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Chengbiao Leng - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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metal source and wolframite precipitation process at the xihuashan tungsten deposit south china insights from Mineralogy fluid inclusion and stable isotope
Ore Geology Reviews, 2019Co-Authors: Jiehua Yang, Chengbiao Leng, Jiantang PengAbstract:Abstract The Xihuashan tungsten deposit, hosted in the late Jurassic granitic pluton in the Nanling Range of South China, has a total resource of about 81,300 tonnes of WO 3 with an average Ore grade of 1.08% WO 3 . Wolframite is the dominant Ore Mineral and intergrown with quartz in the main Mineralization stage. Ore-forming fluids trapped in wolframite have δD and δ 18 O values from -82‰ to -64‰ and 7.4‰ to 8.8‰, respectively. Those in quartz have similar δD (-72‰ to -58‰) and δ 18 O (6.8‰ to 8.0‰) values, indicative of a magmatic fluids simultaneously trapped by quartz and wolframite. LA-ICP-MS analyses for individual fluid inclusion show that this Mineralizing fluid contains measurable Li, Rb, Cs, K, Na, Ti, Cu, Zn, As and W (1 to 125 ppm with average of 19 ppm) while depleted in Fe and Mn. The wolframite from the Xihuashan tungsten deposit contains high FeO (10.9 to 17.7 wt. %) and MnO (5.9 to 12.7 wt. %) contents with Fe/(Fe+Mn) atomic ratio of 0.46 to 0.75, thus requires the availability of external Fe and Mn. We detect that the Fe and Mn contents in mica from the greisen are remarkably lower than primary mica from granite. Some magmatic micas were observed in greisen and were subjected to hydrothermal alteration. Compared to the cOre, the rim of these micas depleted in Fe, Mn, F, and Na. The siderite and pyrophanite are formed along cleavage planes of altered magmatic mica that are evidence to be due to Fe and Mn release during granite alteration. Thus, we demonstrate quantitatively that magmatic fluids at Xihuashan provide W in solution, whereas the hosted granite alteration contributes Fe and Mn to precipitate wolframite. It is also supported by wolframites have trace and rare earth elements characteristics similar to those of granite and some characteristics similar to the greisen. TherefOre, the Ore-forming fluids has components derived from the last highly evolved residual granitic melt and components acquired by releasing through the hosted granite alteration. Fluid-rock interaction exert a principle control on wolframite precipitation. Based on Mineralogy, fluid inclusion and stable isotope, we proposed three-stage process to illustrate the genetical link between tungsten Mineralization and granite.
Jiantang Peng - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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tracing the origin of Ore forming fluids in the piaotang tungsten deposit south china constraints from in situ analyses of wolframite and individual fluid inclusion
Ore Geology Reviews, 2019Co-Authors: Jiehua Yang, Lifang Kang, Jiantang Peng, Youqiang QiAbstract:Abstract The Piaotang vein-type tungsten deposit, hosted by Cambrian metasedimentary rocks, is one of the largest vein-type hydrothermal deposits in South China. Wolframite is the dominant Ore Mineral and intergrown with quartz and cassiterite in the main Mineralization stage. Wolframite, cassiterite and quartz crystals have δ18O values ranging from 2.5 to 6.8‰, 6.1 to 7.2‰, 10.3 to 13.7‰, respectively. δD values of fluid inclusions in these Minerals are very homogenous and lie mostly between −66.1 and −78.3‰. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns of wolframite show HREE enrichment with significant negative Eu anomalies, which are different from those of hosting metasedimentary rocks. H-O isotopes of fluid inclusions and trace elements of wolframite indicated that the Ore-forming fluids in the Piaotang tungsten deposit are dominantly magmatic in origin. Metamorphic and meteoric fluids were not involved in the main Mineralized stage although the wolframite-quartz veins were hosted by metasedimentary rocks. Element pairs Zr/Hf and Y/Ho of wolframite are remarkably fractionated (Zr/Hf = 13.4–34.6, Y/Ho = 10.0–14.4). Almost all the analyses of wolframite display unusual tetrad effect REE patterns (TE1–3 > 1.1). These peculiar trace element characteristics of wolframites indicate that Ore-forming fluids have high ligands F and/or Cl contents. LA-ICP-MS analyses of individual fluid inclusion show that Ore-forming fluids contain all elements necessary for the formation of wolframite (W, Fe, Mn) and incompatible elements (e.g., Li, Rb, Cs). Cs/Na ratios are positively correlated with Rb/Na ratios. We conclude that the Ore-forming fluids were reduced in nature and likely exsolved from the highly evolved granite that concealed in the vicinity of the deposit. Wolframite precipitation resulted from decreasing temperature and pressure of magmatic fluids during infilling along fracture, rather than fluid mixing and fluid-rock interaction.
