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Wilfred Niels Arnold - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • The illness of Vincent van Gogh
    2004
    Co-Authors: Wilfred Niels Arnold
    Abstract:

    Vincent van Gogh (1853–1890) was a wonderfully accomplished artist whose work is now widely appreciated. He created a great number of masterpiece paintings and drawings in just one decade devoted to art. His productivity is even more remarkable when considered in the context of his debilitating illness. He suffered from medical crises that were devastating, but in the intervening periods he was both lucid and creative. He left a profound, soul-searching description of his jagged life in his correspondence, which provides the basis for the present analysis. An inherited metabolic disease, acute intermittent porphyria, accounts for all of the signs and symptoms of van Gogh’s underlying illness. On this 150th anniversary of the birth of Vincent van Gogh it is appropriate to revisit the subject and to analyze the lack of Organized Skepticism in the popular media about other diagnoses

Wilfred Arnold - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • The Illness of Vincent van Gogh: Acute Intermittent Porphyria (Out of Print)
    'Association of American Medical Colleges', 2006
    Co-Authors: Wilfred Arnold
    Abstract:

    Abstract Introduction The Illness of Vincent van Gogh interactive website offers a set of structured scientific analyses to assist the participant in arriving at a keen understanding of acute intermittent porphyria, a congenital disease diagnosed in van Gogh. Methods Unit 1 summarizes the features of the time-course of van Gogh's major medical crises. Concepts such as “Organized Skepticism” and “working hypothesis” are defined and developed. Prompts and questions encourage the individual participant to self-dismiss irrational options and to disregard the appeals to authority that are so popular among many psychologists and art historians. Unit 2 explains the biochemistry of heme synthesis and describes the hallmarks of acute intermittent porphyria, which is the only working hypothesis to accommodate all of van Gogh's signs and symptoms. Results This self-study exercise was taken by all (N = 255) first year students at Wayne State University School of Medicine in 2005. Their answers to the three questions on the final exam indicated assimilation of the material, and the high scores indicated achievement of objectives. Discussion These results suggest that the biography of a well-known artist can facilitate the understanding of biochemical phenomena

Thomas M Meenaghan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • social work and the convergence of politics and science
    Social Work, 1995
    Co-Authors: Keith M Kilty, Thomas M Meenaghan
    Abstract:

    In recent years, social work has developed an affinity for scientific inquiry. Yet social work is more than a science, because the profession is value oriented. Not only is it value oriented, but it is also influenced by the political context in which it operates. Forces in the larger society such as political and fiscal conservatism have pushed for a monitoring of social work. Concomitantly, forces within the profession itself have pushed for a testing of interventions and theories. Both sets of forces have resulted in the convergence of scientific inquiry and professionalism. With such a convergence of forces, critical questions and goals have been lost sight of. This article focuses on the social work profession and its possible association with scientific inquiry, technology, and values; the political and cultural context and the use of inquiry; and the relationship between inquiry and professional development. Social Work, Scientific Inquiry, Technology, and Values Most professions, including the human services professions, relate to and are affected by scientific inquiry, technology, and values. Whereas disciplines are directed to understanding aspects of nature and environment, the professions are normatively obligated to engage the world, to understand selective aspects of it, and to attempt to do something about some features or facets of that world. Whereas disciplines are primarily concerned with knowledge, the professions are primarily concerned with doing something to promote some activity or change (Powers, Meenaghan, & Toomey, 1985). Central to many of the disciplines is the distinctive role of scientific inquiry. Through the analytic rules of scientific inquiry many of the disciplines pursue their primary goals of seeking knowledge and understanding the world. Similarly, the professions also depend on scientific inquiry. Either the professions adapt and borrow insights from relevant disciplines as the professions attempt to act on and modify the environment, or they attempt to develop and then apply their own emerging body of knowledge. In either instance, the profession is using scientific knowledge for some particular reason. In short, the profession is normatively oriented to some chosen goal being achieved or some expectation being met, and within that context, scientific inquiry is helpful. In their use of science to extend understanding and knowledge of the world, the disciplines are not focused on practical implications. Rather, the relevant norms are accuracy and what Merton (1957) called "Organized Skepticism." More specifically, the values attached to the scientific process affirm attitudes of objectivity, impersonality, disinterestedness, and political neutrality. Somewhat distinct from science and the disciplines is technology. Technology is the selective application of science. That is, technology in a sense is the purposeful attempt to apply science to shape and, at times, manage the environment, or at least specific components of it. Technology is inherently driven by the norm of utilitarianism (Gingerich, 1990). In some respects professions are quite similar to the norm of technology. Like technology, professions are primarily directed to the application of knowledge. In this context, the skills of the professional are central as he or she attempts to interact with and shape the environment. More specifically, human services professionals are beginning to see that technology can be used in the context of working with people and communities. For example, use of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) - the fruit of scientific inquiry concerning the personalities of human beings - can be positively applied in working with individual clients. Similarly, the technology of large-scale surveys can now be used by large agencies and funders in selecting priorities for funding. Although the professions are becoming increasingly aware of the relevance of technology, one should not jump to the conclusion that technology and the professions are totally alike. …

