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Michele J Gelfand - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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author correction perceptions of the appropriate response to Norm Violation in 57 societies
Nature Communications, 2021Co-Authors: Kimmo Eriksson, Per A. Andersson, Pontus Strimling, Michele J Gelfand, Jered Abernathy, Charity S. Akotia, Alisher Aldashev, Giulia AndrighettoAbstract:The original version of this Article contained an error in the author affiliations. Cecilia Reyna was incorrectly associated with ‘Universidad Nacional de Cordoba (UNC). Facultad de Psicologia (UNC), Ciudad Universitaria, Bv. de la Reforma esquina, Enfermera Gordillo s/n, Cordoba, Argentina.’ instead of the correct ‘Instituto de Investigaciones Psicologicas (IIPsi), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET), CABA, Republica Argentina.’ This has now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.
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Perceptions of the appropriate response to Norm Violation in 57 societies
Nature communications, 2021Co-Authors: Kimmo Eriksson, Per A. Andersson, Pontus Strimling, Michele J Gelfand, Jered Abernathy, Charity S. Akotia, Alisher Aldashev, Giulia Andrighetto, Adote AnumAbstract:Norm enforcement may be important for resolving conflicts and promoting cooperation. However, little is known about how preferred responses to Norm Violations vary across cultures and across domains. In a preregistered study of 57 countries (using convenience samples of 22,863 students and non-students), we measured perceptions of the appropriateness of various responses to a Violation of a cooperative Norm and to atypical social behaviors. Our findings highlight both cultural universals and cultural variation. We find a universal negative relation between appropriateness ratings of Norm Violations and appropriateness ratings of responses in the form of confrontation, social ostracism and gossip. Moreover, we find the country variation in the appropriateness of sanctions to be consistent across different Norm Violations but not across different sanctions. Specifically, in those countries where use of physical confrontation and social ostracism is rated as less appropriate, gossip is rated as more appropriate.
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Reply to Jacquet et al.: Culture and the neurobiology of Norm Violation detection.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2016Co-Authors: Shinobu Kitayama, Shihui Han, Michele J GelfandAbstract:We fully agree with Jacquet, Baumard, and Chevallier (JBC) (1) that one must be cautious in interpreting cross-cultural data. However, none of the specific methodological points they make are warranted and their characterization of our theoretical perspective on cultural neuroscience is misinformed. JBC suggest some specific confounds that might compromise our work (2). Their caution is not new; cross-cultural psychologists have long argued that one must take precautions in conducting research in different geographical locations so as to be able to infer cultural differences (3). Heeding this advice, we had the same experimenter run the study, selected and piloted the materials extensively, and … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: yanmu{at}umd.edu or mjgelfand{at}gmail.com. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
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how culture gets embrained cultural differences in event related potentials of social Norm Violations
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2015Co-Authors: Shinobu Kitayama, Shihui Han, Michele J GelfandAbstract:Humans are unique among all species in their ability to develop and enforce social Norms, but there is wide variation in the strength of social Norms across human societies. Despite this fundamental aspect of human nature, there has been surprisingly little research on how social Norm Violations are detected at the neurobiological level. Building on the emerging field of cultural neuroscience, we combine noninvasive electroencephalography (EEG) with a new social Norm Violation paradigm to examine the neural mechanisms underlying the detection of Norm Violations and how they vary across cultures. EEG recordings from Chinese and US participants (n = 50) showed consistent negative deflection of event-related potential around 400 ms (N400) over the central and parietal regions that served as a culture-general neural marker of detecting Norm Violations. The N400 at the frontal and temporal regions, however, was only observed among Chinese but not US participants, illustrating culture-specific neural substrates of the detection of Norm Violations. Further, the frontal N400 predicted a variety of behavioral and attitudinal measurements related to the strength of social Norms that have been found at the national and state levels, including higher culture superiority and self-control but lower creativity. There were no cultural differences in the N400 induced by semantic Violation, suggesting a unique cultural influence on social Norm Violation detection. In all, these findings provided the first evidence, to our knowledge, for the neurobiological foundations of social Norm Violation detection and its variation across cultures.