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metal source and wolframite precipitation process at the xihuashan tungsten deposit south china insights from Mineralogy fluid inclusion and stable isotope
Ore Geology Reviews, 2019Co-Authors: Jiehua Yang, Chengbiao Leng, Jiantang PengAbstract:Abstract The Xihuashan tungsten deposit, hosted in the late Jurassic granitic pluton in the Nanling Range of South China, has a total resource of about 81,300 tonnes of WO 3 with an average Ore grade of 1.08% WO 3 . Wolframite is the dominant Ore Mineral and intergrown with quartz in the main Mineralization stage. Ore-forming fluids trapped in wolframite have δD and δ 18 O values from -82‰ to -64‰ and 7.4‰ to 8.8‰, respectively. Those in quartz have similar δD (-72‰ to -58‰) and δ 18 O (6.8‰ to 8.0‰) values, indicative of a magmatic fluids simultaneously trapped by quartz and wolframite. LA-ICP-MS analyses for individual fluid inclusion show that this Mineralizing fluid contains measurable Li, Rb, Cs, K, Na, Ti, Cu, Zn, As and W (1 to 125 ppm with average of 19 ppm) while depleted in Fe and Mn. The wolframite from the Xihuashan tungsten deposit contains high FeO (10.9 to 17.7 wt. %) and MnO (5.9 to 12.7 wt. %) contents with Fe/(Fe+Mn) atomic ratio of 0.46 to 0.75, thus requires the availability of external Fe and Mn. We detect that the Fe and Mn contents in mica from the greisen are remarkably lower than primary mica from granite. Some magmatic micas were observed in greisen and were subjected to hydrothermal alteration. Compared to the cOre, the rim of these micas depleted in Fe, Mn, F, and Na. The siderite and pyrophanite are formed along cleavage planes of altered magmatic mica that are evidence to be due to Fe and Mn release during granite alteration. Thus, we demonstrate quantitatively that magmatic fluids at Xihuashan provide W in solution, whereas the hosted granite alteration contributes Fe and Mn to precipitate wolframite. It is also supported by wolframites have trace and rare earth elements characteristics similar to those of granite and some characteristics similar to the greisen. TherefOre, the Ore-forming fluids has components derived from the last highly evolved residual granitic melt and components acquired by releasing through the hosted granite alteration. Fluid-rock interaction exert a principle control on wolframite precipitation. Based on Mineralogy, fluid inclusion and stable isotope, we proposed three-stage process to illustrate the genetical link between tungsten Mineralization and granite.
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infrared microthermometric and stable isotopic study of fluid inclusions in wolframite at the xihuashan tungsten deposit jiangxi province china
Mineralium Deposita, 2012Co-Authors: Ruizhong Hu, Jiantang Peng, Xianwu Bi, Wenchao Su, Shengqiong SongAbstract:The Xihuashan tungsten deposit, Jiangxi province, China, is a world-class vein-type Ore deposit hosted in Cambrian strata and Mesozoic granitic intrusions. There are two major sets of subparallel Ore-bearing quartz veins. The Ore Mineral assemblage includes wolframite and molybdenite, with minor amounts of arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, and pyrite. There are only two-phase aqueous-rich inclusions in wolframite but at least three major types of inclusions in quartz: two- or three-phase CO2-rich inclusions, two-phase pure CO2 inclusions and two-phase aqueous inclusions, indicating boiling. Fluid inclusions in wolframite have relatively higher homogenization temperatures and salinities (239–380°C, 3.8–13.7 wt.% NaCl equiv) compared with those in quartz (177–329°C, 0.9–8.1 wt.% NaCl equiv). These distinct differences suggest that those conventional microthermometric data from quartz are not adequate to explain the Ore formation process. Enthalpy–salinity plot shows a linear relationship, implying mixing of different sources of fluids. Although boiling occurred during vein-type Mineralization, it seems negligible for wolframite deposition. Mixing is the dominant mechanism of wolframite precipitation in Xihuashan. δ34S values of the sulfides range from −1.6 to +0.1‰, indicative of a magmatic source of sulfur. δ18O values of wolframite are relatively homogeneous, ranging from +4.8‰ to +6.3‰. Oxygen isotope modeling of boiling and mixing processes also indicates that mixing of two different fluids was an important mechanism in the precipitation of wolframite.
