipple involvement in breast cancer clinicopathologic findings in 316 consecutive mastectomy specimens
Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2009Co-Authors: Elena F Brachtel, James S Michaelson, Barbara L Smith, Jennifer Rusby, Leon L Chen, Alona Muzikansky, Frederick C KoernerAbstract:Purpose Although breast-conserving surgery is a standard approach for patients with breast cancer, mastectomy often becomes necessary. Surgical options now include Nipple-sparing mastectomy but its oncological safety is still controversial. This study evaluates frequency and patterns of occult Nipple involvement in a large contemporary cohort of patients with the retroareolar margin as possible indicator of Nipple involvement. Patients and Methods Three hundred sixteen consecutive mastectomy specimens (232 therapeutic, 84 prophylactic) with grossly unremarkable Nipples were evaluated by coronal sections through the entire Nipple and subareolar tissue. Extent and location of Nipple involvement by carcinoma was assessed with the tissue deep to the skin as potential retroareolar en-face resection margin. Results Seventy-one percent of Nipples from therapeutic mastectomies showed no pathologic abnormality, 21% had ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), invasive carcinoma (IC), or lymphovascular invasion (LVI), and ...
-
occult Nipple involvement in breast cancer clinicopathologic findings in 316 consecutive mastectomy specimens
Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2009Co-Authors: Elena F Brachtel, James S Michaelson, Barbara L Smith, Jennifer Rusby, Leon L Chen, Alona Muzikansky, Frederick C KoernerAbstract:Purpose Although breast-conserving surgery is a standard approach for patients with breast cancer, mastectomy often becomes necessary. Surgical options now include Nipple-sparing mastectomy but its oncological safety is still controversial. This study evaluates frequency and patterns of occult Nipple involvement in a large contemporary cohort of patients with the retroareolar margin as possible indicator of Nipple involvement. Patients and Methods Three hundred sixteen consecutive mastectomy specimens (232 therapeutic, 84 prophylactic) with grossly unremarkable Nipples were evaluated by coronal sections through the entire Nipple and subareolar tissue. Extent and location of Nipple involvement by carcinoma was assessed with the tissue deep to the skin as potential retroareolar en-face resection margin. Results Seventy-one percent of Nipples from therapeutic mastectomies showed no pathologic abnormality, 21% had ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), invasive carcinoma (IC), or lymphovascular invasion (LVI), and ...
-
Breast duct anatomy in the human Nipple: three-dimensional patterns and clinical implications
Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 2007Co-Authors: Jennifer Rusby, Elena F Brachtel, James S Michaelson, Frederick C Koerner, Barbara L SmithAbstract:Background The anatomy of the Nipple has become clinically relevant. Diagnostic techniques access the breast through Nipple ducts and surgeons offer Nipple-sparing mastectomy. There is variation in the number of ducts reported and little is known about the spatial location of ducts, their size, and their relationship to orifices on the surface. Methods Nipple specimens were taken from 129 consecutive mastectomies. Each was sectioned coronally into 3 mm blocks and one section was prepared from each block. The number of ducts and cross-sectional areas of Nipple and duct ‘bundle’ were recorded. Three Nipples were sectioned at 50 μm intervals and digitally reconstructed in three dimensions. Results The median number of ducts was 23 (interquartile range 19–28). Reconstructions and summary data from 25 Nipples show a central duct bundle narrowing to form a ‘waist’ as the ducts enter breast parenchyma. A three-dimensional reconstruction focusing on one Nipple tip demonstrated 29 ducts arising from 15 orifices. Beneath the skin, most ducts are very narrow, gradually becoming larger deeper within the Nipple. Conclusions This work demonstrates that many ducts share a few common openings onto the surface of the Nipple, explaining the observed discrepancy between number of ducts and of orifices. Neither duct diameter nor position predicts whether a duct system will terminate close to the Nipple or pass deeper into the breast. These new insights into Nipple anatomy will be of use in considering the reliability of a ductal approach to diagnosis and in planning Nipple-sparing mastectomy.
