The Experts below are selected from a list of 1908 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
William B. Mccloskey - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
The Use of Norflurazon (Zorial 5G) in Parker Valley Alfalfa For Purple Nutsedge Suppression in 1997-98
2016Co-Authors: Tim C. Mccloskey, William B. Mccloskey, William B. Mcguire, Tim C. Knowles, Jerry McguireAbstract:Two experiments were conducted during 1997-98 to study the use of Norflurazon (Zorial 5G) for purple nutsedge control in alfalfa. In experiment 1, Zorial 5G was applied in spring 1996 and 1997 at application rates of 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 3.0 lb a.i. /A. Split applications were made each summer in four of eight treatments for total annual Zorial 5G rates of 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 lb a. i. /A-year. In the fall of 1997, each plot was divided into two subplots. One set of subplots was disced twice and replanted with alfalfa. Alfalfa planted into these subplots was not affected by the residual soil concentrations of Norflurazon. In the other set of undisturbed subplots, the residual soil concentrations of Norflurazon continued to provide substantial suppression of purple nutsedge in 1998. However, by August 1998, the 3 lb a.i. /A-year rate only provided fair nutsedge suppression (51 %), while the 4 lb a. i. /A-year rate still provided satisfactory suppression (75 %). At rates of 2 lb a.i. /A-year or less, the residual effects of Norflurazon declined to low levels in 1998 and did not keep purple nutsedge population levels from rebounding t
-
The Use of Norflurazon (Zorial 5G) in Parker Valley Alfalfa for Purple Nutsedge Suppression in 1997-98
1998Co-Authors: Tim C. Knowles, William B. Mccloskey, Jerry McguireAbstract:Two experiments were conducted during 1997 -98 to study the use of Norflurazon (Zorial 5G) for purple nutsedge control in alfalfa. In experiment 1, Zorial 5G was applied in spring 1996 and 1997 at application rates of 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 3.0 lb a.i. /A. Split applications were made each summer in four of eight treatments for total annual Zorial 5G rates of 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 lb a. i. /A -year. In the fall of 1997, each plot was divided into two subplots. One set of subplots was disced twice and replanted with alfalfa. Alfalfa planted into these subplots was not affected by the residual soil concentrations of Norflurazon. In the other set of undisturbed subplots, the residual soil concentrations of Norflurazon continued to provide substantial suppression of purple nutsedge in 1998. However, by August 1998, the 3 lb a.i. /A -year rate only provided fair nutsedge suppression (51 %), while the 4 lb a. i. /A -year rate still provided satisfactory suppression (75 %). At rates of 2 lb a.i. /A -year or less, the residual effects of Norflurazon declined to low levels in 1998 and did not keep purple nutsedge population levels from rebounding to pretreatment levels. In experiment 2, the efficacy of single spring (April 30) applications of Zorial 5G (Norflurazon) at rates of 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 lb a.i. /A; of Treflan TR10 (trifluralin) at a rate of 2 lb a.i. /A, and of Visor 5G (thiazopyr) at rates of 0.25 and 0.50 lb a.i. /A were evaluated. As of August 4, 1998, purple nutsedge was the predominate weed species in this experiment. Zorial 5G applications at rates ranging from 1.5 to 3.0 lb a.i. /A provided moderate (57 -68 %) purple nutsedge suppression. Rates above 1.5 lb a.i. /A did not significantly improve purple nutsedge control suggesting that in new alfalfa stands, 1.5 lb a.i A may be an appropriate rate for the first part of a split application. To date, single applications of Visor 5G at 0.25 and 0.50 lb a. i. /A and Treflan TR -10 at 2 lb a.i. /A have provided poor (17 -33 %) purple nutsedge suppression.
-
Effect of Norflurazon (Zorial Rapid 80®) Mixed with Pendimethalin (Prowl®) and Prometryn (Caparol®) on Cotton Stand Establishment and Yield
1996Co-Authors: William B. Mccloskey, Gary L. DixonAbstract:The effect on cotton stand establishment and seed cotton yield of various rates of Norflurazon applied in combination with pendimethalin or both pendimethalin and prometryn was determined in field studies conducted at the Maricopa Agricultural Center in 1994 and 1995 in a sandy loam soil. Cotton stand counts were highest when only pendimethalin was applied or when no herbicide was used. Tank mixing prometryn with pendimethalin did not significantly reduce plant populations. Tank mixing increasing amounts of Norflurazon with pendimethalin resulted in decreasing plant populations in both the wet and the dry plant experiments. Tank mixing increasing rates of Norflurazon with both pendimethalin and prometryn caused a similar decline in plant populations in both the wet and the dry plant experiments. The symptoms of dying cotton seedlings and the stand count data indicated that notflurazon was the component of the tank mixtures that caused seedling mortality. The effect of the herbicide treatments on seed cotton yields was much less than on stand counts, but the same trends discussed above were evident. However, at the label rate for Norflurazon in coarse textured soils, 0.5 lb a. i. /A, seed cotton yields were not significantly reduced. The smaller effect of the herbicide treatments on seed cotton yields was due to the bush type nature of DPL 5415 and increased growth of surviving plants when plant populations were reduced. The data indicates that yield losses were not significant unless plant populations were reduced below about 20,000 to 25,000 plants /A.
