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K A I Nekaris - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Welfare impacts of the illegal wildlife trade in a cohort of confiscated greater slow lorises, Nycticebus coucang.
Journal of applied animal welfare science : JAAWS, 2017Co-Authors: Grace Fuller, Wirdateti Wirdateti, Wilhelmina Frederica Eggen, K A I NekarisAbstract:Illegal harvesting and trade are major forces behind population declines of wild slow lorises (genus Nycticebus). The impacts of the wildlife trade on individual slow lorises have not been as well ...
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does toxic defence in Nycticebus spp relate to ectoparasites the lethal effects of slow loris venom on arthropods
Toxicon, 2015Co-Authors: Nanda B Grow, K A I NekarisAbstract:The venom produced by slow lorises (Nycticebus spp.) is toxic both intra- and inter-specifically. In this study we assessed the ecoparasite repellent properties of their venom. We tested venom from two Indonesian slow loris species: Nycticebus javanicus and Nycticebus coucang. Arthropods directly exposed to brachial gland secretions mixed with saliva from both species were immediately impaired or exhibited reduced activity (76%), and often died as a result (61%). We found no significant difference in the result of 60-min trials between N. coucang and N. javanicus [X 2 (1, n ¼ 140) ¼ 2.110, p ¼ 0.3482]. We found evidence that the degree of lethality of the venom varies according to the arthropod taxa to which it is exposed. While most maggots (84%) were initially impaired from the venom after 10 min, maggots died after a 1 h trial 42% of the time. In contrast, at the end of 1 h trial, spiders died 78% of the time. For all arthropods, the average time to death from exposure was less than 25 min (M ¼ 24.40, SD ¼ 22.60). Ectoparasites including ticks, members of the arachnid order, are known to transmit pathogens to hosts and may be an intended target of the toxic secretions. Our results suggest that one function of slow loris venom is to repel parasites that affect their fitness, and that their topical anointing behaviour may be an adaptive response to ectoparasites.
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Living together in the night: abundance and habitat use of sympatric and allopatric populations of slow lorises and tarsiers
Endangered Species Research, 2013Co-Authors: Rachel A. Munds, K A I Nekaris, R. Ali, Vincent Nijman, Benoit GoossensAbstract:Throughout much of Asia, slow lorises (Nycticebus) and tarsiers (Tarsius) live allopatrically, but on several islands, including Sumatra and Borneo, they occur in sympatry. Dwindling habitats could result in resource competition within these sympatric populations, as the diets of these species overlap. To assess the possibility of resource competition, we gathered data from the literature on the abundance and microhabitat structure of slow loris and tarsier species throughout their ranges. We also estimated abundances of Bornean lorises Nycticebus menagen- sis and western tarsiers Tarsius bancanus borneanus and investigated their habitat use in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. We predicted that species living sympatrically would favor different heights, and thus different microhabitat structures from congeners, and have lower abundances compared with allopatric species because of limiting factors. Across their ranges, loris density did not vary regardless of whether they were allopatric or sympatric. However, across sympatric and allopatric tarsier ranges, there were significant differences in densities (sympatric: 3!27 ind. km !2 , allopatric: 57!268 ind. km !2 ). Microhabitat use varied significantly between sympatric and allopatric loris populations (p = 0.036) but not between sympatric and allopatric tarsier populations. Our results, although based on a limited amount of data, suggest that tarsiers are impacted by the presence of slow lorises in their habits, and these populations should be monitored, especially as habitat sizes dwindle and resources continue to become scarce.
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gastrointestinal parasites and ectoparasites in wild java slow loris Nycticebus javanicus
Folia Primatologica, 2013Co-Authors: M Albers, Ivona Foitova, A Abinawanto, K A I NekarisAbstract:We present the first results of analyses of faecal samples from free ranging Javan slow loris (Nycticibus javanicus), for evidence of gastrointestinal- and ectoparasites. The objective of this study was to obtain the first faecal parasitic data on wild Javan slow lorises.