-
microscopic anatomy within the Nipple implications for Nipple sparing mastectomy
American Journal of Surgery, 2007Co-Authors: Jennifer Rusby, Elena F Brachtel, James S Michaelson, Frederick C Koerner, Alphonse G Taghian, Barbara L SmithAbstract:Abstract Background Precise anatomical relationships between ducts and vasculature within the Nipple remain unknown. This study investigated Nipple microvessels and their position relative to ducts. Methods Nipple and duct bundle cross-sectional areas were measured in 48 specimens. Vessels located within the central duct bundle or within a peripheral rim were counted in 7 non-irradiated and 5 irradiated Nipples. Results Mean Nipple diameter was 11.1 mm and duct bundle diameter 5.2 mm. A 2-mm and a 3-mm peripheral rim of Nipple tissue would result in complete duct excision in 96% and 87% of sections, respectively. Twenty-nine percent of vessels are located in the duct bundle. A 2-mm rim contains 50%; a 3-mm rim contains 66%. Similar proportions were seen in irradiated Nipples. Conclusions This study describes a strategy to balance duct removal with vascular preservation. Ducts can be excised leaving a rim of Nipple tissue that contains a large proportion of microvessels.
Elena F Brachtel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
management of positive sub areolar Nipple duct margins in Nipple sparing mastectomies
Breast Journal, 2014Co-Authors: Melissa S. Camp, Elena F Brachtel, Suzanne B. Coopey, Rong Tang, Amy S. Colwell, Michelle C. Specht, Rachel A. Greenup, Michele A. Gadd, William G. Austen, Barbara L SmithAbstract:We evaluated management of positive sub-areolar/Nipple duct margins in Nipple-sparing mastectomies (NSM) at our institution. Retrospective chart review of all NSM from January 2007 to April 2012 was performed and patient, tumor, and treatment information was collected. Sub-areolar/Nipple duct margins included ductal tissue from within the Nipple. Of 438 NSM, 22 (5%) had positive sub-areolar/Nipple duct margins; 21 of 220 cancer-bearing breasts (10%) and 1 of 218 prophylactic mastectomies (0.5%). Positive margins included four with invasive lobular carcinoma and 18 with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Management included removal of eight Nipples and nine Nipple areola complexes (NAC). Four of 17 Nipple/NAC specimens had evidence of residual DCIS and none had residual invasive cancer. The majority of Nipple/NAC specimens excised for a positive margin had no residual malignancy. Future studies are needed to determine the extent of NAC tissue removal required for positive margins.
-
Management of Positive Sub-areolar/Nipple Duct Margins in Nipple-Sparing Mastectomies
The breast journal, 2014Co-Authors: Melissa S. Camp, Elena F Brachtel, Suzanne B. Coopey, Rong Tang, Amy S. Colwell, Michelle C. Specht, Rachel A. Greenup, Michele A. Gadd, William G. Austen, Barbara L SmithAbstract:We evaluated management of positive sub-areolar/Nipple duct margins in Nipple-sparing mastectomies (NSM) at our institution. Retrospective chart review of all NSM from January 2007 to April 2012 was performed and patient, tumor, and treatment information was collected. Sub-areolar/Nipple duct margins included ductal tissue from within the Nipple. Of 438 NSM, 22 (5%) had positive sub-areolar/Nipple duct margins; 21 of 220 cancer-bearing breasts (10%) and 1 of 218 prophylactic mastectomies (0.5%). Positive margins included four with invasive lobular carcinoma and 18 with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Management included removal of eight Nipples and nine Nipple areola complexes (NAC). Four of 17 Nipple/NAC specimens had evidence of residual DCIS and none had residual invasive cancer. The majority of Nipple/NAC specimens excised for a positive margin had no residual malignancy. Future studies are needed to determine the extent of NAC tissue removal required for positive margins.
