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Ilario Ferrocino - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes in the fecal DNA of healthy Omnivores, ovo-lacto vegetarians and vegans
Molecular Nutrition and Food Research, 2017Co-Authors: Vesna Milanović, Serena Polverigiani, Alice Litta-mulondo, Stefano Tavoletti, Cristiana Garofalo, Ilario Ferrocino, Luca Cocolin, Lucia Aquilanti, Andrea Osimani, Raffaella Di CagnoAbstract:Scope The effects of long-term omnivore, ovo-lacto vegetarian and vegan diets on the occurrence of 12 antibiotic resistance (AR) genes in the human gut were studied. Methods and results The feces of 144 healthy volunteers recruited from Turin, Bari, Bologna, and Parma were screened for the occurrence of genes conferring resistance to tetracyclines, macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B, vancomycin, and β-lactams. Overall, erm(B), tet(W) and tet(M) were detected at the highest frequency. A low effect from the diet on the AR gene distribution emerged, with tet(K) and vanB occurring at a lower and higher frequency in vegans and Omnivores, respectively. A correlation of the intake of eggs, milk from animal sources and cheese with an increased occurrence of tet(K) was observed, together with a higher incidence of vanB in consumers of eggs, poultry meat, fish and seafood. When the detection frequencies of AR genes in volunteers from Bari and the other sites were comparatively evaluated, a north-to-south gradient was observed, whereas no effect of sex or age was highlighted. Except for tet(K), a negligible three-factor interaction was seen. Conclusion A high impact of the geographical location on AR gene distribution was seen in the cohort of subjects analyzed, irrespective of their dietary habits.
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The Same Microbiota and a Potentially Discriminant Metabolome in the Saliva of Omnivore, Ovo-Lacto- Vegetarian and Vegan Individuals
2016Co-Authors: Lucia Vannini, Ilario Ferrocino, Antonietta La Storia, Luca Laghi, Paola Piombino, Diana I. Serrazanetti, Giorgia Gozzi, Silvia Turroni, Camilla Lazzi, Raffaella Di CagnoAbstract:The salivary microbiota has been linked to both oral and non-oral diseases. Scant knowledge is available on the effect of environmental factors such as long-term dietary choices on the salivary microbiota and metabolome. This study analyzed the microbial diversity and metabolomic profiles of the saliva of 161 healthy individuals who followed an omnivore or ovo-lacto-vegetarian or vegan diet. A large core microbiota was identified, including 12 bacterial genera, found in.98 % of the individuals. The subjects could be stratified into three ‘‘salivary types’ ’ that differed on the basis of the relative abundance of the core genera Prevotella, Streptococcus/Gemella and Fusobacterium/Neisseria. Statistical analysis indicated no effect of dietary habit on the salivary microbiota. Phylogenetic beta-diversity analysis consistently showed no differences between omnivore, ovo-lacto-vegetarian and vegan individuals. Metabolomic profiling of saliva using 1H-NMR and GC-MS/SPME identified diet-related biomarkers that enabled a significant discrimination between the 3 groups of individuals on the basis of their diet. Formate, urea, uridine and 5-methyl-3-hexanone could discriminate samples from Omnivores, whereas 1-propanol, hexanoic acid and proline were characteristic of non-omnivore diets. Although the salivary metabolome can b
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The same microbiota and a potentially discriminant metabolome in the saliva of omnivore, ovo-lacto-vegetarian and Vegan individuals.
