The Experts below are selected from a list of 2550 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Rick A. Relyea - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Cross‐tolerance in amphibians: Wood frog mortality when exposed to three insecticides with a common mode of action
Environmental toxicology and chemistry, 2013Co-Authors: Jessica Hua, Rickey D. Cothran, Aaron B. Stoler, Rick A. RelyeaAbstract:Insecticide tolerance and cross-tolerance in Nontarget Organisms is often overlooked despite its potential to buffer natural systems from anthropogenic influence. We exposed wood frog tadpoles from 15 populations to three acetylcholine esterase-inhibiting insecticides and found widespread variation in insecticide tolerance and evidence for cross-tolerance to these insecticides. Our results demonstrate that amphibian populations with tolerance to one pesticide may be tolerant to many other pesticides.
Anthony M. Shelton - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Errors in Logic and Statistics Plague a Meta-Analysis (Response to Andow and Lövei 2012)
Environmental Entomology, 2012Co-Authors: Anthony M. Shelton, Steven E. Naranjo, Joerg Romeis, Richard L. HellmichAbstract:As we noted previously (Shelton et al. 2009a, b), we strongly believe in the power of meta-analyses to help advance our collective understanding of the potential risks of Bt crops for Nontarget Organisms by identifying negative, neutral, and positive effects of the technology in both laboratory and field studies. Although we agree on this point, it is equally important that such studies do not contain errors in logic or statistics. We acknowledge that Andow and Lovei (2012) have corrected a statistical error in their previous publications (Lovei et al. 2009), but point out another statistical error (see below) in their latest letter. However, more important than these statistical errors, we question their continued attribution of hazard to a protein rather than, more accurately, to poor prey or host quality. We believe this is an error in logic. Therefore, we strongly oppose the latest statement by Andow and Lovei (2012) that their conclusions of detectable nonzero effects of Cry proteins on Nontarget Organisms were “… criticized by Shelton et al. (2009a, b) on statistical grounds.” They missed the point again. Our primary criticism then and now is that they continue to ignore prey and host-quality effects and the ecological context in their effort to inform risk assessment. Besides the fault in logic of ignoring prey or host quality, we also take issue with the statement in their latest letter (Andow and Lovei 2012): “We conclude not that there could have been type II error, but that there has been type II error.” Given the nature of …
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Transgenic Cry1Ab Rice Does Not Impact Ecological Fitness and Predation of a Generalist Spider
PloS one, 2012Co-Authors: Jun-ce Tian, Yang Chen, Mao Chen, Yufa Peng, Anthony M. SheltonAbstract:Background The commercial release of rice genetically engineered to express a Cry1Ab protein from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) for control of Lepidoptera in China is a subject of debate. One major point of the debate has focused on the ecological safety of Bt rice on Nontarget Organisms, especially predators and parasitoids that help control populations of insect pests.
Willem F De Boer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the use of statistical tools in field testing of putative effects of genetically modified plants on Nontarget Organisms
Ecology and Evolution, 2013Co-Authors: Alexander V Semenov, Jan Dirk Van Elsas, Debora C M Glandorf, Menno Schilthuizen, Willem F De BoerAbstract:To fulfill existing guidelines, applicants that aim to place their genetically modified (GM) insect-resistant crop plants on the market are required to provide data from field experiments that address the potential impacts of the GM plants on Nontarget Organisms (NTO's). Such data may be based on varied experimental designs. The recent EFSA guidance document for environmental risk assessment (2010) does not provide clear and structured suggestions that address the statistics of field trials on effects on NTO's. This review examines existing practices in GM plant field testing such as the way of randomization, replication, and pseudoreplication. Emphasis is placed on the importance of design features used for the field trials in which effects on NTO's are assessed. The importance of statistical power and the positive and negative aspects of various statistical models are discussed. Equivalence and difference testing are compared, and the importance of checking the distribution of experimental data is stressed to decide on the selection of the proper statistical model. While for continuous data (e.g., pH and temperature) classical statistical approaches – for example, analysis of variance (ANOVA) – are appropriate, for discontinuous data (counts) only generalized linear models (GLM) are shown to be efficient. There is no golden rule as to which statistical test is the most appropriate for any experimental situation. In particular, in experiments in which block designs are used and covariates play a role GLMs should be used. Generic advice is offered that will help in both the setting up of field testing and the interpretation and data analysis of the data obtained in this testing. The combination of decision trees and a checklist for field trials, which are provided, will help in the interpretation of the statistical analyses of field trials and to assess whether such analyses were correctly applied. We offer generic advice to risk assessors and applicants that will help in both the setting up of field testing and the interpretation and data analysis of the data obtained in field testing.