Christoph A Heinrich - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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separation of molybdenum and copper in porphyry deposits the roles of sulfur redox and ph in Ore Mineral deposition at bingham canyon
Economic Geology, 2012Co-Authors: Marcel Guillong, Christoph A HeinrichAbstract:The giant Bingham Canyon porphyry Cu-Mo-Au deposit (Utah) is associated with Eocene subvolcanic intrusions. It shows a distinct metal zonation above a barren cOre, with dominantly shallow Cu-Au Mineralization (Cu stage) following the early quartz monzonite porphyry (QMP) intrusion, and spatially deeper Mo Mineralization (Mo stage) occurring in a separate vein set exclusively after a late quartz latite porphyry (QLP) intrusion that truncates earlier Cu-Au veins. To understand this metal separation and the geochemical process of molybdenite Mineralization, we investigated fluid inclusions by microthermometry, Raman spectroscopy, and laser ablation inductively couple plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) microanalysis in low- and high-grade quartz veins of both Mineralization stages. In deep, low-grade quartz veins interpreted to represent the root zone of the Cu stage we found high concentrations of Cu, S, and Mo in the fluid inclusions, whereas in low-grade Mo-stage veins, we found lower Cu, but similar concentrations of S and Mo, compared to the inferred input fluids to the Cu stage. Sulfur and copper concentrations were similar in intermediate-density-type fluid inclusions in deep low-grade Cu-stage samples, whereas intermediate-density-type inclusions in low-grade Mo-stage veins have S contents that exceed their Cu contents. In high-grade Mo-stage vein, we found large variations of Mo concentrations in coexisting brine and vapor inclusions. Compared to the P-T conditions of the Cu precipitation stage (90–260 bars and 320°–430°C), the Mo-precipitating fluids were trapped at higher pressures and temperatures of 140 to 710 bars and 360° to 580°C. Mass-balance calculation based on the compositions of intermediate-density inclusions and brine + vapor assemblages, interpreted to be derived by phase separation during decompression of the ascending single-phase intermediate-density fluid, indicate that the mass of vapor phase exceeded that of brine by about 9:1 in both Mineralization stages. Combining this mass balance with the analyzed vapor/brine partitioning data indicates that mOre than 70% of Mo and S (by mass) in the deposit were deposited from the vapor phase. Earlier Cu-Au deposition was similarly dominated by vapor, but recently published data about postentrapment Cu diffusion in and out of fluid inclusions cast doubt on previous quantifications, suggesting that almost none of the copper was deposited by brine. Mo is less likely to be modified by selective diffusion, and high Mo contents (max 0.0054 Mo/Na in intermediate density; 380 μ g/g Mo in brine) in the hydrothermal fluids were maintained from the early Cu stage to the late Mo stage. This indicates that Mo concentration was not the decisive factor for separate precipitation of late Mo Ore at Bingham Canyon. Instead, the metal separation may be explained by a reduction in redox potential and an increase in acidity in the evolving source region of the fluids, i.e., a large subvolcanic magma reservoir. This is indicated by the stoichiometry of chalcopyrite and molybdenite precipitation reactions, a tentative difference in the Fe/Mn ratio in fluids of both veining stages, incipient muscovite alteration along high-temperature molybdenite veins, and an increasing tendency for Mo to fractionate from brine to vapor. We suggest that the early Cu-stage fluids were slightly mOre oxidized and neutral, allowing Cu-Fe sulfides to saturate first, while molybdenite saturation was suppressed and Mo was lost from the early Ore stage. By contrast during the later Mo stage, the fluids were mOre reduced and acidic, thereby allowing selective saturation of molybdenite as the first precipitating sulfide in the cooling and expanding two-phase fluid, consistent with textural observations. This interpretation may imply mOre generally that small differences in redox potential and acid/base balance of the magmatic source of porphyry-Mineralizing systems may be decisive in the temporal and spatial separation of the two metals.