PloS one, 2014Co-Authors: Francesca De Filippis, Lucia Vannini, Antonietta La Storia, Luca Laghi, Paola Piombino, Giuseppina Stellato, Diana I. Serrazanetti, Giorgia Gozzi, Silvia Turroni, Ilario FerrocinoAbstract:The salivary microbiota has been linked to both oral and non-oral diseases. Scant knowledge is available on the effect of environmental factors such as long-term dietary choices on the salivary microbiota and metabolome. This study analyzed the microbial diversity and metabolomic profiles of the saliva of 161 healthy individuals who followed an omnivore or ovo-lacto-vegetarian or vegan diet. A large core microbiota was identified, including 12 bacterial genera, found in >98% of the individuals. The subjects could be stratified into three “salivary types” that differed on the basis of the relative abundance of the core genera Prevotella, Streptococcus/Gemella and Fusobacterium/Neisseria. Statistical analysis indicated no effect of dietary habit on the salivary microbiota. Phylogenetic beta-diversity analysis consistently showed no differences between omnivore, ovo-lacto-vegetarian and vegan individuals. Metabolomic profiling of saliva using 1H-NMR and GC-MS/SPME identified diet-related biomarkers that enabled a significant discrimination between the 3 groups of individuals on the basis of their diet. Formate, urea, uridine and 5-methyl-3-hexanone could discriminate samples from Omnivores, whereas 1-propanol, hexanoic acid and proline were characteristic of non-omnivore diets. Although the salivary metabolome can be discriminating for diet, the microbiota has a remarkable inter-individual stability and did not vary with dietary habits. Microbial homeostasis might be perturbed with sub-standard oral hygiene or other environmental factors, but there is no current indication that a choice of an omnivore, ovo-lacto-vegetarian or vegan diet can lead to a specific composition of the oral microbiota with consequences on the oral homeostasis.
Christer Björkman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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costs and benefits of omnivore mediated plant protection effects of plant feeding on salix growth more detrimental than expected
Oecologia, 2017Co-Authors: Adriana Puentes, Christer BjörkmanAbstract:Predators can decrease herbivore damage to plants, and this is often assumed to be beneficial to plant growth/reproduction without actual quantification. Moreover, previous studies have been biased towards strict carnivores and neglected the role of omnivorous predators in prey-suppression. Here, we examined the costs (reduction in growth) and benefits (increase in growth) of enemy-mediated plant protection via the omnivorous (prey and plant-feeding) Orthotylus marginalis, relative to herbivory by a detrimental insect pest of Salix spp. plantations, the beetle Phratora vulgatissima. In a first experiment, we compared the cost of adult beetle versus omnivore nymph plant-feeding, and assessed the (non-) additive effects of the two types of damage. In a second experiment, we quantified the reduction in plant damage resulting from beetle-egg feeding by omnivorous nymphs and subsequent benefits to plants. We found that plant-feeding by Omnivores negatively affected plant growth and this effect was similar to the cost imposed by beetle herbivory. Furthermore, simultaneous damage effects were additive and more detrimental than individual effects. While egg-predation by omnivore nymphs completely prevented beetle damage to plants, there was no difference in plant growth relative to only herbivore-damaged plants and growth was still reduced compared to control plants. Thus, despite herbivore suppression, there was no benefit to plant growth of omnivore-mediated plant protection and the negative effects of omnivore plant-feeding remained. These results are a first for an omnivorous enemy, and provide novel and timely insights on the underlying assumptions of tri-trophic associations and their use for biocontrol of insect pests.
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Omnivores as plant bodyguards a model of the importance of plant quality
Basic and Applied Ecology, 2012Co-Authors: Goran I Agren, Johan A Stenberg, Christer BjörkmanAbstract:The importance of Omnivores in ecological systems is increasingly being recognized, not least due to their intensified use as biocontrol agents in crop production. We model a simple plant–herbivore–omnivore (predator) system to explore the effects of plant suitability as food for Omnivores on the outcome of omnivore–herbivore interactions. The model predicts that increasing plant suitability relative to herbivore suitability for the omnivore will catalyze the extinction of herbivores or Omnivores, depending on the relative growth rate of Omnivores feeding solely on plants or herbivores. When omnivore growth is higher on plants, either the omnivore or the herbivore goes extinct. When omnivore growth is higher on herbivores, the possible consequences are extinction, stable coexistence, and limit cycles, depending on the combination of species properties. Our results suggest that plants in some situations may evolve towards becoming more suitable to Omnivores to escape detrimental herbivores and that breeders could manipulate crop suitability to omnivore species to reach a desired outcome of omnivore–herbivore interactions.
