The Experts below are selected from a list of 462 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Frans Folkvord - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Does a 'protective' message reduce the impact of an advergame promoting unhealthy foods to children? An experimental study in Spain and the Netherlands
    Appetite, 2017
    Co-Authors: Frans Folkvord, Francisco Lupiáñez-villanueva, Cristiano Codagnone, Francesco Bogliacino, Giuseppe Alessandro Veltri, George Gaskell
    Abstract:

    The weight of evidence points to the advertising of food affecting food consumption, especially among children. Such advertising often promotes unhealthy foods. Current policy deliberations focus on developing effective ‘protective’ messages to increase advertising literacy and consequent scepticism about advertising targeting children. This study examined whether incorporating a ‘protective’ message in an advergame promoting energy-dense snacks would reduce children's snack intake. A randomized between-subject design was conducted in the Netherlands (N = 215) and Spain (N = 382) with an advergame promoting either energy-dense snacks or Nonfood Products. The results showed that playing an advergame promoting energy-dense snacks increased caloric intake in both countries, irrespective of whether the ‘protective’ message was present or not. These results point to the limitations of ‘protective’ messages and advertising literacy and provide policy makers with a rationale for extending the current prohibition of food advertising to young children in the terrestrial media to online environments.

  • Does a ‘protective’ message reduce the impact of an advergame promoting unhealthy foods to children? An experimental study in Spain and The Netherlands
    'Elsevier BV', 2017
    Co-Authors: Frans Folkvord, Cristiano Codagnone, Francesco Bogliacino, F. Lupi&#225, G. Veltri, George Gaskell
    Abstract:

    The weight of evidence points to the advertising of food affecting food consumption, especially among children. Such advertising often promotes unhealthy foods. Current policy deliberations focus on developing effective \u2018protective\u2019 messages to increase advertising literacy and consequent scepticism about advertising targeting children. This study examined whether incorporating a \u2018protective\u2019 message in an advergame promoting energy-dense snacks would reduce children's snack intake. A randomized between-subject design was conducted in the Netherlands (N\ua0=\ua0215) and Spain (N\ua0=\ua0382) with an advergame promoting either energy-dense snacks or Nonfood Products. The results showed that playing an advergame promoting energy-dense snacks increased caloric intake in both countries, irrespective of whether the \u2018protective\u2019 message was present or not. These results point to the limitations of \u2018protective\u2019 messages and advertising literacy and provide policy makers with a rationale for extending the current prohibition of food advertising to young children in the terrestrial media to online environments

  • Targeting implicit approach reactions to snack food in children: Effects on intake.
    Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology American Psychological Association, 2016
    Co-Authors: Frans Folkvord, Harm Veling, Hans Hoeken
    Abstract:

    Objective: Implicit approach reactions to energy-dense snack food can facilitate unhealthy eating in children. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to test whether modifying implicit reactions to snack food by means of a go/no-go task can reduce consumption of this food. The effectiveness of this intervention on actual snack intake after exposure to a food or a control advertisement was tested. Method: Children (133; age range = 7-10 years) played an advergame promoting either energy-dense food or Nonfood Products. Subsequently, children conducted either a go/no-go food task in which the advertised food was consistently associated with no-go cues, or a go/no-go control task in which colored circles were consistently associated with no-go cues. Afterward, they could eat the advertised food and a new food. Candy intake was weighed and caloric intake was determined. Results: Results show that children who performed the go/no-go food task consumed significantly and considerably fewer calories (34%) than the children who carried out the control task. No main effect of type of advertisement was found. Furthermore, the effect of the go/no-go food task was similar after each type of advertisement, similar for advertised and new foods, and was significant for both girls and boys. Conclusion: Targeting implicit reactions to high-energy snacks proved effective in decreasing intake of snacks in children. Furthermore, the previously reported stimulating effect of food promoting advergames on intake may disappear when a short cognitive task is presented directly after the game. Future work should evaluate the clinical implications of these findings.

