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Ray T. Chen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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quasi vertical tapers for polymer waveguide based interboard Optical Interconnects
Photonics Research, 2015Co-Authors: Harish Subbaraman, Qiaochu Li, Xiaochuan Xu, Xingyu Zhang, Cheng Zhang, Ray T. ChenAbstract:A mode transformer based on the quasi-vertical taper is designed to enable high coupling efficiency for interboard-level Optical Interconnects involving single-mode polymer waveguides and standard single-mode fibers. A triangular region fabricated above the waveguide is adopted to adiabatically transform the mode from the fiber into the polymer waveguide. The effects of the geometrical parameters of the taper, including width, height, tip width, etc., on the coupling efficiency are numerically investigated. Based on this, a quasi-vertical taper for the polymer rib waveguide system is designed, fabricated, and characterized. Coupling losses of 1.79±0.30 and 2.23±0.31 dB per coupler for the quasi-TM and quasi-TE mode, respectively, are measured across the Optical communication C and L bands (1535 to 1610 nm). Low-cost packaging, leading to widespread utilization of polymeric photonic devices, is envisioned for Optical interconnect applications.
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intra and inter board Optical Interconnects by polymeric waveguides and mirror coupler with inkjet printed micro lenses
Optical Interconnects Conference, 2013Co-Authors: Xiaohui Lin, Harish Subbaraman, Amir Hosseini, Xinyuan Dou, Ray T. ChenAbstract:We experimentally demonstrate intra- and inter- board Optical Interconnects utilizing molded waveguides and mirror couplers with inkjet-printed microlenses. 10 Gbps Data transmission reveals inter-board Interconnects with BER 1.1×10-10 and 6.2×10-13 without and with micro-lenses, respectively.
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2d silicon based surface normal vertical cavity photonic crystal waveguide array for high density Optical Interconnects
Proceedings of SPIE, 2013Co-Authors: Jae Hyun Ahn, Harish Subbaraman, Liang Zhu, Swapnajit Chakravarty, Emanuel Tutuc, Ray T. ChenAbstract:In this paper, we present the design guidelines, fabrication challenges and device evaluation results of a surface-normal photonic crystal waveguide array for high-density Optical Interconnects. We utilize the slow light effect of photonic crystals to increase the effective interaction length between photons and medium, which in turn can be used to decrease the physical length and make compact devices. The effect of the structural parameters variations on the guided mode are studied in order to provide a guideline for fabrication. Photonic crystal waveguides are vertically implemented in a silicon-on insulator substrate. Our structure possesses advantages such as universal design, CMOS compatibility, and simple fabrication process, suitable for high dense on-chip applications. Transmission results show increase of power near 1.67 µm wavelength, which agrees with our simulation results.
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fully embedded board level Optical Interconnects from waveguide fabrication to device integration
Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2008Co-Authors: Xiaolong Wang, Li Wang, Wei Jiang, Hai Bi, Ray T. ChenAbstract:This paper presents the latest progress toward fully embedded board-level Optical Interconnects in the aspect of waveguide fabrication and device integration. A one-step pattern transfer method is used to form a large cross-section multimode waveguide array with 45deg micromirrors by silicon hard molding method. Optimized by a novel spin-coating surface smoothing method for the master mold, the waveguide propagation loss is reduced to 0.09 dB/cm. The coupling efficiency of the metal-coated reflecting mirror, which is embedded in the thin-film waveguide, is simulated by an M2 factor revised Gaussian beam method and is experimentally measured to be 85%. The active optoelectronic devices, vertical surface emitter lasers and p-i-n photodiodes, are integrated with the mirror-ended waveguide array and successfully demonstrate a 10 Gbps signal transmission over the embeddable Optical layer.