Ashkaan K. Fahimipour - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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omnivory does not preclude strong trophic cascades
Ecosphere, 2019Co-Authors: Ashkaan K. Fahimipour, David A. Levin, Kurt E. AndersonAbstract:Omnivory has been cited as an explanation for why trophic cascades are weak in many ecosystems, but empirical support for this prediction is equivocal. Compared to predators that feed only on herbivores, top Omnivores—species that feed on both herbivores and primary producers—have been observed generating cascades ranging from strong to moderate, null, and negative. To gain intuition about the sensitivity of cascades to omnivory, we analyzed models describing systems with top Omnivores that display either fixed or flexible diets, two foraging strategies that are supported by empirical observations. We identified regions of parameter space, wherein Omnivores following a fixed foraging strategy, with herbivores and producers comprising a constant proportion of the diet, non‐intuitively generate stronger cascades than predators that are otherwise demographically identical: (1) high productivity relative to herbivore mortality and (2) small discrepancies in producer vs. herbivore reward create conditions in which cascades are stronger with moderate omnivory. In contrast, flexible Omnivores that attempt to optimize per capita growth rates during search never induce cascades that are stronger than the case of predators. Although we focus on simple models, the consistency of these general patterns together with prior empirical evidence suggests that Omnivores should not be uniformly ruled out as agents of strong trophic cascades.
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Omnivory does not preclude strong trophic cascades
bioRxiv, 2018Co-Authors: Ashkaan K. Fahimipour, David A. Levin, Kurt E. AndersonAbstract:Omnivory has been cited as an explanation for why trophic cascades are weak in many food webs, but empirical support for this prediction has been equivocal - compared to carnivores, documented indirect effects of top omnivore populations on primary producer biomass have ranged from beneficial, to non-existent, and negative. To gain intuition about the effects of omnivory on the strength of cascades, we analyzed models of fixed and flexible top Omnivores, two foraging strategies that are supported by empirical observations. We identified regions of parameter space in which Omnivores following a fixed foraging strategy non-intuitively generate larger cascades than predators that do not consume producers at all, but that are otherwise demographically identical: (i) high productivity relative to consumer mortality rates, and (ii) smaller discrepancies in producer versus consumer reward create conditions in which cascades are stronger with moderate omnivory. In contrast, flexible Omnivores that attempt to optimize per capita growth rates during search never induce cascades that are stronger than the case of carnivores. Although we focus on simple models, the consistency of these general patterns together with prior empirical evidence suggests that Omnivores should not be ruled out as agents of strong trophic cascades.
Raffaella Di Cagno - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes in the fecal DNA of healthy Omnivores, ovo-lacto vegetarians and vegans
Molecular Nutrition and Food Research, 2017Co-Authors: Vesna Milanović, Serena Polverigiani, Alice Litta-mulondo, Stefano Tavoletti, Cristiana Garofalo, Ilario Ferrocino, Luca Cocolin, Lucia Aquilanti, Andrea Osimani, Raffaella Di CagnoAbstract:Scope The effects of long-term omnivore, ovo-lacto vegetarian and vegan diets on the occurrence of 12 antibiotic resistance (AR) genes in the human gut were studied. Methods and results The feces of 144 healthy volunteers recruited from Turin, Bari, Bologna, and Parma were screened for the occurrence of genes conferring resistance to tetracyclines, macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B, vancomycin, and β-lactams. Overall, erm(B), tet(W) and tet(M) were detected at the highest frequency. A low effect from the diet on the AR gene distribution emerged, with tet(K) and vanB occurring at a lower and higher frequency in vegans and Omnivores, respectively. A correlation of the intake of eggs, milk from animal sources and cheese with an increased occurrence of tet(K) was observed, together with a higher incidence of vanB in consumers of eggs, poultry meat, fish and seafood. When the detection frequencies of AR genes in volunteers from Bari and the other sites were comparatively evaluated, a north-to-south gradient was observed, whereas no effect of sex or age was highlighted. Except for tet(K), a negligible three-factor interaction was seen. Conclusion A high impact of the geographical location on AR gene distribution was seen in the cohort of subjects analyzed, irrespective of their dietary habits.