Brett W Merritt - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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lack of effects of bacillus sphaericus vectolex on Nontarget Organisms in a mosquito control program in southeastern wisconsin a 3 year study
Journal of The American Mosquito Control Association, 2005Co-Authors: Richard W Merritt, Joanna L Lessard, Kelly J Wessell, Osvaldo Hernandez, Martin B Berg, John R Wallace, John A Novak, John Ryan, Brett W MerrittAbstract:A 3-year study (2000-2002) in southeastern Wisconsin was conducted to assess the effects of Bacillus sphaericus applied for mosquito control on Nontarget wetland invertebrates. The experimental design consisted of control and treatment sites (that were applied by helicopter with Vectolex CG), each in 2 vegetation habitat types: reed canary grass marsh (Phalaris arundinacea) and cattail marsh (Typha spp.). In each of these areas, a predetermined number of timed (30-sec) D-frame aquatic net samples containing vegetation, detritus, and invertebrates were collected 1 day before spraying and 72 h after spraying to detect for effects. We examined and compared 5 bioassessment measures to determine if there was an effect of B. sphaericus on Nontarget Organisms during each of the sampling years. The metrics tested were (1) mean taxa richness (the mean number of all taxa), (2) mean diversity (combines taxa richness and abundances in a summary statistic; i.e., Shannon Index [H'I]), (3) Diptera richness (minus mosquitoes) as a proportion of all other taxa richness (Diptera/others richness), (4) Diptera abundance (minus mosquitoes) as a proportion of all other invertebrate abundance (Diptera/others abundance), and (5) functional group changes in percent collector-gatherers, collector-filterers, scrapers, shredders, and predators. When Vectolex was applied during 6 treatments at the labeled dosage rate in the above habitats in Brookfield, WI, no detrimental effects to Nontarget Organisms could be attributed to this microbial insecticide. Much of the variation in the control vs. treatment and pre vs. post plots was attributed to factors other than the effects of B. sphaericus on Nontarget Organisms, such as the time of sampling, natural variation that occurs in such diverse habitats as canary grass and cattail marshes, and water depth, which varied among years.
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LACK OF EFFECTS OF BACILLUS SPHAERICUS (VECTOLEX®) ON Nontarget Organisms IN A MOSQUITO-CONTROL PROGRAM IN SOUTHEASTERN WISCONSIN: A 3-YEAR STUDY
Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 2005Co-Authors: Richard W Merritt, Joanna L Lessard, Kelly J Wessell, Osvaldo Hernandez, Martin B Berg, John R Wallace, John A Novak, John Ryan, Brett W MerrittAbstract:ABSTRACT A 3-year study (2000–2002) in southeastern Wisconsin was conducted to assess the effects of Bacillus sphaericus applied for mosquito control on Nontarget wetland invertebrates. The experimental design consisted of control and treatment sites (that were applied by helicopter with Vectolex® CG), each in 2 vegetation habitat types: reed canary grass marsh (Phalaris arundinacea) and cattail marsh (Typha spp.). In each of these areas, a predetermined number of timed (30-sec) D-frame aquatic net samples containing vegetation, detritus, and invertebrates were collected 1 day before spraying and 72 h after spraying to detect for effects. We examined and compared 5 bioassessment measures to determine if there was an effect of B. sphaericus on Nontarget Organisms during each of the sampling years. The metrics tested were 1) mean taxa richness (the mean number of all taxa), 2) mean diversity (combines taxa richness and abundances in a summary statistic; i.e., Shannon Index [H′]), 3) Diptera richness (minus ...
Jessica Hua - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Cross‐tolerance in amphibians: Wood frog mortality when exposed to three insecticides with a common mode of action
Environmental toxicology and chemistry, 2013Co-Authors: Jessica Hua, Rickey D. Cothran, Aaron B. Stoler, Rick A. RelyeaAbstract:Insecticide tolerance and cross-tolerance in Nontarget Organisms is often overlooked despite its potential to buffer natural systems from anthropogenic influence. We exposed wood frog tadpoles from 15 populations to three acetylcholine esterase-inhibiting insecticides and found widespread variation in insecticide tolerance and evidence for cross-tolerance to these insecticides. Our results demonstrate that amphibian populations with tolerance to one pesticide may be tolerant to many other pesticides.