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fully embedded board level Optical Interconnects from point to point interconnection to Optical bus architecture
Proceedings of SPIE the International Society for Optical Engineering, 2008Co-Authors: Xiaolong Wang, Ray T. ChenAbstract:This paper presents the latest progress toward fully embedded board level Optical Interconnects in the aspect of Optical bus architecture design, waveguide fabrication and device integration. A bidirectional Optical bus architecture is designed and can be fabricated by a one-step pattern transfer method, which can form a large cross section multimode waveguide array with 45° micro-mirrors by silicon hard molding method. The waveguide propagation loss is reduced to 0.09dB/cm and the coupling efficiency of the metal-coated reflecting mirror is experimentally measured to be 85%. The active optoelectronic devices, vertical surface emitter lasers and p-i-n photodiodes, are integrated with the mirror-ended waveguide array, and successfully demonstrate a 10 Gbps signal transmission over the embeddable Optical layer.
Nikolaos Bamiedakis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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multi chiplet system architecture with shared uniform access memory based on board level Optical Interconnects
Optical Fiber Communication Conference, 2021Co-Authors: Arastu Sharma, Nikolaos Bamiedakis, Fotini Karinou, R V PentyAbstract:We propose a new multi-chiplet system architecture based on shared uniform memory access and on-board Optical Interconnects. System-level simulation results demonstrate that such systems offer improved execution times and energy efficiency over conventional computing architectures.
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High-Bandwidth and Large Coupling Tolerance Graded-Index Multimode Polymer Waveguides for On-Board High-Speed Optical Interconnects
Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2016Co-Authors: Jian Chen, Nikolaos Bamiedakis, Peter P. Vasil’ev, Tom J. Edwards, Christian T. A. Brown, Richard V. Penty, Ian H. WhiteAbstract:Optical Interconnects have attracted significant research interest for use in short-reach board-level Optical communication links in supercomputers and data centers. Multimode polymer waveguides in particular constitute an attractive technology for on-board Optical Interconnects, as they provide high bandwidth, offer relaxed alignment tolerances, and can be cost-effectively integrated onto standard printed circuit boards (PCBs). However, the continuing improvements in bandwidth performance of Optical sources make it important to investigate approaches to develop high-bandwidth polymer waveguides. In this paper, we present dispersion studies on a graded-index (GI) waveguide in siloxane materials designed to deliver high bandwidth over a range of launch conditions. Bandwidth-length products of >70 and ~65 GHz×m are observed using a 50/125 μm multimode fibre (MMF) launch for input offsets of ±10 μm without and with the use of a mode mixer (MM), respectively; and enhanced values of >100 GHz×m are found under a 10× microscope objective launch for input offsets of ~18 × 20 μm2. The large range of offsets is within the -1 dB alignment tolerances. A theoretical model is developed using the measured refractive index profile of the waveguide, and general agreement is found with experimental bandwidth measurements. The reported results clearly demonstrate the potential of this technology for use in high-speed board-level Optical links, and indicate that data transmission of 100 Gb/s over a multimode polymer waveguide is feasible with appropriate refractive index engineering.
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bandwidth studies on multimode polymer waveguides for 25 gb s Optical Interconnects
IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 2014Co-Authors: Nikolaos Bamiedakis, R V Penty, Jian Chen, I H WhiteAbstract:© 2014 IEEE. Multimode polymer waveguides constitute a promising technology for use in board-level Optical Interconnects. However, the continuous improvements in high-speed performance of VCSELs raise important questions about their ability to support such high data rates due to their inherent highly multimoded nature. Thorough experimental studies on the bandwidth of a 1.4-m-long multimode spiral waveguide are presented in this letter, indicating a bandwidth-length product of at least 35 GHz × m) even in the case of an overfilled launch. No significant transmission impairments are observed for spatial input offsets, while error-free (BER < 10-12) data transmission over the 1.4-m-long spiral waveguide is demonstrated at 25 Gb/s.