-
occult Nipple involvement in breast cancer clinicopathologic findings in 316 consecutive mastectomy specimens
Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2009Co-Authors: Elena F Brachtel, James S Michaelson, Barbara L Smith, Jennifer Rusby, Leon L Chen, Alona Muzikansky, Frederick C KoernerAbstract:Purpose Although breast-conserving surgery is a standard approach for patients with breast cancer, mastectomy often becomes necessary. Surgical options now include Nipple-sparing mastectomy but its oncological safety is still controversial. This study evaluates frequency and patterns of occult Nipple involvement in a large contemporary cohort of patients with the retroareolar margin as possible indicator of Nipple involvement. Patients and Methods Three hundred sixteen consecutive mastectomy specimens (232 therapeutic, 84 prophylactic) with grossly unremarkable Nipples were evaluated by coronal sections through the entire Nipple and subareolar tissue. Extent and location of Nipple involvement by carcinoma was assessed with the tissue deep to the skin as potential retroareolar en-face resection margin. Results Seventy-one percent of Nipples from therapeutic mastectomies showed no pathologic abnormality, 21% had ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), invasive carcinoma (IC), or lymphovascular invasion (LVI), and ...
-
occult Nipple involvement in breast cancer clinicopathologic findings in 316 consecutive mastectomy specimens
Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2009Co-Authors: Elena F Brachtel, James S Michaelson, Barbara L Smith, Jennifer Rusby, Leon L Chen, Alona Muzikansky, Frederick C KoernerAbstract:Purpose Although breast-conserving surgery is a standard approach for patients with breast cancer, mastectomy often becomes necessary. Surgical options now include Nipple-sparing mastectomy but its oncological safety is still controversial. This study evaluates frequency and patterns of occult Nipple involvement in a large contemporary cohort of patients with the retroareolar margin as possible indicator of Nipple involvement. Patients and Methods Three hundred sixteen consecutive mastectomy specimens (232 therapeutic, 84 prophylactic) with grossly unremarkable Nipples were evaluated by coronal sections through the entire Nipple and subareolar tissue. Extent and location of Nipple involvement by carcinoma was assessed with the tissue deep to the skin as potential retroareolar en-face resection margin. Results Seventy-one percent of Nipples from therapeutic mastectomies showed no pathologic abnormality, 21% had ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), invasive carcinoma (IC), or lymphovascular invasion (LVI), and ...
-
Breast duct anatomy in the human Nipple: three-dimensional patterns and clinical implications
Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 2007Co-Authors: Jennifer Rusby, Elena F Brachtel, James S Michaelson, Frederick C Koerner, Barbara L SmithAbstract:Background The anatomy of the Nipple has become clinically relevant. Diagnostic techniques access the breast through Nipple ducts and surgeons offer Nipple-sparing mastectomy. There is variation in the number of ducts reported and little is known about the spatial location of ducts, their size, and their relationship to orifices on the surface. Methods Nipple specimens were taken from 129 consecutive mastectomies. Each was sectioned coronally into 3 mm blocks and one section was prepared from each block. The number of ducts and cross-sectional areas of Nipple and duct ‘bundle’ were recorded. Three Nipples were sectioned at 50 μm intervals and digitally reconstructed in three dimensions. Results The median number of ducts was 23 (interquartile range 19–28). Reconstructions and summary data from 25 Nipples show a central duct bundle narrowing to form a ‘waist’ as the ducts enter breast parenchyma. A three-dimensional reconstruction focusing on one Nipple tip demonstrated 29 ducts arising from 15 orifices. Beneath the skin, most ducts are very narrow, gradually becoming larger deeper within the Nipple. Conclusions This work demonstrates that many ducts share a few common openings onto the surface of the Nipple, explaining the observed discrepancy between number of ducts and of orifices. Neither duct diameter nor position predicts whether a duct system will terminate close to the Nipple or pass deeper into the breast. These new insights into Nipple anatomy will be of use in considering the reliability of a ductal approach to diagnosis and in planning Nipple-sparing mastectomy.
Virginia E Kimonis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Hypothelia, syndactyly, and ear malformation--a variant of the scalp-ear-Nipple syndrome?: Case report and review of the literature.
American journal of medical genetics. Part A, 2005Co-Authors: Hagit Baris, Wen-hann Tan, Virginia E KimonisAbstract:The scalp-ear-Nipple syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant condition that involves lesions of the scalp, malformed external ears, and absence of rudimentary Nipples and breasts. We report a case of a woman with hypothelia, bilateral mildly malformed ears, and syndactyly of the hands and feet, and review the literature on the hypothelia/athelia phenotype. This case may represent a mild phenotype of the scalp-ear-Nipple syndrome or a newly recognized entity.