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the role of sulfur in the formation of magmatic hydrothermal copper gold deposits
Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2009Co-Authors: Marcel Guillong, Christoph A HeinrichAbstract:Abstract Essential resources of many rare metals including copper, zinc, molybdenum, silver and gold occur in natural sulfide Mineral deposits. Understanding the origin of these metal resources has been limited by a lack of data about the geochemistry of sulfur, the most important and abundant element of Ore deposits. We report the first directly measured sulfur concentrations in high-temperature fluids, together with their Ore-metal contents, using a new method for sulfur quantification in fluid inclusions by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). Co-genetic brine and vapor inclusions from magmatic–hydrothermal Ore deposits and granitic intrusions show an excess of sulfur over Ore metals, as required for efficient Ore-Mineral precipitation. The results demonstrate that S, Cu and Au are highly enriched in vapor-like magmatic fluids, implying that such low-salinity fluids are the key agent for the formation of porphyry copper and epithermal gold deposits.
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the evolution of a porphyry cu au deposit based on la icp ms analysis of fluid inclusions bajo de la alumbrera argentina
Economic Geology, 2001Co-Authors: Thomas Ulrich, Detlef Gunther, Christoph A HeinrichAbstract:The chemical and physical evolution of magmatic to hydrothermal processes in the porphyry Cu-Au deposit of Bajo de la Alumbrera (northwestern Argentina) has been reconstructed with a quantitative fluid inclusion study. Fluid inclusion petrography, microthermometry, and single inclusion microanalysis by Excimer laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) are combined to determine the evolution of pressure, temperature, and Ore metal concentrations (including Cu and Au) in the fluids. Complementary hydrogen and oxygen isotope analyses are used to further constrain the water sources in the evolving system. The combined data provide a new level of insight into the mechanisms of metal sourcing and Ore Mineral precipitation in a porphyry-style magmatic-hydrothermal system. Based on previously reported observations of the igneous geology, alteration geochemistry, and veining history of the subvolcanic porphyries at Alumbrera, the distribution of fluid inclusion types in space and time is documented. Six major inclusion types are distinguished. The highest temperature brine inclusions (up to 750°C; P >1 kbar) are mainly recorded in barren quartz ± magnetite veins in the cOre of the alteration system. These polyphase brine inclusions (halite ± sylvite + multiple opaque and transparent daughter crystals) are interpreted as the most primitive magmatic fluid recorded at the level of the deposit. They are of moderately high salinity (50–60 wt % NaCl equiv) dominated by NaCl, KCl, and FeCl 2 , and contain on average 0.33 wt percent Cu and 0.55 ppm Au. Upon cooling and decompression, these saline liquids exsolve a vapor phase, which is preferentially enriched in Cu relative to its main salt components but probably plays a minor role in the formation of this particular deposit because of the inferred small mass fraction of vapor. Cooling and decompression from the highest initial P-T conditions down to about 450°C causes magnetite ± K silicate alteration but no saturation in Au or Cu sulfides, as recorded by continually high Ore metal concentrations in the fluid inclusions. Coprecipitation of Cu and Au as chalcopyrite and native gold (± some early bornite) occurs over a narrow range of decreasing fluid temperature. With cooling from ~400° to 305°C, the Cu concentration in the brine drops by about one order of magnitude to less than ~0.07 wt percent, without a proportional decrease in major salt components. Ore Mineral precipitation extracts ~85 percent of the Cu and Au from the fluid. It is associated with potassic alteration, as shown by a concomitant decrease in the K/Na ratio of the cooling magmatic brine and by an increase in its Ba and Sr concentrations (elements which are probably liberated in the destruction of calcic igneous Minerals). The fluid chemical data demonstrate that the metal ratios in this and probably many other porphyry-style Ore deposits are primarily controlled by the magmatic source of the Ore brines. On the other hand, the final hypogene Ore grade of the deposit is controlled by the efficiency of Ore Mineral precipitation. At Alumbrera, metal extraction is governed by the efficiency of cooling a high flux of magmatic fluid within a small rock volume. Dilution of residual magmatic fluids, as recorded by aqueous fluid inclusions of decreasing salinities and temperatures below 295°C, follows after the main stage of copper introduction and is associated with feldspar-destructive (phyllic) alteration. Geometric relationships, fluid analyses, and stable isotope data together indicate that phyllic alteration results from postMineralization hydrothermal activity involving minor mixing between meteoric water, residual brine, and a waning input of magmatic vapor.