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Checkerboard Patterns, Interspecific Competition, and Extinction: Lessons from Distribution Patterns of Tarsiers (Tarsius) and Slow Lorises (Nycticebus) in Insular Southeast Asia
International Journal of Primatology, 2010Co-Authors: V. Nijman, K A I NekarisAbstract:Tarsiers ( Tarsius ) and slow lorises ( Nycticebus ) are the only extant nocturnal primates occurring in Southeast Asia. Harcourt ( 1999 ) hypothesized that in insular Southeast Asia, slow lorises and tarsiers showed a checkerboard distribution on 12 small (
Anne M. Burrows - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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exudativory in the asian loris Nycticebus evolutionary divergence in the toothcomb and m3
American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 2015Co-Authors: Anne M. Burrows, Adam Hartstonerose, Leanne T. NashAbstract:Objectives Slow lorises (Nycticebus spp.) are obligate exudativores that gouge tree bark. Dental adaptations for gouging within marmosets, the only other known primate obligate exudativore, are well-known but dental adaptations in Nycticebus are largely unidentified. In an effort to more completely understand potential dental adaptions within Nycticebus and the evolution of this dietary niche within Primates as an order, the present study examined dental morphometrics in the Asian lorises (Nycticebus and Loris). Materials and Methods We compared dental morphometrics between Nycticebus and the insectivorous slender lorises (Loris). Measurements from the toothcomb and select other teeth were taken from 92 specimens. Each variable was scaled by the geometric mean and resulting mean ratios were statistically compared between groups. A biomechanical shape variable was also calculated to estimate the ability of the toothcomb to resist bending that may be experienced during gouging. Results Toothcombs in Nycticebus were significantly (P < 0.05) more narrow, shorter, and thicker than those in Loris and had a higher calculated ability to withstand bending forces. Nycticebus also had reduced size in the last lower molar relative to Loris. Conclusions The more robust, “squared off” toothcomb in Nycticebus matches behavioral observations that these primates gouge to access exudates. Results of the present study indicate that the toothcomb is the likely candidate for the dental tool used in gouging. The size reduction of the lower last molar in Nycticebus, a trait also found in a previous study in exudativorous galagos, may indicate that there is reduced selective pressure in a diet where little mastication would be needed to mechanically process exudates. These results may indicate that reduction in molar size could be a potential dental signature for exudativory, but further studies on a wider phylogenetic range of exudativorous primates would be necessary. Am J Phys Anthropol 158:663–672, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Exudativory in the Asian loris, Nycticebus: Evolutionary divergence in the toothcomb and M3.
American journal of physical anthropology, 2015Co-Authors: Anne M. Burrows, Adam Hartstone-rose, Leanne T. NashAbstract:Objectives Slow lorises (Nycticebus spp.) are obligate exudativores that gouge tree bark. Dental adaptations for gouging within marmosets, the only other known primate obligate exudativore, are well-known but dental adaptations in Nycticebus are largely unidentified. In an effort to more completely understand potential dental adaptions within Nycticebus and the evolution of this dietary niche within Primates as an order, the present study examined dental morphometrics in the Asian lorises (Nycticebus and Loris). Materials and Methods We compared dental morphometrics between Nycticebus and the insectivorous slender lorises (Loris). Measurements from the toothcomb and select other teeth were taken from 92 specimens. Each variable was scaled by the geometric mean and resulting mean ratios were statistically compared between groups. A biomechanical shape variable was also calculated to estimate the ability of the toothcomb to resist bending that may be experienced during gouging. Results Toothcombs in Nycticebus were significantly (P
Leanne T. Nash - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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exudativory in the asian loris Nycticebus evolutionary divergence in the toothcomb and m3
American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 2015Co-Authors: Anne M. Burrows, Adam Hartstonerose, Leanne T. NashAbstract:Objectives Slow lorises (Nycticebus spp.) are obligate exudativores that gouge tree bark. Dental adaptations for gouging within marmosets, the only other known primate obligate exudativore, are well-known but dental adaptations in Nycticebus are largely unidentified. In an effort to more completely understand potential dental adaptions within Nycticebus and the evolution of this dietary niche within Primates as an order, the present study examined dental morphometrics in the Asian lorises (Nycticebus and Loris). Materials and Methods We compared dental morphometrics between Nycticebus and the insectivorous slender lorises (Loris). Measurements from the toothcomb and select other teeth were taken from 92 specimens. Each variable was scaled by the geometric mean and resulting mean ratios were statistically compared between groups. A biomechanical shape variable was also calculated to estimate the ability of the toothcomb to resist bending that may be experienced during gouging. Results Toothcombs in Nycticebus were significantly (P < 0.05) more narrow, shorter, and thicker than those in Loris and had a higher calculated ability to withstand bending forces. Nycticebus also had reduced size in the last lower molar relative to Loris. Conclusions The more robust, “squared off” toothcomb in Nycticebus matches behavioral observations that these primates gouge to access exudates. Results of the present study indicate that the toothcomb is the likely candidate for the dental tool used in gouging. The size reduction of the lower last molar in Nycticebus, a trait also found in a previous study in exudativorous galagos, may indicate that there is reduced selective pressure in a diet where little mastication would be needed to mechanically process exudates. These results may indicate that reduction in molar size could be a potential dental signature for exudativory, but further studies on a wider phylogenetic range of exudativorous primates would be necessary. Am J Phys Anthropol 158:663–672, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Exudativory in the Asian loris, Nycticebus: Evolutionary divergence in the toothcomb and M3.