-
Nutsedge Control in Cotton Using Norflurazon (Zorial Rapid 80): A Progress Report
1994Co-Authors: William B. Mccloskey, Gary L. DixonAbstract:Field experiments were conducted in 1992 and 1993 to determine the crop safety and efficacy of Norflurazon applications for control of purple and yellow nutsedge in cotton. Norflurazon was applied preplantincorporated (PPI) or in two applications, PPI and postemergence (POST) when cotton was 3 to 4" tall. As the PPI Norflurazon application rate increased from 0.5 to 0.75, 1.0, and 1.25 lb a. i. /A, early season nutsedge control increased from 29 to 49, 58, and 76% of control. Early season weed control declined after about 6 weeks. POST emergence applications of Norflurazon prolonged the period of nutsedge control. Data collected 71 and 21 days after the PPI and POST applications, respectively, showed that the 0.5 +1.5, 0.75 +1.25, and 1.0+1.0 lb a.i. /A (PPI +POST) treatments resulted in 85, 76, and 73% control of nutsedges. Nutsedge control declined throughout the season with the 0.5 +1.5, 0.75 +1.25, and 1.0+1.0 lb a. i. /A split applications all resulting in about 27% control 3 months after the POST applications. PPI rates 1.5 to 2 times the labeled rate for a particular soil type caused cotton injury in several experiments in the 1993 cotton season although no injury was observed in the 1992 season.
F Navariizzo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
bleaching herbicide effects on plastids of dark grown plants lipid composition of etioplasts in amitrole and Norflurazon treated barley leaves
Journal of Experimental Botany, 2002Co-Authors: D. Di Baccio, Mike Frank Quartacci, N. La Rocca, Nicoletta Rascio, Dalla F Vecchia, F NavariizzoAbstract:The effects of the bleaching herbicides amitrole (125 mM) and Norflurazon (100 mM) on etioplast lipids were studied in barley plants (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Express) grown for 7 d either at 20 ∞ Co r 30∞ Ci n darkness. Total lipid, glycolipid and phospholipid contents of control etioplasts were increased at 30 ∞C in comparison with those at 20 ∞C. The two herbicides caused a decrease in the total lipid, glycolipid and phospholipid amounts compared to the untreated etioplasts and lowered the lipid to protein ratio. In the controls, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) accounted for about 66 mol% of the etioplast polar lipids, while the remainder was represented by sulphoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG), in approximately equal proportions. Both amitrole and Norflurazon increased MGDG at both temperatures, but decreased DGDG except with Norflurazon at 30 ∞C. As a consequence, the MGDG to DGDG molar ratio was higher in the herbicide-treated etioplasts compared to the controls at both the growth temperatures. The amount of the negatively charged polar lipids SQDG and PG were decreased by treatments with amitrole at 20 ∞C and Norflurazon at 30 ∞C. The two herbicides determined different responses in the fatty acid unsaturation of the individual polar lipids. Changes in the lipid composition of etioplasts and the interaction between the pigment‐protein complex, protochlorophyllide‐ NADPH‐protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase, and polar lipids are discussed.