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compact multimode polymer waveguide bends for board level Optical Interconnects
Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2013Co-Authors: Nikolaos Bamiedakis, R V Penty, I H WhiteAbstract:Multimode polymer waveguides are promising for use in board-level Optical Interconnects. In recent years, various on-board Optical interconnection architectures have been demonstrated making use of passive routing waveguide components. In particular, 90° bends have played important roles in complex waveguide layouts enabling interconnection between non co-linear points on a board. Due to the dimensions and index step of the waveguides typically used in on-board Optical Interconnects, low-loss bends are typically limited to a radius of ~ 10 mm. This paper therefore presents the design and fabrication of compact low-loss waveguide bends with reduced radii of curvature, offering significant reductions in the required areas for on-board Optical circuits. The proposed design relies on the exposure of the bend section to the air, achieving tighter light confinement along the bend and reduced bending losses. Simulation studies carried out with ray tracing tools and experimental results from polymer samples fabricated on FR4 are presented. Low bending losses are achieved from the air-exposed bends up to 4 mm of radius of curvature, while an improvement of 14 μm in the 1 dB alignment tolerances at the input of these devices (fibre to waveguide coupling) is also obtained. Finally, the air-exposed bends are employed in an Optical bus structure, offering reductions in insertion loss of up to 3.8 dB.
I H White - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Erbium-Doped Polymer Waveguide Amplifiers for Board-Level Optical Interconnects
'Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)', 2019Co-Authors: Ziarko M, R V Penty, Bamiedakis N, Kumi-barimah E, Jose G, I H WhiteAbstract:Optical Interconnects have an important role to play in next-generation high-performance electronic systems by enabling power-efficient high-speed board-level communication links. Polymer-based Optical waveguides is a leading technology for integrating Optical links onto standard printed circuit boards as it is sufficiently low cost and enables cost-effective manufacturing and assembly. Various polymer-based Optical backplanes have been reported in recent years enabling different on-board interconnection architectures. However, all currently demonstrated systems are purely passive, which limits therefore the reach, complexity and functionality of these on-board systems. Here, we present recent simulation and experimental studies towards the development of Er-doped polymer-based waveguide amplifiers. Two different approaches to integrate Er-doped materials in siloxane polymer are investigated: (i) ultrafast laser plasma implantation of Er-doped glasses and (ii) solution-based dispersion of Er-doped nanoparticles. Experimental and simulation results on the achievable performance from such waveguide amplifiers are presented focusing on impact of the waveguide loss and upconversion on the gain figure
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Erbium-doped polymer waveguide amplifiers for board-level Optical Interconnects
'Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD)', 2019Co-Authors: Ziarko Marcin, Bamiedakis Nikolaos, Penty Richard, Kumi-barimah E, Jose G, I H WhiteAbstract:Optical Interconnects have an important role to play in next-generation high-performance electronic systems by enabling power-efficient high-speed board-level communication links. Polymer-based Optical waveguides is a leading technology for integrating Optical links onto standard printed circuit boards as it is sufficiently low cost and enables cost-effective manufacturing and assembly. Various polymer-based Optical backplanes have been reported in recent years enabling different on-board interconnection architectures. However, all currently demonstrated systems are purely passive, which limits therefore the reach, complexity and functionality of these on-board systems. Here, we present recent simulation and experimental studies towards the development of Er-doped polymer-based waveguide amplifiers. Two different approaches to integrate Er-doped materials in siloxane polymer are investigated: (i) ultrafast laser plasma implantation of Er-doped glasses and (ii) solution-based dispersion of Er-doped nanoparticles. Experimental and simulation results on the achievable performance from such waveguide amplifiers are presented focusing on impact of the waveguide loss and upconversion on the gain figure.The authors would like to acknowledge Dow Corning for the provision of the polymer samples and the UK EPSRC for supporting this work through the Seamatics research grant (EP/M015165/1) and IPES CDT (EP/L015455/1)