American journal of physical anthropology, 2015Co-Authors: Anne M. Burrows, Adam Hartstone-rose, Leanne T. NashAbstract:Objectives Slow lorises (Nycticebus spp.) are obligate exudativores that gouge tree bark. Dental adaptations for gouging within marmosets, the only other known primate obligate exudativore, are well-known but dental adaptations in Nycticebus are largely unidentified. In an effort to more completely understand potential dental adaptions within Nycticebus and the evolution of this dietary niche within Primates as an order, the present study examined dental morphometrics in the Asian lorises (Nycticebus and Loris). Materials and Methods We compared dental morphometrics between Nycticebus and the insectivorous slender lorises (Loris). Measurements from the toothcomb and select other teeth were taken from 92 specimens. Each variable was scaled by the geometric mean and resulting mean ratios were statistically compared between groups. A biomechanical shape variable was also calculated to estimate the ability of the toothcomb to resist bending that may be experienced during gouging. Results Toothcombs in Nycticebus were significantly (P
V. Nijman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Checkerboard Patterns, Interspecific Competition, and Extinction: Lessons from Distribution Patterns of Tarsiers (Tarsius) and Slow Lorises (Nycticebus) in Insular Southeast Asia
International Journal of Primatology, 2010Co-Authors: V. Nijman, K A I NekarisAbstract:Tarsiers ( Tarsius ) and slow lorises ( Nycticebus ) are the only extant nocturnal primates occurring in Southeast Asia. Harcourt ( 1999 ) hypothesized that in insular Southeast Asia, slow lorises and tarsiers showed a checkerboard distribution on 12 small (
Wirdateti Wirdateti - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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short communication infanticide of javan slow loris Nycticebus javanicus in captivity
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 2021Co-Authors: Pangda Sopha Sushadi, Wirdateti Wirdateti, Ni Luh Putu Rischa Phadmacanty, Mohamad WahyudinAbstract:Abstract. Sushadi DS, Phadmacanty NLPR, Wahyudin M, Wirdateti 2021. Short Communication: Infanticide of Javan slow loris (Nycticebus javanicus) in captivity. Biodiversitas 22: 1606-1611. Over the past decade, the population of Javan slow loris (Nycticebus javanicus) in the wild has continued to decline. Various conservation efforts by the government and NGOs have been carried out, but still have not yielded significant results. Many studies have highlighted the impact of poaching and forestland conversion as a cause, but the natural behavior of N. javanicus, especially infant care interactions, is poorly studied. We investigated the case of a 5-day-old Javan slow loris baby named Monda, found dead in captivity. Monda was born in captivity and impounded with its mother and an adult male. She was found dead decapitated with a sign of injury on the right arm. Microscopic fecal examination of the other lorises showed hair and bone fragments in the male feces. Based on this finding, it is possible that infanticide also occurs in slow lorises in its natural habitat but may have been underreported.