-
hypothelia syndactyly and ear malformation a variant of the scalp ear Nipple syndrome case report and review of the literature
American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A, 2005Co-Authors: Hagit N Baris, Wen-hann Tan, Virginia E KimonisAbstract:The scalp-ear-Nipple syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant condition that involves lesions of the scalp, malformed external ears, and absence of rudimentary Nipples and breasts. We report a case of a woman with hypothelia, bilateral mildly malformed ears, and syndactyly of the hands and feet, and review the literature on the hypothelia/athelia phenotype. This case may represent a mild phenotype of the scalp-ear-Nipple syndrome or a newly recognized entity. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Barbara L Smith - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
management of positive sub areolar Nipple duct margins in Nipple sparing mastectomies
Breast Journal, 2014Co-Authors: Melissa S. Camp, Elena F Brachtel, Suzanne B. Coopey, Rong Tang, Amy S. Colwell, Michelle C. Specht, Rachel A. Greenup, Michele A. Gadd, William G. Austen, Barbara L SmithAbstract:We evaluated management of positive sub-areolar/Nipple duct margins in Nipple-sparing mastectomies (NSM) at our institution. Retrospective chart review of all NSM from January 2007 to April 2012 was performed and patient, tumor, and treatment information was collected. Sub-areolar/Nipple duct margins included ductal tissue from within the Nipple. Of 438 NSM, 22 (5%) had positive sub-areolar/Nipple duct margins; 21 of 220 cancer-bearing breasts (10%) and 1 of 218 prophylactic mastectomies (0.5%). Positive margins included four with invasive lobular carcinoma and 18 with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Management included removal of eight Nipples and nine Nipple areola complexes (NAC). Four of 17 Nipple/NAC specimens had evidence of residual DCIS and none had residual invasive cancer. The majority of Nipple/NAC specimens excised for a positive margin had no residual malignancy. Future studies are needed to determine the extent of NAC tissue removal required for positive margins.
-
Management of Positive Sub-areolar/Nipple Duct Margins in Nipple-Sparing Mastectomies
The breast journal, 2014Co-Authors: Melissa S. Camp, Elena F Brachtel, Suzanne B. Coopey, Rong Tang, Amy S. Colwell, Michelle C. Specht, Rachel A. Greenup, Michele A. Gadd, William G. Austen, Barbara L SmithAbstract:We evaluated management of positive sub-areolar/Nipple duct margins in Nipple-sparing mastectomies (NSM) at our institution. Retrospective chart review of all NSM from January 2007 to April 2012 was performed and patient, tumor, and treatment information was collected. Sub-areolar/Nipple duct margins included ductal tissue from within the Nipple. Of 438 NSM, 22 (5%) had positive sub-areolar/Nipple duct margins; 21 of 220 cancer-bearing breasts (10%) and 1 of 218 prophylactic mastectomies (0.5%). Positive margins included four with invasive lobular carcinoma and 18 with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Management included removal of eight Nipples and nine Nipple areola complexes (NAC). Four of 17 Nipple/NAC specimens had evidence of residual DCIS and none had residual invasive cancer. The majority of Nipple/NAC specimens excised for a positive margin had no residual malignancy. Future studies are needed to determine the extent of NAC tissue removal required for positive margins.
-
occult Nipple involvement in breast cancer clinicopathologic findings in 316 consecutive mastectomy specimens
Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2009Co-Authors: Elena F Brachtel, James S Michaelson, Barbara L Smith, Jennifer Rusby, Leon L Chen, Alona Muzikansky, Frederick C KoernerAbstract:Purpose Although breast-conserving surgery is a standard approach for patients with breast cancer, mastectomy often becomes necessary. Surgical options now include Nipple-sparing mastectomy but its oncological safety is still controversial. This study evaluates frequency and patterns of occult Nipple involvement in a large contemporary cohort of patients with the retroareolar margin as possible indicator of Nipple involvement. Patients and Methods Three hundred sixteen consecutive mastectomy specimens (232 therapeutic, 84 prophylactic) with grossly unremarkable Nipples were evaluated by coronal sections through the entire Nipple and subareolar tissue. Extent and location of Nipple involvement by carcinoma was assessed with the tissue deep to the skin as potential retroareolar en-face resection margin. Results Seventy-one percent of Nipples from therapeutic mastectomies showed no pathologic abnormality, 21% had ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), invasive carcinoma (IC), or lymphovascular invasion (LVI), and ...