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Ultra-Low Cost High-Density Two-Dimensional Visible-Light Optical Interconnects
2019Co-Authors: Bamiedakis N, R V Penty, Mckendry Jjd, Xie E, Gu E, I H WhiteAbstract:© 2019 IEEE. Visible light communications have attracted considerable interest in recent years owing to the ability of low-cost light emitting diodes (LEDs) to act both as illumination sources and data transmitters with moderate data transmission rates. In this paper, we propose the formation of ultra-low cost visible-light integrated Optical links by interfacing dense micro-pixelated LED arrays with matching multi-layered multimode polymer waveguide arrays. The combination of these two Optical technologies can offer relatively high aggregate data densities ≥ 0.5 Tb/s/mm2 using very low cost components that can be directly interfaced with CMOS electronics and integrated onto standard printed circuit boards. Here, we present the basic system design and report the first proof-of-principle demonstration of such a visible light system employing 4×4 μLED arrays on a pitch matching four-layered waveguide array samples. Different interconnection topologies and light coupling schemes are investigated and their performance in terms of loss and crosstalk is compared. Data transmission of 2.5 Gb/s with a bit error rate within the forward-error correction threshold of 3.8×10-3 is achieved over a single μLED-waveguide channel using PAM-4 modulation and equalization. The results presented here demonstrate the potential of such ultra-low cost visible-light Optical Interconnects
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Mode-mixing in multimode polymer waveguides for on-board Optical Interconnects
2019Co-Authors: Bamiedakis N, R V Penty, Shi F, Chu D, I H WhiteAbstract:Multimode polymer waveguides have attracted strong interest for use in high-speed board-level interconnections as they can be cost-effectively integrated onto standard printed circuit boards (PCBs) and flexible substrates using conventional methods of the electronics industry and provide low-loss (30 GHz×m) interconnection. Various high-capacity passive Optical backplanes have been demonstrated using this technology while data transmission up to 40 Gb/s using NRZ modulation has been reported. Despite however the intensive research in this technology, very few studies have been reported on mode mixing effects in such multimode waveguides. Mode mixing is a very important phenomenon in highly-multimoded systems as it greatly affects the mode power distribution and therefore, light propagation inside these waveguides. Important transmission characteristics such as their loss and bandwidth performance are affected as well as the behaviour of passive waveguide components such as bends, crossings and couplers due to the different mode distribution at their input. In this work therefore, we present theoretical and experimental studies on mode mixing in polymer multimode waveguides used in board-level Optical Interconnects. Measurements are carried out on 24-cm long flexible waveguide samples to assess the strength of mode mixing using two common methods used in multimode fibre: mandrel wrapping and micro-bending, while a simple ray tracing model is developed to correlate mode mixing strength with waveguide sidewall roughness. The combination of experimental and theoretical studies can indicate the strength of the effect over the practical range of lengths (∼1 m) which are relevant to the application
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bandwidth studies on multimode polymer waveguides for 25 gb s Optical Interconnects
IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 2014Co-Authors: Nikolaos Bamiedakis, R V Penty, Jian Chen, I H WhiteAbstract:© 2014 IEEE. Multimode polymer waveguides constitute a promising technology for use in board-level Optical Interconnects. However, the continuous improvements in high-speed performance of VCSELs raise important questions about their ability to support such high data rates due to their inherent highly multimoded nature. Thorough experimental studies on the bandwidth of a 1.4-m-long multimode spiral waveguide are presented in this letter, indicating a bandwidth-length product of at least 35 GHz × m) even in the case of an overfilled launch. No significant transmission impairments are observed for spatial input offsets, while error-free (BER < 10-12) data transmission over the 1.4-m-long spiral waveguide is demonstrated at 25 Gb/s.