Ritwik Banerjee - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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corruption Norm Violation and decay in social capital
Journal of Public Economics, 2016Co-Authors: Ritwik BanerjeeAbstract:The paper studies the link between corruption and social capital (measured as trust), using data from a lab experiment. Subjects play either a harassment bribery game or a strategically identical but differently framed ultimatum game, followed by a trust game. In a second experiment, we elicit social appropriateness Norm of actions in the bribery game and ultimatum game treatments. Our experimental design allows us to examine whether subjects, who have been asked to pay a bribe, are less likely to trust than those in an isomorphic role in the ultimatum game. We also uncover the underlying mechanism behind any such behavioral spillover. Results suggest that a) there is a negative spillover effect of corruption on trust and the effect increases with decrease in social appropriateness Norm of the bribe demand; b) lower trust in the bribery game treatment is explained by lower expected return on trust; c) surprisingly, for both the bribery and ultimatum game treatments, social appropriateness Norm Violation engenders the decay in trust through its adverse effect on belief about trustworthiness.
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corruption Norm Violation and decay in social capital
Social Science Research Network, 2016Co-Authors: Ritwik BanerjeeAbstract:The paper studies the link between corruption and social capital (measured as trust), using data from a lab experiment. Subjects play either a harassment bribery game or a strategically identical but differently framed ultimatum game, followed by a trust game. In a second experiment, we elicit social appropriateness Norm of actions in the bribery game and the ultimatum game treatments. Our experimental design allows us to examine whether subjects, who have been asked to pay a bribe, are less likely to trust than those in an isomorphic role in the ultimatum game. We also uncover the underlying mechanism behind any such behavioral spillover. Results suggest that a) there is a negative spillover effect of corruption on trust and the effect increases with decrease in social appropriateness Norm of the bribe demand; b) lower trust in the bribery game treatment is explained by lower expected return on trust; c) surprisingly, for both the bribery and the ultimatum game treatments, social appropriateness Norm Violation engenders the decay in trust through its adverse effect on belief about trustworthiness.
Ernst Fehr - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the mentalizing network orchestrates the impact of parochial altruism on social Norm enforcement
Human Brain Mapping, 2012Co-Authors: Thomas Baumgartner, Lorenz Gotte, Rahel Gugler, Ernst FehrAbstract:Parochial altruism—a preference for altruistic behavior towards ingroup members and mis- trust or hostility towards outgroup members—is a pervasive feature in human society and strongly shapes the enforcement of social Norms. Since the uniqueness of human society critically depends on the enforcement of Norms, the understanding of the neural circuitry of the impact of parochial altruism on social Norm enforcement is key, but unexplored. To fill this gap, we measured brain activity with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while subjects had the opportunity to punish ingroup members and outgroup members for violating social Norms. Findings revealed that subjects' strong punishment of defecting outgroup members is associated with increased activity in a functionally con- nected network involved in sanction-related decisions (right orbitofrontal gyrus, right lateral prefrontal cortex, right dorsal caudatus). Moreover, the stronger the connectivity in this network, the more out- group members are punished. In contrast, the much weaker punishment of ingroup members who committed the very same Norm Violation is associated with increased activity and connectivity in the mentalizing-network (dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, bilateral temporo-parietal junction), as if subjects tried to understand or justify ingroup members' behavior. Finally, connectivity analyses between the two networks suggest that the mentalizing-network modulates punishment by affecting the activity in the right orbitofrontal gyrus and right lateral prefrontal cortex, notably in the same areas showing enhanced activity and connectivity whenever third-parties strongly punished defecting outgroup mem- bers. Hum Brain Mapp 00:000-000, 2011. V C 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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parochial altruism in humans
Nature, 2006Co-Authors: Helen Bernhard, Urs Fischbacher, Ernst FehrAbstract:Altruism is a vital source of cooperation and maintenance of social order in human societies. In recent years some evolutionary models of human altruism have predicted that parochialism (favouritism towards members of one's own ethnic, racial or language group) is an important feature of human altruism, but there is little empirical or experimental evidence on the matter. Punishment experiments with indigenous groups in Papua New Guinea now demonstrate that altruistic Norm compliance and Norm enforcement are strongly influenced by favouritism within ethnic, racial or language groups. In many modern societies there are strong political forces drawing on altruistic sentiments towards 'insiders' and aggressive sentiments towards outsiders. This work challenges existing evolutionary theories by implying a deep-seated basis for such behaviour. Punishment experiments with indigenous groups in Papua New Guinea demonstrate that altruistic Norm compliance and Norm enforcement are strongly influenced by favouritism within ethnic, racial, or language groups. The parochial patterns of human altruism constitute a challenge for existing evolutionary theories. Social Norms and the associated altruistic behaviours are decisive for the evolution of human cooperation1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 and the maintenance of social order10, and they affect family life, politics11 and economic interactions12. However, as altruistic Norm compliance and Norm enforcement often emerge in the context of inter-group conflicts13,14, they are likely to be shaped by parochialism15—a preference for favouring the members of one's ethnic, racial or language group. We have conducted punishment experiments16, which allow ‘impartial’ observers to punish Norm violators, with indigenous groups in Papua New Guinea. Here we show that these experiments confirm the prediction of parochialism. We found that punishers protect ingroup victims—who suffer from a Norm Violation—much more than they do outgroup victims, regardless of the Norm violator's group affiliation. Norm violators also expect that punishers will be lenient if the latter belong to their social group. As a consequence, Norm Violations occur more often if the punisher and the Norm violator belong to the same group. Our results are puzzling for evolutionary multi-level selection theories based on selective group extinction2,3,4,5 as well as for theories of individual selection17,18,19; they also indicate the need to explicitly examine the interactions between individuals stemming from different groups in evolutionary models.