-
occult Nipple involvement in breast cancer clinicopathologic findings in 316 consecutive mastectomy specimens
Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2009Co-Authors: Elena F Brachtel, James S Michaelson, Barbara L Smith, Jennifer Rusby, Leon L Chen, Alona Muzikansky, Frederick C KoernerAbstract:Purpose Although breast-conserving surgery is a standard approach for patients with breast cancer, mastectomy often becomes necessary. Surgical options now include Nipple-sparing mastectomy but its oncological safety is still controversial. This study evaluates frequency and patterns of occult Nipple involvement in a large contemporary cohort of patients with the retroareolar margin as possible indicator of Nipple involvement. Patients and Methods Three hundred sixteen consecutive mastectomy specimens (232 therapeutic, 84 prophylactic) with grossly unremarkable Nipples were evaluated by coronal sections through the entire Nipple and subareolar tissue. Extent and location of Nipple involvement by carcinoma was assessed with the tissue deep to the skin as potential retroareolar en-face resection margin. Results Seventy-one percent of Nipples from therapeutic mastectomies showed no pathologic abnormality, 21% had ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), invasive carcinoma (IC), or lymphovascular invasion (LVI), and ...
-
Breast duct anatomy in the human Nipple: three-dimensional patterns and clinical implications
Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 2007Co-Authors: Jennifer Rusby, Elena F Brachtel, James S Michaelson, Frederick C Koerner, Barbara L SmithAbstract:Background The anatomy of the Nipple has become clinically relevant. Diagnostic techniques access the breast through Nipple ducts and surgeons offer Nipple-sparing mastectomy. There is variation in the number of ducts reported and little is known about the spatial location of ducts, their size, and their relationship to orifices on the surface. Methods Nipple specimens were taken from 129 consecutive mastectomies. Each was sectioned coronally into 3 mm blocks and one section was prepared from each block. The number of ducts and cross-sectional areas of Nipple and duct ‘bundle’ were recorded. Three Nipples were sectioned at 50 μm intervals and digitally reconstructed in three dimensions. Results The median number of ducts was 23 (interquartile range 19–28). Reconstructions and summary data from 25 Nipples show a central duct bundle narrowing to form a ‘waist’ as the ducts enter breast parenchyma. A three-dimensional reconstruction focusing on one Nipple tip demonstrated 29 ducts arising from 15 orifices. Beneath the skin, most ducts are very narrow, gradually becoming larger deeper within the Nipple. Conclusions This work demonstrates that many ducts share a few common openings onto the surface of the Nipple, explaining the observed discrepancy between number of ducts and of orifices. Neither duct diameter nor position predicts whether a duct system will terminate close to the Nipple or pass deeper into the breast. These new insights into Nipple anatomy will be of use in considering the reliability of a ductal approach to diagnosis and in planning Nipple-sparing mastectomy.
Jennifer Rusby - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
occult Nipple involvement in breast cancer clinicopathologic findings in 316 consecutive mastectomy specimens
Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2009Co-Authors: Elena F Brachtel, James S Michaelson, Barbara L Smith, Jennifer Rusby, Leon L Chen, Alona Muzikansky, Frederick C KoernerAbstract:Purpose Although breast-conserving surgery is a standard approach for patients with breast cancer, mastectomy often becomes necessary. Surgical options now include Nipple-sparing mastectomy but its oncological safety is still controversial. This study evaluates frequency and patterns of occult Nipple involvement in a large contemporary cohort of patients with the retroareolar margin as possible indicator of Nipple involvement. Patients and Methods Three hundred sixteen consecutive mastectomy specimens (232 therapeutic, 84 prophylactic) with grossly unremarkable Nipples were evaluated by coronal sections through the entire Nipple and subareolar tissue. Extent and location of Nipple involvement by carcinoma was assessed with the tissue deep to the skin as potential retroareolar en-face resection margin. Results Seventy-one percent of Nipples from therapeutic mastectomies showed no pathologic abnormality, 21% had ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), invasive carcinoma (IC), or lymphovascular invasion (LVI), and ...