Caso Roberto - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Poisonous Science: the Dark Side of Academic Copyright in the Digital Age
    2018
    Co-Authors: Caso Roberto
    Abstract:

    Copyright on academic and scientific publications (papers, articles, essays, books etc.) is the result of the interaction between formal rules (copyright law), social norms (norms of science) and technology (printing press, digital technologies). Prior to the digital age, academic copyright has had two main functions. a) Priority. The acknowledgment of a paternity (or attribution) right on the scientific publication has facilitated the certification of priority of the scientific discovery described in the text. b) Dissemination. The protection of economic rights (reproduction, distribution etc.) has enabled the alliance between scientific authors and publishers finalized to distribute scientific publications to the public. Usually, scientific authors transfer their economic rights to the publisher because the latter has the economic and technological power to disseminate scientific publications. Nevertheless, scientific authors are mostly interested in reputation and not in the economic return derived from the commercialization of copyright. According to Robert Merton's theory, the norms of science are Communism, Universalism, Disinterestedness, and Organized Skepticism (CUDOS). Scientists compete for  priority but they put their ideas and information in the public domain. The ultimate scope is to share ideas and information because the progress of science depends on "communism" and "Organized Skepticism". In other terms, scientific publications are part of the public and critical dialogue. In this perspective, formal law and social norms, normally stating that the original ownership of copyright belongs to the authors and not to their academic or scientific institutions, mirror freedom of speech and academic liberty. The current scenario however seems completely different. In theory, Internet represents an extraordinary opportunity to strengthen the scientific debate. But reality tells a very different story. In the digital age, scientific publications are only "products". The changing nature of scientific publications is the effect of the commodification of academic research. While the interaction between commodification of academic research and university patents has been deeply investigated and discussed, scholars have paid relatively little attention to the commodification of academic copyright. In the market of scientific publications, bibliometrics and digitization distort the two functions (priority and dissemination) of academic copyright. On the one hand, the right of paternity becomes only part of academic metrics, aimed to generate long lists of publications in academic cv and citations in commercial databases like Scopus, ISI WoS, and Google Scholar. Not surprisingly, according to some studies, the logics of "publish or perish" and "impact or perish" foster scientific misconduct (e.g., falsification, fabrication, plagiarism). On the other hand, economic rights (reproduction, distribution etc.) become the leverage of the oligopolistic power of commercial and proprietary databases which concentrate publishing and evaluation - related to metrics - powers. For example, Elsevier is at the same time the biggest scientific publisher and the "largest abstract and citation database of peer-reviewed literature". This market power is the result of the interplay between copyright and the contemporary processes of academic evaluation connected to the notion of "metrics". In this perspective, the real goal of economic copyright is not to disseminate, but to concentrate the control of scientific information in few hands. The Open Access and Open Science movements are trying to oppose the distortion of academic copyright and indeed re-establish its original twofold function (priority and dissemination). Nevertheless, it is worth emphasising that, without a deep and radical change in the process of academic evaluation and in the copyright law, the progress of science and academic freedom will be at great risk.   References   Biagioli M. et al., Gaming Metrics: Innovation & Surveillance in Academic Misconduct, Conference at UC Davis, February 4-5, 2016, https://video.ucdavis.edu/media/Gaming+Metrics+-+Mario-Biagioli+(02-04-2016)/0_0wcg4w9l   Biagioli M., Recycling Texts or Stealing Time?: Plagiarism, Authorship, and Credit in Science (2012). International Journal of Cultural Property, 19: 453-476, 2012. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2427955   Guédon J.C., Open Access: Toward the Internet of the Mind, Budapest Open Access Initiative, 2017, http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/open-access-toward-the-internet-of-the-mind   Guédon J.C., In Oldenburg's Long Shadow: Librarians, Research Scientists, Publishers, and the Control of Scientific Publishing, Association of Research Libraries, Washinghton D.C., 2001, ISBN 0-918006-81-3, http://www.arl.org/storage/documents/publications/in-oldenburgs-long-shadow.pdf   Merton R. K., The Matthew Effect in Science, II: Cumulative Advantage and the Symbolism of Intellectual Property, Isis, Vol. 79, No. 4 (Dec., 1988), 606   Merton R. K., The Matthew Effect in Science, Science, New Series, Vol. 159, No. 3810. (Jan. 5, 1968), 56   Merton R. K., Priorities in Scientific Discovery: A Chapter in the Sociology of Science, American Sociological Review, Vol. 22, No. 6 (Dec., 1957), 635   Merton R. K., Science and Technology in a Democratic Order, Journal of Legal and Politcal Sociology, 1 (1942), 115   Merton R. K., Science and Social Order, Philosophy of Science, 5 (1938), 321   Moscon V., Academic Freedom, Copyright, and Accessto Scholarly Works: A Comparative Perspective, in Caso R., Giovanella F., Balancing copyright law in the digital age: some comparative perspectives, Springer, 2015, 99   Reichman J. H., Okediji R., When Copyright Law and Science Collide: Empowering Digitally Integrated Research Methods on a Global Scale (September 19, 2012). Minnesota Law Review, Vol. 96, No. 4, 2012; Minnesota Legal Studies Research Paper 12-54. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2149218   Shavell S., Should Copyright of Academic Works be Abolished?. The Journal of Legal Analysis, Forthcoming; Harvard Law and Economics Discussion Paper No. 655; Harvard Public Law Working Paper No. 10-10. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1525667  