Niklas Ravaja - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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how bodily expressions of emotion after Norm Violation influence perceivers moral judgments and prevent social exclusion a socio functional approach to nonverbal shame display
PLOS ONE, 2020Co-Authors: Otto Halmesvaara, Ville Johannes Harjunen, Matthias Aulbach, Niklas RavajaAbstract:According to a socio-functional perspective on emotions, displaying shame with averted gaze and a slumped posture following a Norm Violation signals that the person is ready to conform to the group’s moral standards, which in turn protects the person from social isolation and punishment. Although the assumption is intuitive, direct empirical evidence for it remains surprisingly limited and the mediating social-psychological mechanisms are poorly understood. Therefore, three experimental studies were conducted to investigate the social function of nonverbal displays of shame in the context of everyday Norm Violations. In Study 1, participants evaluated ten different expressions of emotion in regard to their affective valence, arousal, dominance, as well as social meaning in the context of Norm Violations. Displays of shame and sadness were seen as the most similar expressions with respect to the three affective dimensions and were perceived to communicate the perpetrator’s understanding of the group’s moral standards most effectively. In Study 2, participants read vignettes concerning Norm Violations and afterward saw a photograph of the perpetrator displaying nonverbal shame, sadness or a neutral expression. Perpetrators’ displays of shame and sadness increased perceived moral sense and amplified the observers’ willingness to cooperate with the perpetrators. However, neither display weakened the observer’s willingness to punish the perpetrator. In Study 3, the perpetrator was shown to display shame, sadness, anger or a neutral expression after getting caught at mild or severe Norm Violation. The results replicated previous findings but revealed also that the social effects of shame and sadness displays on punitive and cooperative intentions were mediated by different social appraisals. For example, display of shame uniquely reduced punitive intentions by increasing the perpetrator’s perceived moral sense, whereas expressions of both shame and sadness evoked empathy in the observers, which in turn reduced the punitive intentions. These results give support to the assumption that nonverbal shame displays serve a unique social function in preventing moral punishment and social exclusion. However, this support is only partial as the social functions of displaying shame are largely parallel to those of expressing sadness in the situation.
Philipp Schade - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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breaking the rules anticipation of Norm Violation in a binary choice trust game
Economics Letters, 2016Co-Authors: Wolfgang Breuer, Christiane Helduser, Philipp SchadeAbstract:Studying a binary-choice trust game, we find that trustors who consider trustees to be obligated to reciprocate are ceteris paribus less willing to trust. We argue that Norm-orientated trustors anticipate that they will experience negative emotions should trustees violate the obligation to reciprocate. In order to avoid Norm Violation, trustors lower their willingness to trust. An additional binary-choice trust game, in which subjects act as trustors and subsequently as trustees, reveals that the obligation that trustors assign to the trustee role may be based on social projection.
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breaking the rules anticipation of Norm Violation in a binary choice trust game
Social Science Research Network, 2016Co-Authors: Wolfgang Breuer, Christiane Helduser, Philipp SchadeAbstract:Studying a binary-choice trust game, we find that trustors who consider trustees to be obligated to reciprocate are ceteris paribus less willing to trust. We argue that Norm-orientated trustors anticipate that they will experience negative emotions should trustees violate the obligation to reciprocate. In order to avoid Norm Violation, trustors lower their willingness to trust. An additional binary-choice trust game, in which subjects acted as trustors and subsequently as trustees, reveals that the obligation that trustors assign to the trustee role may be based on social projection.