J.m. Ginés - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Inclusion complexes of α- and γ-cyclodextrins and the herbicide Norflurazon: I. Preparation and characterisation. II. Enhanced solubilisation and removal from soils
Chemosphere, 2005Co-Authors: Jaime Villaverde, J.m. Ginés, Celia Maqueda, J. I. Pérez-martínez, Esmeralda MorilloAbstract:Abstract The interaction of Norflurazon with α- and γ-cyclodextrins (CDs) yielded the formation of inclusion complexes at a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio in solution and in the solid state. Apparent stability constants of 50.7 ± 1.6 and 37 ± 1.7 M −1 and an increase in herbicide solubility by up to five and fourfold for α- and γ-CD, respectively, were determined from the phase solubility diagrams at 25 °C in water. Three processing methods (kneading, spray-drying and vacuum evaporation) were used to prepare Norflurazon–CD solid inclusion complexes, which were characterised by infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and scanning electron microscopy. A high increase in the Norflurazon dissolution rate was obtained with all the solid complexes with γ-CD, but when α-CD was used, only the solid system obtained after the vacuum evaporation process showed a higher dissolution rate. This finding is a first step in the development of new, environmentally sound formulations of Norflurazon (NFL), due to the capacity for increasing its dissolution rate and hydrosolubility, and thus diminishing the use of organic solvents. On the other hand, the effect of α- and γ-cyclodextrin on the solubility of Norflurazon in solution was also considered as a way of modifying its behaviour in the soil environment. Desorption studies of NFL from soils in the presence of α- and γ-cyclodextrin were carried out using a batch equilibration method. The results obtained showed that α- and γ-cyclodextrin greatly increased the removal of Norflurazon previously adsorbed, proving the potential use of these CDs for in situ remediation of pesticide-contaminated soils.
-
Preparation and Characterization of Inclusion Complex of Norflurazon and β-Cyclodextrin to Improve Herbicide Formulations
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2004Co-Authors: Jaime Villaverde, J.m. Ginés, Esmeralda Morillo, J. I. Pérez-martínez, Celia MaquedaAbstract:The formulation of inclusion complexes of the herbicide Norflurazon as guest and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) as host has been studied as a first step in the use of cyclodextrins to obtain improved formulations of this herbicide. The interaction of Norflurazon with β-CD produced the formation of an inclusion complex in solution and in solid state. The inclusion of Norflurazon in β-CD in solution was studied by phase solubility, and an apparent stability constant of 360 M-1, a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio for the complex, and up to 5-fold increase in Norflurazon solubility were determined. Three processing methods (kneading, spray drying and vacuum evaporation) were used to prepare Norflurazon−β-CD solid inclusion complexes. X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and scanning electron microscopy techniques were used to study the solid complexes. From the different solid systems, an increase of Norflurazon aqueous dissolution rate was obtained in comparison to the uncomplexed herb...
-
ethyl cellulose polymer microspheres for controlled release of norfluazon
Pest Management Science, 2001Co-Authors: J I Perezmartinez, Celia Maqueda, Esmeralda Morillo, J.m. GinésAbstract:The pesticide norfluazon has been microencapsulated using ethyl cellulose to develop controlled-release formulations that decrease its mobility through the soil and protect it from photodegradation. Ethyl cellulose microspheres loaded with norfluazon were prepared by the solvent-evaporation method. To obtain the microspheres, certain conditions (pesticide/polymer ratio, percentage of emulsifying agent and solvent) were varied. The shape and size of the microspheres obtained were studied by scanning electron microscopy. Other parameters, such as solids recovery, encapsulation efficiency and pesticide loading, were also studied. The release rate of norfluazon from the different microspheres was slower than that of pure norfluazon. In particular, microspheres obtained with o-xylene, which provided the largest diameter, retarded the initial release of the pesticide relative to microspheres obtained with chloroform, or to pure norfluazon. Moreover, the studies showed that the pesticide/polymer ratio controlled the release of norfluazon, which was slower when this ratio was low. Release rates conformed to a generalised kinetic equation for a diffusion-controlled release mechanism, and the time taken for 50% of the active ingredient to be released into water, t50, was calculated. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Stanislaw J. Karczmarczyk - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Badania możliwości stosowania Norflurazonu do zwalczania Agropyron repens L. Część I. Wpływ Norflurazonu na zawartość chlorofilu i karotenu w perzu rozgłogowym [Effect of Norflurazon in weed control. P. I. Influence of Narflurazon on pigment's conten
Acta Agrobotanica, 2015Co-Authors: Stanislaw J. Karczmarczyk, Irena I. ZbiecAbstract:The influence of Narflurazon on chlorophyll content, development of Agropron repens L. plants grown under high and low light intensites was studied. Under high light intensity (10 000 lx) both chlorophyll and carotenoides production was markedly reduced, 0.5 ppm and more of Norflurazon bleac ed the platns almost competely. Higher doses of Norflurazon (0.025 ppm and more) significantly inhibited growth and respiration of Agropyron repens .