Jiehua Yang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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tracing the origin of Ore forming fluids in the piaotang tungsten deposit south china constraints from in situ analyses of wolframite and individual fluid inclusion
Ore Geology Reviews, 2019Co-Authors: Jiehua Yang, Lifang Kang, Jiantang Peng, Youqiang QiAbstract:Abstract The Piaotang vein-type tungsten deposit, hosted by Cambrian metasedimentary rocks, is one of the largest vein-type hydrothermal deposits in South China. Wolframite is the dominant Ore Mineral and intergrown with quartz and cassiterite in the main Mineralization stage. Wolframite, cassiterite and quartz crystals have δ18O values ranging from 2.5 to 6.8‰, 6.1 to 7.2‰, 10.3 to 13.7‰, respectively. δD values of fluid inclusions in these Minerals are very homogenous and lie mostly between −66.1 and −78.3‰. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns of wolframite show HREE enrichment with significant negative Eu anomalies, which are different from those of hosting metasedimentary rocks. H-O isotopes of fluid inclusions and trace elements of wolframite indicated that the Ore-forming fluids in the Piaotang tungsten deposit are dominantly magmatic in origin. Metamorphic and meteoric fluids were not involved in the main Mineralized stage although the wolframite-quartz veins were hosted by metasedimentary rocks. Element pairs Zr/Hf and Y/Ho of wolframite are remarkably fractionated (Zr/Hf = 13.4–34.6, Y/Ho = 10.0–14.4). Almost all the analyses of wolframite display unusual tetrad effect REE patterns (TE1–3 > 1.1). These peculiar trace element characteristics of wolframites indicate that Ore-forming fluids have high ligands F and/or Cl contents. LA-ICP-MS analyses of individual fluid inclusion show that Ore-forming fluids contain all elements necessary for the formation of wolframite (W, Fe, Mn) and incompatible elements (e.g., Li, Rb, Cs). Cs/Na ratios are positively correlated with Rb/Na ratios. We conclude that the Ore-forming fluids were reduced in nature and likely exsolved from the highly evolved granite that concealed in the vicinity of the deposit. Wolframite precipitation resulted from decreasing temperature and pressure of magmatic fluids during infilling along fracture, rather than fluid mixing and fluid-rock interaction.
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metal source and wolframite precipitation process at the xihuashan tungsten deposit south china insights from Mineralogy fluid inclusion and stable isotope
Ore Geology Reviews, 2019Co-Authors: Jiehua Yang, Chengbiao Leng, Jiantang PengAbstract:Abstract The Xihuashan tungsten deposit, hosted in the late Jurassic granitic pluton in the Nanling Range of South China, has a total resource of about 81,300 tonnes of WO 3 with an average Ore grade of 1.08% WO 3 . Wolframite is the dominant Ore Mineral and intergrown with quartz in the main Mineralization stage. Ore-forming fluids trapped in wolframite have δD and δ 18 O values from -82‰ to -64‰ and 7.4‰ to 8.8‰, respectively. Those in quartz have similar δD (-72‰ to -58‰) and δ 18 O (6.8‰ to 8.0‰) values, indicative of a magmatic fluids simultaneously trapped by quartz and wolframite. LA-ICP-MS analyses for individual fluid inclusion show that this Mineralizing fluid contains measurable Li, Rb, Cs, K, Na, Ti, Cu, Zn, As and W (1 to 125 ppm with average of 19 ppm) while depleted in Fe and Mn. The wolframite from the Xihuashan tungsten deposit contains high FeO (10.9 to 17.7 wt. %) and MnO (5.9 to 12.7 wt. %) contents with Fe/(Fe+Mn) atomic ratio of 0.46 to 0.75, thus requires the availability of external Fe and Mn. We detect that the Fe and Mn contents in mica from the greisen are remarkably lower than primary mica from granite. Some magmatic micas were observed in greisen and were subjected to hydrothermal alteration. Compared to the cOre, the rim of these micas depleted in Fe, Mn, F, and Na. The siderite and pyrophanite are formed along cleavage planes of altered magmatic mica that are evidence to be due to Fe and Mn release during granite alteration. Thus, we demonstrate quantitatively that magmatic fluids at Xihuashan provide W in solution, whereas the hosted granite alteration contributes Fe and Mn to precipitate wolframite. It is also supported by wolframites have trace and rare earth elements characteristics similar to those of granite and some characteristics similar to the greisen. TherefOre, the Ore-forming fluids has components derived from the last highly evolved residual granitic melt and components acquired by releasing through the hosted granite alteration. Fluid-rock interaction exert a principle control on wolframite precipitation. Based on Mineralogy, fluid inclusion and stable isotope, we proposed three-stage process to illustrate the genetical link between tungsten Mineralization and granite.