-
occult Nipple involvement in breast cancer clinicopathologic findings in 316 consecutive mastectomy specimens
Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2009Co-Authors: Elena F Brachtel, James S Michaelson, Barbara L Smith, Jennifer Rusby, Leon L Chen, Alona Muzikansky, Frederick C KoernerAbstract:Purpose Although breast-conserving surgery is a standard approach for patients with breast cancer, mastectomy often becomes necessary. Surgical options now include Nipple-sparing mastectomy but its oncological safety is still controversial. This study evaluates frequency and patterns of occult Nipple involvement in a large contemporary cohort of patients with the retroareolar margin as possible indicator of Nipple involvement. Patients and Methods Three hundred sixteen consecutive mastectomy specimens (232 therapeutic, 84 prophylactic) with grossly unremarkable Nipples were evaluated by coronal sections through the entire Nipple and subareolar tissue. Extent and location of Nipple involvement by carcinoma was assessed with the tissue deep to the skin as potential retroareolar en-face resection margin. Results Seventy-one percent of Nipples from therapeutic mastectomies showed no pathologic abnormality, 21% had ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), invasive carcinoma (IC), or lymphovascular invasion (LVI), and ...
-
Breast duct anatomy in the human Nipple: three-dimensional patterns and clinical implications
Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 2007Co-Authors: Jennifer Rusby, Elena F Brachtel, James S Michaelson, Frederick C Koerner, Barbara L SmithAbstract:Background The anatomy of the Nipple has become clinically relevant. Diagnostic techniques access the breast through Nipple ducts and surgeons offer Nipple-sparing mastectomy. There is variation in the number of ducts reported and little is known about the spatial location of ducts, their size, and their relationship to orifices on the surface. Methods Nipple specimens were taken from 129 consecutive mastectomies. Each was sectioned coronally into 3 mm blocks and one section was prepared from each block. The number of ducts and cross-sectional areas of Nipple and duct ‘bundle’ were recorded. Three Nipples were sectioned at 50 μm intervals and digitally reconstructed in three dimensions. Results The median number of ducts was 23 (interquartile range 19–28). Reconstructions and summary data from 25 Nipples show a central duct bundle narrowing to form a ‘waist’ as the ducts enter breast parenchyma. A three-dimensional reconstruction focusing on one Nipple tip demonstrated 29 ducts arising from 15 orifices. Beneath the skin, most ducts are very narrow, gradually becoming larger deeper within the Nipple. Conclusions This work demonstrates that many ducts share a few common openings onto the surface of the Nipple, explaining the observed discrepancy between number of ducts and of orifices. Neither duct diameter nor position predicts whether a duct system will terminate close to the Nipple or pass deeper into the breast. These new insights into Nipple anatomy will be of use in considering the reliability of a ductal approach to diagnosis and in planning Nipple-sparing mastectomy.
-
microscopic anatomy within the Nipple implications for Nipple sparing mastectomy
American Journal of Surgery, 2007Co-Authors: Jennifer Rusby, Elena F Brachtel, James S Michaelson, Frederick C Koerner, Alphonse G Taghian, Barbara L SmithAbstract:Abstract Background Precise anatomical relationships between ducts and vasculature within the Nipple remain unknown. This study investigated Nipple microvessels and their position relative to ducts. Methods Nipple and duct bundle cross-sectional areas were measured in 48 specimens. Vessels located within the central duct bundle or within a peripheral rim were counted in 7 non-irradiated and 5 irradiated Nipples. Results Mean Nipple diameter was 11.1 mm and duct bundle diameter 5.2 mm. A 2-mm and a 3-mm peripheral rim of Nipple tissue would result in complete duct excision in 96% and 87% of sections, respectively. Twenty-nine percent of vessels are located in the duct bundle. A 2-mm rim contains 50%; a 3-mm rim contains 66%. Similar proportions were seen in irradiated Nipples. Conclusions This study describes a strategy to balance duct removal with vascular preservation. Ducts can be excised leaving a rim of Nipple tissue that contains a large proportion of microvessels.