  • The role of attentional bias in the effect of food advertising on actual food intake among children
    Appetite, 2014
    Co-Authors: Frans Folkvord, Doeschka J. Anschutz, Reinout W. Wiers, Moniek Buijzen
    Abstract:

    This study examined the potential moderating role of attentional bias (i.e., gaze duration, number of fixations, latency of initial fixation) in the effect of advergames promoting energy-dense snacks on children's snack intake. A randomized between-subject design was conducted with 92 children who played an advergame that promoted either energy-dense snacks or Nonfood Products. Eye movements and reaction times to food and Nonfood cues were recorded to assess attentional bias during playtime using eye-tracking methods. Children could eat freely after playing the game. The results showed that playing an advergame containing food cues increased total intake. Furthermore, children with a higher gaze duration for the food cues ate more of the advertised snacks. In addition, children with a faster latency of initial fixation to the food cues ate more in total and ate more of the advertised snacks. The number of fixations on the food cues did not increase actual snack intake. Food advertisements are designed to grab attention, and this study shows that the extent to which a child's attention is directed to a food cue increases the effect of the advertisement.

  • Impulsivity, "Advergames," and Food Intake
    Pediatrics, 2014
    Co-Authors: Frans Folkvord, Doeschka J. Anschutz, Chantal Nederkoorn, Henk Westerik, Moniek Buijzen
    Abstract:

    BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Previous studies have focused on the effect of food advertisements on the caloric intake of children. However, the role of individual susceptibility in this effect is unclear. The aim of this study was to examine the role of impulsivity in the effect of advergames that promote energy-dense snacks on children’s snack intake. METHODS: First, impulsivity scores were assessed with a computer task. Then a randomized between-subject design was conducted with 261 children aged 7 to 10 years who played an advergame promoting either energy-dense snacks or Nonfood Products. As an extra manipulation, half of the children in each condition were rewarded for refraining from eating, the other half were not. Children could eat freely while playing the game. Food intake was measured. The children then completed questionnaire measures, and were weighed and measured. RESULTS: Overall, playing an advergame containing food cues increased general caloric intake. Furthermore, rewarding children to refrain from eating decreased their caloric intake. Finally, rewarding impulsive children to refrain from eating had no influence when they were playing an advergame promoting energy-dense snacks, whereas it did lead to reduced intake among low impulsive children and children who played Nonfood advergames. CONCLUSIONS: Playing an advergame promoting energy-dense snacks contributes to increased caloric intake in children. The advergame promoting energy-dense snacks overruled the inhibition task to refrain from eating among impulsive children, making it more difficult for them to refrain from eating. The findings suggest that impulsivity plays an important role in susceptibility to food advertisements.

Moniek Buijzen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • The role of attentional bias in the effect of food advertising on actual food intake among children
    Appetite, 2014
    Co-Authors: Frans Folkvord, Doeschka J. Anschutz, Reinout W. Wiers, Moniek Buijzen
    Abstract:

    This study examined the potential moderating role of attentional bias (i.e., gaze duration, number of fixations, latency of initial fixation) in the effect of advergames promoting energy-dense snacks on children's snack intake. A randomized between-subject design was conducted with 92 children who played an advergame that promoted either energy-dense snacks or Nonfood Products. Eye movements and reaction times to food and Nonfood cues were recorded to assess attentional bias during playtime using eye-tracking methods. Children could eat freely after playing the game. The results showed that playing an advergame containing food cues increased total intake. Furthermore, children with a higher gaze duration for the food cues ate more of the advertised snacks. In addition, children with a faster latency of initial fixation to the food cues ate more in total and ate more of the advertised snacks. The number of fixations on the food cues did not increase actual snack intake. Food advertisements are designed to grab attention, and this study shows that the extent to which a child's attention is directed to a food cue increases the effect of the advertisement.

  • Impulsivity, "Advergames," and Food Intake
    Pediatrics, 2014
    Co-Authors: Frans Folkvord, Doeschka J. Anschutz, Chantal Nederkoorn, Henk Westerik, Moniek Buijzen
    Abstract:

    BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Previous studies have focused on the effect of food advertisements on the caloric intake of children. However, the role of individual susceptibility in this effect is unclear. The aim of this study was to examine the role of impulsivity in the effect of advergames that promote energy-dense snacks on children’s snack intake. METHODS: First, impulsivity scores were assessed with a computer task. Then a randomized between-subject design was conducted with 261 children aged 7 to 10 years who played an advergame promoting either energy-dense snacks or Nonfood Products. As an extra manipulation, half of the children in each condition were rewarded for refraining from eating, the other half were not. Children could eat freely while playing the game. Food intake was measured. The children then completed questionnaire measures, and were weighed and measured. RESULTS: Overall, playing an advergame containing food cues increased general caloric intake. Furthermore, rewarding children to refrain from eating decreased their caloric intake. Finally, rewarding impulsive children to refrain from eating had no influence when they were playing an advergame promoting energy-dense snacks, whereas it did lead to reduced intake among low impulsive children and children who played Nonfood advergames. CONCLUSIONS: Playing an advergame promoting energy-dense snacks contributes to increased caloric intake in children. The advergame promoting energy-dense snacks overruled the inhibition task to refrain from eating among impulsive children, making it more difficult for them to refrain from eating. The findings suggest that impulsivity plays an important role in susceptibility to food advertisements.

  • the effect of playing advergames that promote energy dense snacks or fruit on actual food intake among children
    The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2013
    Co-Authors: Frans Folkvord, Doeschka J. Anschutz, Moniek Buijzen, Patti M Valkenburg
    Abstract:

    Background: Previous studies have focused on the effects of television advertising on the energy intake of children. However, the rapidly changing food-marketing landscape requires research to measure the effects of nontraditional forms of marketing on the healthrelated behaviors of children. Objectives: The main aim of this study was to examine the effect of advergames that promote energy-dense snacks or fruit on children’s ad libitum snack and fruit consumption and to examine whether this consumption differed according to brand and product type (energydense snacks and fruit). The second aim was to examine whether advergames can stimulate fruit intake. Design: We used a randomized between-subject design with 270 children (age: 8–10 y) who played an advergame that promoted energy-dense snacks (n = 69), fruit (n = 67), or Nonfood Products (n = 65) or were in the control condition (n = 69). Subsequently, we measured the free intake of energy-dense snacks and fruit. The children then completed questionnaire measures, and we weighed and measured them. Results: The main finding was that playing an advergame containing food cues increased general energy intake, regardless of the advertised brand or product type (energy-dense snacks or fruit), and this activity particularly increased the intake of energy-dense snack foods. Children who played the fruit version of the advergame did not eat significantly more fruit than did those in the other groups. Conclusion: The findings suggest that playing advergames that promote food, including either energy-dense snacks or fruit, increases energy intake in children. This trial was registered at www.controlledtrials.com as ISRCTN17013832. Am J Clin Nutr 2013;97:239– 45.

Doeschka J. Anschutz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • The role of attentional bias in the effect of food advertising on actual food intake among children
    Appetite, 2014
    Co-Authors: Frans Folkvord, Doeschka J. Anschutz, Reinout W. Wiers, Moniek Buijzen
    Abstract:

    This study examined the potential moderating role of attentional bias (i.e., gaze duration, number of fixations, latency of initial fixation) in the effect of advergames promoting energy-dense snacks on children's snack intake. A randomized between-subject design was conducted with 92 children who played an advergame that promoted either energy-dense snacks or Nonfood Products. Eye movements and reaction times to food and Nonfood cues were recorded to assess attentional bias during playtime using eye-tracking methods. Children could eat freely after playing the game. The results showed that playing an advergame containing food cues increased total intake. Furthermore, children with a higher gaze duration for the food cues ate more of the advertised snacks. In addition, children with a faster latency of initial fixation to the food cues ate more in total and ate more of the advertised snacks. The number of fixations on the food cues did not increase actual snack intake. Food advertisements are designed to grab attention, and this study shows that the extent to which a child's attention is directed to a food cue increases the effect of the advertisement.

  • Impulsivity, "Advergames," and Food Intake
    Pediatrics, 2014
    Co-Authors: Frans Folkvord, Doeschka J. Anschutz, Chantal Nederkoorn, Henk Westerik, Moniek Buijzen
    Abstract:

    BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Previous studies have focused on the effect of food advertisements on the caloric intake of children. However, the role of individual susceptibility in this effect is unclear. The aim of this study was to examine the role of impulsivity in the effect of advergames that promote energy-dense snacks on children’s snack intake. METHODS: First, impulsivity scores were assessed with a computer task. Then a randomized between-subject design was conducted with 261 children aged 7 to 10 years who played an advergame promoting either energy-dense snacks or Nonfood Products. As an extra manipulation, half of the children in each condition were rewarded for refraining from eating, the other half were not. Children could eat freely while playing the game. Food intake was measured. The children then completed questionnaire measures, and were weighed and measured. RESULTS: Overall, playing an advergame containing food cues increased general caloric intake. Furthermore, rewarding children to refrain from eating decreased their caloric intake. Finally, rewarding impulsive children to refrain from eating had no influence when they were playing an advergame promoting energy-dense snacks, whereas it did lead to reduced intake among low impulsive children and children who played Nonfood advergames. CONCLUSIONS: Playing an advergame promoting energy-dense snacks contributes to increased caloric intake in children. The advergame promoting energy-dense snacks overruled the inhibition task to refrain from eating among impulsive children, making it more difficult for them to refrain from eating. The findings suggest that impulsivity plays an important role in susceptibility to food advertisements.