Ian H. White - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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High-Bandwidth and Large Coupling Tolerance Graded-Index Multimode Polymer Waveguides for On-Board High-Speed Optical Interconnects
Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2016Co-Authors: Jian Chen, Nikolaos Bamiedakis, Peter P. Vasil’ev, Tom J. Edwards, Christian T. A. Brown, Richard V. Penty, Ian H. WhiteAbstract:Optical Interconnects have attracted significant research interest for use in short-reach board-level Optical communication links in supercomputers and data centers. Multimode polymer waveguides in particular constitute an attractive technology for on-board Optical Interconnects, as they provide high bandwidth, offer relaxed alignment tolerances, and can be cost-effectively integrated onto standard printed circuit boards (PCBs). However, the continuing improvements in bandwidth performance of Optical sources make it important to investigate approaches to develop high-bandwidth polymer waveguides. In this paper, we present dispersion studies on a graded-index (GI) waveguide in siloxane materials designed to deliver high bandwidth over a range of launch conditions. Bandwidth-length products of >70 and ~65 GHz×m are observed using a 50/125 μm multimode fibre (MMF) launch for input offsets of ±10 μm without and with the use of a mode mixer (MM), respectively; and enhanced values of >100 GHz×m are found under a 10× microscope objective launch for input offsets of ~18 × 20 μm2. The large range of offsets is within the -1 dB alignment tolerances. A theoretical model is developed using the measured refractive index profile of the waveguide, and general agreement is found with experimental bandwidth measurements. The reported results clearly demonstrate the potential of this technology for use in high-speed board-level Optical links, and indicate that data transmission of 100 Gb/s over a multimode polymer waveguide is feasible with appropriate refractive index engineering.
Jian Chen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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High-Bandwidth and Large Coupling Tolerance Graded-Index Multimode Polymer Waveguides for On-Board High-Speed Optical Interconnects
Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2016Co-Authors: Jian Chen, Nikolaos Bamiedakis, Peter P. Vasil’ev, Tom J. Edwards, Christian T. A. Brown, Richard V. Penty, Ian H. WhiteAbstract:Optical Interconnects have attracted significant research interest for use in short-reach board-level Optical communication links in supercomputers and data centers. Multimode polymer waveguides in particular constitute an attractive technology for on-board Optical Interconnects, as they provide high bandwidth, offer relaxed alignment tolerances, and can be cost-effectively integrated onto standard printed circuit boards (PCBs). However, the continuing improvements in bandwidth performance of Optical sources make it important to investigate approaches to develop high-bandwidth polymer waveguides. In this paper, we present dispersion studies on a graded-index (GI) waveguide in siloxane materials designed to deliver high bandwidth over a range of launch conditions. Bandwidth-length products of >70 and ~65 GHz×m are observed using a 50/125 μm multimode fibre (MMF) launch for input offsets of ±10 μm without and with the use of a mode mixer (MM), respectively; and enhanced values of >100 GHz×m are found under a 10× microscope objective launch for input offsets of ~18 × 20 μm2. The large range of offsets is within the -1 dB alignment tolerances. A theoretical model is developed using the measured refractive index profile of the waveguide, and general agreement is found with experimental bandwidth measurements. The reported results clearly demonstrate the potential of this technology for use in high-speed board-level Optical links, and indicate that data transmission of 100 Gb/s over a multimode polymer waveguide is feasible with appropriate refractive index engineering.
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bandwidth studies on multimode polymer waveguides for 25 gb s Optical Interconnects
IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 2014Co-Authors: Nikolaos Bamiedakis, R V Penty, Jian Chen, I H WhiteAbstract:© 2014 IEEE. Multimode polymer waveguides constitute a promising technology for use in board-level Optical Interconnects. However, the continuous improvements in high-speed performance of VCSELs raise important questions about their ability to support such high data rates due to their inherent highly multimoded nature. Thorough experimental studies on the bandwidth of a 1.4-m-long multimode spiral waveguide are presented in this letter, indicating a bandwidth-length product of at least 35 GHz × m) even in the case of an overfilled launch. No significant transmission impairments are observed for spatial input offsets, while error-free (BER < 10-12) data transmission over the 1.4-m-long spiral waveguide is demonstrated at 25 Gb/s.