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The Same Microbiota and a Potentially Discriminant Metabolome in the Saliva of Omnivore, Ovo-Lacto- Vegetarian and Vegan Individuals
2016Co-Authors: Lucia Vannini, Ilario Ferrocino, Antonietta La Storia, Luca Laghi, Paola Piombino, Diana I. Serrazanetti, Giorgia Gozzi, Silvia Turroni, Camilla Lazzi, Raffaella Di CagnoAbstract:The salivary microbiota has been linked to both oral and non-oral diseases. Scant knowledge is available on the effect of environmental factors such as long-term dietary choices on the salivary microbiota and metabolome. This study analyzed the microbial diversity and metabolomic profiles of the saliva of 161 healthy individuals who followed an omnivore or ovo-lacto-vegetarian or vegan diet. A large core microbiota was identified, including 12 bacterial genera, found in.98 % of the individuals. The subjects could be stratified into three ‘‘salivary types’ ’ that differed on the basis of the relative abundance of the core genera Prevotella, Streptococcus/Gemella and Fusobacterium/Neisseria. Statistical analysis indicated no effect of dietary habit on the salivary microbiota. Phylogenetic beta-diversity analysis consistently showed no differences between omnivore, ovo-lacto-vegetarian and vegan individuals. Metabolomic profiling of saliva using 1H-NMR and GC-MS/SPME identified diet-related biomarkers that enabled a significant discrimination between the 3 groups of individuals on the basis of their diet. Formate, urea, uridine and 5-methyl-3-hexanone could discriminate samples from Omnivores, whereas 1-propanol, hexanoic acid and proline were characteristic of non-omnivore diets. Although the salivary metabolome can b
Kurt E. Anderson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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omnivory does not preclude strong trophic cascades
Ecosphere, 2019Co-Authors: Ashkaan K. Fahimipour, David A. Levin, Kurt E. AndersonAbstract:Omnivory has been cited as an explanation for why trophic cascades are weak in many ecosystems, but empirical support for this prediction is equivocal. Compared to predators that feed only on herbivores, top Omnivores—species that feed on both herbivores and primary producers—have been observed generating cascades ranging from strong to moderate, null, and negative. To gain intuition about the sensitivity of cascades to omnivory, we analyzed models describing systems with top Omnivores that display either fixed or flexible diets, two foraging strategies that are supported by empirical observations. We identified regions of parameter space, wherein Omnivores following a fixed foraging strategy, with herbivores and producers comprising a constant proportion of the diet, non‐intuitively generate stronger cascades than predators that are otherwise demographically identical: (1) high productivity relative to herbivore mortality and (2) small discrepancies in producer vs. herbivore reward create conditions in which cascades are stronger with moderate omnivory. In contrast, flexible Omnivores that attempt to optimize per capita growth rates during search never induce cascades that are stronger than the case of predators. Although we focus on simple models, the consistency of these general patterns together with prior empirical evidence suggests that Omnivores should not be uniformly ruled out as agents of strong trophic cascades.
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Omnivory does not preclude strong trophic cascades
bioRxiv, 2018Co-Authors: Ashkaan K. Fahimipour, David A. Levin, Kurt E. AndersonAbstract:Omnivory has been cited as an explanation for why trophic cascades are weak in many food webs, but empirical support for this prediction has been equivocal - compared to carnivores, documented indirect effects of top omnivore populations on primary producer biomass have ranged from beneficial, to non-existent, and negative. To gain intuition about the effects of omnivory on the strength of cascades, we analyzed models of fixed and flexible top Omnivores, two foraging strategies that are supported by empirical observations. We identified regions of parameter space in which Omnivores following a fixed foraging strategy non-intuitively generate larger cascades than predators that do not consume producers at all, but that are otherwise demographically identical: (i) high productivity relative to consumer mortality rates, and (ii) smaller discrepancies in producer versus consumer reward create conditions in which cascades are stronger with moderate omnivory. In contrast, flexible Omnivores that attempt to optimize per capita growth rates during search never induce cascades that are stronger than the case of carnivores. Although we focus on simple models, the consistency of these general patterns together with prior empirical evidence suggests that Omnivores should not be ruled out as agents of strong trophic cascades.