  • the effect of playing advergames that promote energy dense snacks or fruit on actual food intake among children
    The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2013
    Co-Authors: Frans Folkvord, Doeschka J. Anschutz, Moniek Buijzen, Patti M Valkenburg
    Abstract:

    Background: Previous studies have focused on the effects of television advertising on the energy intake of children. However, the rapidly changing food-marketing landscape requires research to measure the effects of nontraditional forms of marketing on the healthrelated behaviors of children. Objectives: The main aim of this study was to examine the effect of advergames that promote energy-dense snacks or fruit on children’s ad libitum snack and fruit consumption and to examine whether this consumption differed according to brand and product type (energydense snacks and fruit). The second aim was to examine whether advergames can stimulate fruit intake. Design: We used a randomized between-subject design with 270 children (age: 8–10 y) who played an advergame that promoted energy-dense snacks (n = 69), fruit (n = 67), or Nonfood Products (n = 65) or were in the control condition (n = 69). Subsequently, we measured the free intake of energy-dense snacks and fruit. The children then completed questionnaire measures, and we weighed and measured them. Results: The main finding was that playing an advergame containing food cues increased general energy intake, regardless of the advertised brand or product type (energy-dense snacks or fruit), and this activity particularly increased the intake of energy-dense snack foods. Children who played the fruit version of the advergame did not eat significantly more fruit than did those in the other groups. Conclusion: The findings suggest that playing advergames that promote food, including either energy-dense snacks or fruit, increases energy intake in children. This trial was registered at www.controlledtrials.com as ISRCTN17013832. Am J Clin Nutr 2013;97:239– 45.

Folkvord F. - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • The association between BMI development among young children and (un)healthy food choices in response to food advertisements: A longitudinal study
    'Springer Science and Business Media LLC', 2016
    Co-Authors: Folkvord F., Anschutz D.j.
    Abstract:

    Contains fulltext : 155656.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)Background: Previous studies have focused on the acute effects of food advertisements on the caloric intake of children; however, the long-term effects of this food cue reactivity on weight gain have not been examined. The main aim of this study was to explore if reactivity to food cues in an advertisement was associated with weight status two years later. Methods: Children wo had previously taken part in an experiment investigating the impact of advergames on food intake had their height and weight re-measured two years later, for assessment of body mass index (BMI). A within-subject design was used to test the associations between food choices and BMI over time. In the previous experiment, children played an advergame that promoted energy-dense snacks, fruit, or Nonfood Products, or did not play an advergame (control condition). After playing the game, the free intake of energy-dense snacks and fruits was measured. Results: Children who ate more apple after playing an advergame promoting energy-dense snacks had a lower BMI two years later. Consumption of energy-dense snacks after playing an advergame promoting energy-dense snacks was not associated with BMI two years later. In other condition, no association was found between food intake and BMI after two years. Conclusions: The findings suggest that coping with environmental cues that trigger unhealthy eating behavior is associated with the body mass index of young children two years later. This might imply that learning to respond to food cues by choosing healthy options might prevent children from excessive weight gain. This trial was registered at as ISRCTN17013832.7 p

  • The association between BMI development among young children and (un)healthy food choices in response to food advertisements: A longitudinal study
    'Springer Science and Business Media LLC', 2016
    Co-Authors: Folkvord F., Anschutz D.j.
    Abstract:

    Background: Previous studies have focused on the acute effects of food advertisements on the caloric intake of children; however, the long-term effects of this food cue reactivity on weight gain have not been examined. The main aim of this study was to explore if reactivity to food cues in an advertisement was associated with weight status two years later. Methods: Children wo had previously taken part in an experiment investigating the impact of advergames on food intake had their height and weight re-measured two years later, for assessment of body mass index (BMI). A within-subject design was used to test the associations between food choices and BMI over time. In the previous experiment, children played an advergame that promoted energy-dense snacks, fruit, or Nonfood Products, or did not play an advergame (control condition). After playing the game, the free intake of energy-dense snacks and fruits was measured. Results: Children who ate more apple after playing an advergame promoting energy-dense snacks had a lower BMI two years later. Consumption of energy-dense snacks after playing an advergame promoting energy-dense snacks was not associated with BMI two years later. In other condition, no association was found between food intake and BMI after two years. Conclusions: The findings suggest that coping with environmental cues that trigger unhealthy eating behavior is associated with the body mass index of young children two years later. This might imply that learning to respond to food cues by choosing healthy options might prevent children from excessive weight gain. This trial was registered at as ISRCTN17013832

  • Targeting implicit approach reactions to snack food in children: Effects on intake
    'American Psychological Association (APA)', 2016
    Co-Authors: Folkvord F., Veling H.p., Hoeken H.
    Abstract:

    Item does not contain fulltextObjective: Implicit approach reactions to energy-dense snack food can facilitate unhealthy eating in children. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to test whether modifying implicit reactions to snack food by means of a go/no-go task can reduce consumption of this food. The effectiveness of this intervention on actual snack intake after exposure to a food or a control advertisement was tested. Method: Children (133; age range = 7-10 years) played an advergame promoting either energy-dense food or Nonfood Products. Subsequently, children conducted either a go/no-go food task in which the advertised food was consistently associated with no-go cues, or a go/no-go control task in which colored circles were consistently associated with no-go cues. Afterward, they could eat the advertised food and a new food. Candy intake was weighed and caloric intake was determined. Results: Results show that children who performed the go/no-go food task consumed significantly and considerably fewer calories (34%) than the children who carried out the control task. No main effect of type of advertisement was found. Furthermore, the effect of the go/no-go food task was similar after each type of advertisement, similar for advertised and new foods, and was significant for both girls and boys. Conclusion: Targeting implicit reactions to high-energy snacks proved effective in decreasing intake of snacks in children. Furthermore, the previously reported stimulating effect of food promoting advergames on intake may disappear when a short cognitive task is presented directly after the game. Future work should evaluate the clinical implications of these findings.4 p

  • Attentional bias for food cues in advertising among overweight and hungry children
    2015
    Co-Authors: Folkvord F., Anschutz D.j.
    Abstract:

    Attentional bias theory suggests that an increased motivation to receive or avoid a rewarding substance elevates automatic selective attention toward cues that are related to that specific substance. Until now, no study has examined attentional bias toward food cues in food advertisements, even though these are designed to grab the attention of possible consumers and induce craving and eating behavior. This study aims to examine if overweight and hungry children have an attentional bias for food cues when exposed to food advertising. A randomized between-subject design was used with 95 children (age: 7- 10 years) who played an advergame that promoted either energy-dense snacks or Nonfood Products. While playing, eye-movements to food or Nonfood cues were recorded to assess attentional bias. We found that overweight children had a higher gaze duration for the food cues (P < 0.05, Cohen's d = 0.72) compared to normal weight children. We found no effects of overweight for number of fixations and latency of initial fixation for the food cues. No effects were found of overweight on the attentional bias measurements for the Nonfood cues. Furthermore, hungrier children had a higher gaze duration (P < 0.05, Cohen’s f2 = 0.18), a higher number of fixations (P < 0.05, Cohen's f2 = 0.19), and a faster latency of initial fixation on the food cues than less hungry children (P < 0.05, Cohen's f2 = 0.15), whilewe found the opposite results for the Nonfood cues. Food cues trigger attention to a larger extent among overweight and hungrier children. The findings largely confirm our expectations, adding important knowledge to existing literature about attentional bias theory

  • Attentional bias for food cues in advertising among overweight and hungry children
    'Elsevier BV', 2015
    Co-Authors: Folkvord F., Anschutz D.j.
    Abstract:

    Item does not contain fulltextAttentional bias theory suggests that an increased motivation to receive or avoid a rewarding substance elevates automatic selective attention toward cues that are related to that specific substance. Until now, no study has examined attentional bias toward food cues in food advertisements, even though these are designed to grab the attention of possible consumers and induce craving and eating behavior. This study aims to examine if overweight and hungry children have an attentional bias for food cues when exposed to food advertising. A randomized between-subject design was used with 95 children (age: 7- 10 years) who played an advergame that promoted either energy-dense snacks or Nonfood Products. While playing, eye-movements to food or Nonfood cues were recorded to assess attentional bias. We found that overweight children had a higher gaze duration for the food cues (P < 0.05, Cohen's d = 0.72) compared to normal weight children. We found no effects of overweight for number of fixations and latency of initial fixation for the food cues. No effects were found of overweight on the attentional bias measurements for the Nonfood cues. Furthermore, hungrier children had a higher gaze duration (P < 0.05, Cohen’s f2 = 0.18), a higher number of fixations (P < 0.05, Cohen's f2 = 0.19), and a faster latency of initial fixation on the food cues than less hungry children (P < 0.05, Cohen's f2 = 0.15), whilewe found the opposite results for the Nonfood cues. Food cues trigger attention to a larger extent among overweight and hungrier children. The findings largely confirm our expectations, adding important knowledge to existing literature about attentional bias theory.1 p

Anschutz D.j. - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • The association between BMI development among young children and (un)healthy food choices in response to food advertisements: A longitudinal study
    'Springer Science and Business Media LLC', 2016
    Co-Authors: Folkvord F., Anschutz D.j.
    Abstract:

    Contains fulltext : 155656.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)Background: Previous studies have focused on the acute effects of food advertisements on the caloric intake of children; however, the long-term effects of this food cue reactivity on weight gain have not been examined. The main aim of this study was to explore if reactivity to food cues in an advertisement was associated with weight status two years later. Methods: Children wo had previously taken part in an experiment investigating the impact of advergames on food intake had their height and weight re-measured two years later, for assessment of body mass index (BMI). A within-subject design was used to test the associations between food choices and BMI over time. In the previous experiment, children played an advergame that promoted energy-dense snacks, fruit, or Nonfood Products, or did not play an advergame (control condition). After playing the game, the free intake of energy-dense snacks and fruits was measured. Results: Children who ate more apple after playing an advergame promoting energy-dense snacks had a lower BMI two years later. Consumption of energy-dense snacks after playing an advergame promoting energy-dense snacks was not associated with BMI two years later. In other condition, no association was found between food intake and BMI after two years. Conclusions: The findings suggest that coping with environmental cues that trigger unhealthy eating behavior is associated with the body mass index of young children two years later. This might imply that learning to respond to food cues by choosing healthy options might prevent children from excessive weight gain. This trial was registered at as ISRCTN17013832.7 p

  • The association between BMI development among young children and (un)healthy food choices in response to food advertisements: A longitudinal study
    'Springer Science and Business Media LLC', 2016
    Co-Authors: Folkvord F., Anschutz D.j.
    Abstract:

    Background: Previous studies have focused on the acute effects of food advertisements on the caloric intake of children; however, the long-term effects of this food cue reactivity on weight gain have not been examined. The main aim of this study was to explore if reactivity to food cues in an advertisement was associated with weight status two years later. Methods: Children wo had previously taken part in an experiment investigating the impact of advergames on food intake had their height and weight re-measured two years later, for assessment of body mass index (BMI). A within-subject design was used to test the associations between food choices and BMI over time. In the previous experiment, children played an advergame that promoted energy-dense snacks, fruit, or Nonfood Products, or did not play an advergame (control condition). After playing the game, the free intake of energy-dense snacks and fruits was measured. Results: Children who ate more apple after playing an advergame promoting energy-dense snacks had a lower BMI two years later. Consumption of energy-dense snacks after playing an advergame promoting energy-dense snacks was not associated with BMI two years later. In other condition, no association was found between food intake and BMI after two years. Conclusions: The findings suggest that coping with environmental cues that trigger unhealthy eating behavior is associated with the body mass index of young children two years later. This might imply that learning to respond to food cues by choosing healthy options might prevent children from excessive weight gain. This trial was registered at as ISRCTN17013832

  • Attentional bias for food cues in advertising among overweight and hungry children
    2015
    Co-Authors: Folkvord F., Anschutz D.j.
    Abstract:

    Attentional bias theory suggests that an increased motivation to receive or avoid a rewarding substance elevates automatic selective attention toward cues that are related to that specific substance. Until now, no study has examined attentional bias toward food cues in food advertisements, even though these are designed to grab the attention of possible consumers and induce craving and eating behavior. This study aims to examine if overweight and hungry children have an attentional bias for food cues when exposed to food advertising. A randomized between-subject design was used with 95 children (age: 7- 10 years) who played an advergame that promoted either energy-dense snacks or Nonfood Products. While playing, eye-movements to food or Nonfood cues were recorded to assess attentional bias. We found that overweight children had a higher gaze duration for the food cues (P < 0.05, Cohen's d = 0.72) compared to normal weight children. We found no effects of overweight for number of fixations and latency of initial fixation for the food cues. No effects were found of overweight on the attentional bias measurements for the Nonfood cues. Furthermore, hungrier children had a higher gaze duration (P < 0.05, Cohen’s f2 = 0.18), a higher number of fixations (P < 0.05, Cohen's f2 = 0.19), and a faster latency of initial fixation on the food cues than less hungry children (P < 0.05, Cohen's f2 = 0.15), whilewe found the opposite results for the Nonfood cues. Food cues trigger attention to a larger extent among overweight and hungrier children. The findings largely confirm our expectations, adding important knowledge to existing literature about attentional bias theory

  • Attentional bias for food cues in advertising among overweight and hungry children
    'Elsevier BV', 2015
    Co-Authors: Folkvord F., Anschutz D.j.
    Abstract:

    Item does not contain fulltextAttentional bias theory suggests that an increased motivation to receive or avoid a rewarding substance elevates automatic selective attention toward cues that are related to that specific substance. Until now, no study has examined attentional bias toward food cues in food advertisements, even though these are designed to grab the attention of possible consumers and induce craving and eating behavior. This study aims to examine if overweight and hungry children have an attentional bias for food cues when exposed to food advertising. A randomized between-subject design was used with 95 children (age: 7- 10 years) who played an advergame that promoted either energy-dense snacks or Nonfood Products. While playing, eye-movements to food or Nonfood cues were recorded to assess attentional bias. We found that overweight children had a higher gaze duration for the food cues (P < 0.05, Cohen's d = 0.72) compared to normal weight children. We found no effects of overweight for number of fixations and latency of initial fixation for the food cues. No effects were found of overweight on the attentional bias measurements for the Nonfood cues. Furthermore, hungrier children had a higher gaze duration (P < 0.05, Cohen’s f2 = 0.18), a higher number of fixations (P < 0.05, Cohen's f2 = 0.19), and a faster latency of initial fixation on the food cues than less hungry children (P < 0.05, Cohen's f2 = 0.15), whilewe found the opposite results for the Nonfood cues. Food cues trigger attention to a larger extent among overweight and hungrier children. The findings largely confirm our expectations, adding important knowledge to existing literature about attentional bias theory.1 p

  • Impulsivity, "advergames", and food intake
    'American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)', 2014
    Co-Authors: Folkvord F., Anschutz D.j., Nederkoorn C., Westerik H.
    Abstract:

    Contains fulltext : 128481.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access)BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Previous studies have focused on the effect of food advertisements on the caloric intake of children. However, the role of individual susceptibility in this effect is unclear. The aim of this study was to examine the role of impulsivity in the effect of advergames that promote energy-dense snacks on children's snack intake. METHODS: First, impulsivity scores were assessed with a computer task. Then a randomized between-subject design was conducted with 261 children aged 7 to 10 years who played an advergame promoting either energy-dense snacks or Nonfood Products. As an extra manipulation, half of the children in each condition were rewarded for refraining from eating, the other half were not. Children could eat freely while playing the game. Food intake was measured. The children then completed questionnaire measures, and were weighed and measured. RESULTS: Overall, playing an advergame containing food cues increased general caloric intake. Furthermore, rewarding children to refrain from eating decreased their caloric intake. Finally, rewarding impulsive children to refrain from eating had no influence when they were playing an advergame promoting energy-dense snacks, whereas it did lead to reduced intake among low impulsive children and children who played Nonfood advergames. CONCLUSIONS: Playing an advergame promoting energy-dense snacks contributes to increased caloric intake in children. The advergame promoting energy-dense snacks overruled the inhibition task to refrain from eating among impulsive children, making it more difficult for them to refrain from eating. The findings suggest that impulsivity plays an important role in susceptibility to food advertisements.6 p