Щелкова, Т. В. - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Generation of social anomie at the sight of «Organized Skepticism» / Z. M. Grishcnenko, T. V. Scholkova
    Минск : БГУ, 2019
    Co-Authors: Грищенко, Ж. М., Щелкова, Т. В.
    Abstract:

    Представлено логическое продолжение темы характерологических особенностей постсоветского поколения студенческой молодежи, социализация которого проходила в условиях тотальной аномии в обществе. В центре исследовательского интереса на сей раз – проблема самореализации современного студенчества, представленная как поиск путей и средств осуществления программы личного жизненного успеха. Эмпирический базис объективированных тенденций включает в себя результаты количественных и качественных методов исследования с фокусировкой на смыслах, программирующих актуальные паттерны поведения поколения Z. Продолжается дискуссия о методологических особенностях современной социологии, реактивности ее инструментария и апробации методик по повышению чувствительности инструментария к замеру смыслов.The article is a logical continuation of the theme of the characterological features of the post-Soviet generation of students, whose socialization took place in the conditions of total anomie in society. In the center of research interest this time-the problem of self-realization of modern students, presented as a search for ways and means of implementation of the program of personal success in life. The empirical basis of the trends objectified in the article includes the results of quantitative and qualitative research methods with a focus on the meanings programming the actual patterns of behavior of generation Z. in Parallel, the discussion on the methodological features of modern sociology, the reactivity of its tools and the approbation of techniques to increase its sensitivity to the measurement of meanings