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Slow lorises use venom as a weapon in intraspecific competition
2020Co-Authors: Nekaris K.a.i., Wirdateti Wirdateti, Campera Marco, Nijman Vincent, Birot Hélène, Rode-margono, Eva Johanna, Fry, Bryan Grieg, Weldon Ariana, Imron, Muhammad AliAbstract:Animals have evolved an array of spectacular weapons, including antlers, forceps, proboscises, stingers, tusks and horns [ 1 ]. Weapons can be present in males and females of species needing to defend critical limiting resources, including food (rhinoceros beetles, Trypoxylus) and territories (fang blennies, Meiacanthus) [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. Chemicals, including sprays, ointments and injected venoms, are another defence system used by animals. As with morphological weapons, venom can serve multiple purposes, including to facilitate feeding, in predation, and in defence when attacked [ 4 ]. Although rare, several taxa use venom for agonistic intraspecific competition (e.g. ghost shrimp, Caprella spp.; sea anemones, Actinia equina; cone snails, Conidae; male platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus) [ 4 , 5 , 6 ]. Another group of venomous mammals are the nocturnal slow lorises ( Nycticebus) [ 7 ]. Slow loris bites often result in dramatic diagnostic wounds characterised by necrotic gashes to the head and extremities. Although these bites are the major cause of death of lorises in captivity, the function of this aggressive behaviour has never been studied in the wild [ 7 ]. Here, through an 8-year study of wounding patterns, territorial behaviour, and agonistic encounters of a wild population of Javan slow lorises ( Nycticebus javanicus), we provide strong evidence that venom is used differentially by both sexes to defend territories and mates
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Keragaman Genetik Kukang Jawa (Nycticebus javanicus) Menggunakan Control Region (D-loop) DNA Mitokondria (mtDNA) (GENETIC DIVERSITY ON JAVAN SLOW LORIS (Nycticebus JAVANICUS) USING OF CONTROL REGION (D-LOOP) mtDNA)
Jurnal Veteriner, 2019Co-Authors: Wirdateti Wirdateti, Hayati Aziza, Handayani HandayaniAbstract:Javan slow loris (Nycticebus javanicus) one of the species of the genus Nycticebus is endemic in Java. Their distribution region is in West Java and Banten, and also reported to be found in Central Java and East Java, although very rarely. Status of the species is Critically Endangered due to high levels of poaching, habitat loss and habitat fragmentation, so that the necessary conservation in order to increase the population. For conservation management it is necessary to know the status of genetic resources that play of role in breeding, then this research is to explore the genetic population of the Javan slow loris from some locations in West Java. The research objective was to assess the diversity of their current population of Java loris through the control region (D-loop) of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). A total of 23 individuals samples from Gunung Halimun Park, Tasikmalaya, Garut, Ciamis, Jember and confiscated at the Rehabilitation Center IAR Bogor were used in this stydy. Specific primers of D-loop are used for loris with a length of 296 bp sequence. The result showed there are only five different sites and formed six haplotypes, each haplotypes only 1-3 nucleotides different. Low genetic diversity is shown as much as 42.96% of individuals show the same sequence or genetic distance (d) = 0 that indicate was monomorf population from different population. The genetic distance of the entire population was 0.003 ± 0:01 (0.3%).
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Keragaman Genetik pada Kukang (Nycticebus coucang) Berdasarkan pada gen 12S rRNA Mitokondria
2018Co-Authors: Wirdateti Wirdateti, Toshinao Okayama, Hellen KurniatiAbstract:ABSTRACT Genetic Diversity of Slow loris (Nycticebus coucang) based on Mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene. The research on genetic diversity of slow loris Nycticebus coucang (kukang) was carried out. The samples are 12 individuals from three locations (Sumedang and Jember in Java, and Lampung in Sumatera). Total DNA was extracted from blood and tissue. The mitochondrial 12S rRNA nucleotide sequences were determined to investigate genetic diversity of this species. This region was amplified by using L1091 and H 1478 primers by PCR. As a result of the analysis for 386 bp nucleotide sequence, five haplotypes were found, two from Java and three from Sumatra, respectively. Key words : Slow lories, Nycticebus coucang, genetic diversity, 12S rRNA mtDNA
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Welfare impacts of the illegal wildlife trade in a cohort of confiscated greater slow lorises, Nycticebus coucang.
Journal of applied animal welfare science : JAAWS, 2017Co-Authors: Grace Fuller, Wirdateti Wirdateti, Wilhelmina Frederica Eggen, K A I NekarisAbstract:Illegal harvesting and trade are major forces behind population declines of wild slow lorises (genus Nycticebus). The impacts of the wildlife trade on individual slow lorises have not been as well ...