Ardeshir Hezarkhani - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Assessment of iron Ore Mineral wastes for sulfate removal from groundwater wells: a case study
RSC Advances, 2016Co-Authors: Bahareh Sadeghalvad, Amirreza Azadmehr, Ardeshir HezarkhaniAbstract:To reduce environmental risks of mining activities, it is important to find eco-friendly and efficient ways of using mine waste. One way to utilize mine waste is to reuse it as an adsorbent in environmental decontamination. This study describes the efficiency of Choghart iron Ore Mineral wastes (namely quartz-albitophire and metasomatite) as efficient adsorbents of sulfate in contaminated groundwater from wells of the Bafq district in the center of Iran. At first, iron Ore Mineral wastes were characterized using XRD, XRF, and FTIR spectroscopy and petrographic observations of thin sections. The main parameters such as pH, contact time, initial sulfate concentration and amount of adsorbent have been optimized for maximum sulfate removal, using response surface methodology (RSM) based on the central composite design (CCD) method. Based on RMS analysis, the sulfate removal models proved to be in good agreement with the experimental values, with very low probability values (
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assessment of iron Ore Mineral wastes for sulfate removal from groundwater wells a case study
RSC Advances, 2016Co-Authors: Bahareh Sadeghalvad, Amirreza Azadmehr, Ardeshir HezarkhaniAbstract:To reduce environmental risks of mining activities, it is important to find eco-friendly and efficient ways of using mine waste. One way to utilize mine waste is to reuse it as an adsorbent in environmental decontamination. This study describes the efficiency of Choghart iron Ore Mineral wastes (namely quartz-albitophire and metasomatite) as efficient adsorbents of sulfate in contaminated groundwater from wells of the Bafq district in the center of Iran. At first, iron Ore Mineral wastes were characterized using XRD, XRF, and FTIR spectroscopy and petrographic observations of thin sections. The main parameters such as pH, contact time, initial sulfate concentration and amount of adsorbent have been optimized for maximum sulfate removal, using response surface methodology (RSM) based on the central composite design (CCD) method. Based on RMS analysis, the sulfate removal models proved to be in good agreement with the experimental values, with very low probability values (<0.0001). From the predicted model, maximum sulfate adsorption onto metasomatite and quartz-albitophire was 31.07 and 20.27 mg g−1, respectively. This adsorption rate indicates that the seemingly worthless iron Ore Mineral waste can be useful to eliminate one of the most hazardous environmental pollutants. To identify the mechanism of adsorption, the equilibrium of the adsorption process was examined using non-linear isotherm models (Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Dubinin–Radushkevich, Redlich–Peterson, Toth and Koble–Corrigan). These studies uncovered that sulfate adsorption onto quartz-albitophire has a complex character, and it seems that a combination of heterogeneous and homogenous adsorption occurs on the surface. The heterogeneous sulfate adsorption onto metasomatite has been confirmed by the Toth and Koble–Corrigan models. According to optimum conditions of sulfate adsorption, the maximum removed amounts of sulfate from Bafq groundwater wells using quartz-albitophire and metasomatite were 15.62 and 29.33 mg g−1, respectively.