-
badania mozliwości stosowania Norflurazonu do zwalczania agropyron repens l cześc i wplyw Norflurazonu na zawartośc chlorofilu i karotenu w perzu rozglogowym effect of Norflurazon in weed control p i influence of narflurazon on pigment s content in a
Acta Agrobotanica, 2015Co-Authors: Stanislaw J. Karczmarczyk, Irena I. ZbiecAbstract:The influence of Narflurazon on chlorophyll content, development of Agropron repens L. plants grown under high and low light intensites was studied. Under high light intensity (10 000 lx) both chlorophyll and carotenoides production was markedly reduced, 0.5 ppm and more of Norflurazon bleac ed the platns almost competely. Higher doses of Norflurazon (0.025 ppm and more) significantly inhibited growth and respiration of Agropyron repens .
-
Badania możliwości stosowania Norflurazonu do zwalczania Agropyron repens (L.) CZQSC II. Wrażliwość niektórych roślin uprawnych na Norflurazon [Effect of Norflurazon in weed control. P. II. Sensitivity of several cultivated plant species to Norfluraz
Acta Agrobotanica, 2015Co-Authors: Stanislaw J. Karczmarczyk, Irena ZabiećAbstract:The sensitivity of several cultivated plants to Norflurazon was tested. Lupine and field pea appeared to be most tolerant – sugar beet and small bean less tolerant. Spring wheat, winter rape, and potatoes were sensitive to this herbicide. The nontolerant plants have shown growth inhibition, sharp drop of pigment content and changes of chloroplast structure.
D. Di Baccio - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Bleaching herbicide effects on plastids of dark‐grown plants: lipid composition of etioplasts in amitrole and Norflurazon‐treated barley leaves
Journal of Experimental Botany, 2002Co-Authors: D. Di Baccio, Mike Frank Quartacci, F. Dalla Vecchia, N. La Rocca, Nicoletta Rascio, Flavia Navari-izzoAbstract:The effects of the bleaching herbicides amitrole (125 mM) and Norflurazon (100 mM) on etioplast lipids were studied in barley plants (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Express) grown for 7 d either at 20 ∞ Co r 30∞ Ci n darkness. Total lipid, glycolipid and phospholipid contents of control etioplasts were increased at 30 ∞C in comparison with those at 20 ∞C. The two herbicides caused a decrease in the total lipid, glycolipid and phospholipid amounts compared to the untreated etioplasts and lowered the lipid to protein ratio. In the controls, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) accounted for about 66 mol% of the etioplast polar lipids, while the remainder was represented by sulphoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG), in approximately equal proportions. Both amitrole and Norflurazon increased MGDG at both temperatures, but decreased DGDG except with Norflurazon at 30 ∞C. As a consequence, the MGDG to DGDG molar ratio was higher in the herbicide-treated etioplasts compared to the controls at both the growth temperatures. The amount of the negatively charged polar lipids SQDG and PG were decreased by treatments with amitrole at 20 ∞C and Norflurazon at 30 ∞C. The two herbicides determined different responses in the fatty acid unsaturation of the individual polar lipids. Changes in the lipid composition of etioplasts and the interaction between the pigment‐protein complex, protochlorophyllide‐ NADPH‐protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase, and polar lipids are discussed.
-
bleaching herbicide effects on plastids of dark grown plants lipid composition of etioplasts in amitrole and Norflurazon treated barley leaves
Journal of Experimental Botany, 2002Co-Authors: D. Di Baccio, Mike Frank Quartacci, N. La Rocca, Nicoletta Rascio, Dalla F Vecchia, F NavariizzoAbstract:The effects of the bleaching herbicides amitrole (125 mM) and Norflurazon (100 mM) on etioplast lipids were studied in barley plants (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Express) grown for 7 d either at 20 ∞ Co r 30∞ Ci n darkness. Total lipid, glycolipid and phospholipid contents of control etioplasts were increased at 30 ∞C in comparison with those at 20 ∞C. The two herbicides caused a decrease in the total lipid, glycolipid and phospholipid amounts compared to the untreated etioplasts and lowered the lipid to protein ratio. In the controls, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) accounted for about 66 mol% of the etioplast polar lipids, while the remainder was represented by sulphoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG), in approximately equal proportions. Both amitrole and Norflurazon increased MGDG at both temperatures, but decreased DGDG except with Norflurazon at 30 ∞C. As a consequence, the MGDG to DGDG molar ratio was higher in the herbicide-treated etioplasts compared to the controls at both the growth temperatures. The amount of the negatively charged polar lipids SQDG and PG were decreased by treatments with amitrole at 20 ∞C and Norflurazon at 30 ∞C. The two herbicides determined different responses in the fatty acid unsaturation of the individual polar lipids. Changes in the lipid composition of etioplasts and the interaction between the pigment‐protein complex, protochlorophyllide‐ NADPH‐protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase, and polar lipids are discussed.
