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Kerth Gerald - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Data from: Ecological Outsourcing: a pitcher plant benefits from transferring pre-digestion of prey to a bat mutualist
2016Co-Authors: Schöner, Caroline R., Schöner, Michael G., Grafe T. Ulmar, Clarke, Charles M., Dombrowski Linda, Tan, Moi Chan, Kerth GeraldAbstract:Mutualisms are interspecific interactions where each of the species involved gains net benefits from the other(s). The exchange of resources and/or services between mutualistic Partners often involves tasks that species originally accomplished themselves but which have been taken over by or transferred to the more efficient Partner during the evolution of the mutualism. Such ‘ecological Outsourcing’ can be seen, for example, in several carnivorous plants that have transferred prey capture and digestion to animal Partners. However, the outcome of this transfer and its fitness relevance has rarely been quantified. Using a digestive mutualism between a carnivorous pitcher plant (Nepenthes hemsleyana) and a bat (Kerivoula hardwickii) as a model, we tested the hypothesis that ecological Outsourcing is a profitable strategy for the Outsourcing Partner. To evaluate the value of this mutualism, we conducted a series of field and glasshouse experiments. We measured the benefits of ecological Outsourcing by comparing survival, growth, photosynthesis and nutrient content of N. hemsleyana plants fed with bat faeces to those fed with arthropods. To investigate the costs of such Outsourcing processes, we repeated the experiment with the closest relative (Nepenthes rafflesiana) that is not adapted to digest bat faeces. We found that N. hemsleyana plants fed with faeces had increased survival, growth and photosynthesis compared to plants fed with arthropods only. On average, plants covered 95% of their nitrogen demand from faeces under strong nutrient deprivation. Despite N. rafflesiana's higher arthropod capture rate, faeces covered a large part of this species’ nutrient demand as well, suggesting low costs for Outsourcing. Synthesis. Outsourcing prey capture and digestion to the mutualism Partner seems to be a beneficial strategy for N. hemsleyana. It may explain the evolutionary trend of several carnivorous plants to lose their carnivorous traits while increasing their attractiveness to mutualistic Partners. On a much broader scale, we propose that ecological Outsourcing could be one of the major drivers for the evolution and maintenance of mutualisms
Gerald Kerth - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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ecological Outsourcing a pitcher plant benefits from transferring pre digestion of prey to a bat mutualist
Journal of Ecology, 2017Co-Authors: Caroline R Schoner, Michael G Schoner, Ulmar T Grafe, Charles Clarke, Linda Dombrowski, Moi Chan Tan, Gerald KerthAbstract:Summary Mutualisms are interspecific interactions where each of the species involved gains net benefits from the other(s). The exchange of resources and/or services between mutualistic Partners often involves tasks that species originally accomplished themselves but which have been taken over by or transferred to the more efficient Partner during the evolution of the mutualism. Such ‘ecological Outsourcing’ can be seen, for example, in several carnivorous plants that have transferred prey capture and digestion to animal Partners. However, the outcome of this transfer and its fitness relevance has rarely been quantified. Using a digestive mutualism between a carnivorous pitcher plant (Nepenthes hemsleyana) and a bat (Kerivoula hardwickii) as a model, we tested the hypothesis that ecological Outsourcing is a profitable strategy for the Outsourcing Partner. To evaluate the value of this mutualism, we conducted a series of field and glasshouse experiments. We measured the benefits of ecological Outsourcing by comparing survival, growth, photosynthesis and nutrient content of N. hemsleyana plants fed with bat faeces to those fed with arthropods. To investigate the costs of such Outsourcing processes, we repeated the experiment with the closest relative (Nepenthes rafflesiana) that is not adapted to digest bat faeces. We found that N. hemsleyana plants fed with faeces had increased survival, growth and photosynthesis compared to plants fed with arthropods only. On average, plants covered 95% of their nitrogen demand from faeces under strong nutrient deprivation. Despite N. rafflesiana's higher arthropod capture rate, faeces covered a large part of this species’ nutrient demand as well, suggesting low costs for Outsourcing. Synthesis. Outsourcing prey capture and digestion to the mutualism Partner seems to be a beneficial strategy for N. hemsleyana. It may explain the evolutionary trend of several carnivorous plants to lose their carnivorous traits while increasing their attractiveness to mutualistic Partners. On a much broader scale, we propose that ecological Outsourcing could be one of the major drivers for the evolution and maintenance of mutualisms.
Schöner, Caroline R. - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Data from: Ecological Outsourcing: a pitcher plant benefits from transferring pre-digestion of prey to a bat mutualist
2016Co-Authors: Schöner, Caroline R., Schöner, Michael G., Grafe T. Ulmar, Clarke, Charles M., Dombrowski Linda, Tan, Moi Chan, Kerth GeraldAbstract:Mutualisms are interspecific interactions where each of the species involved gains net benefits from the other(s). The exchange of resources and/or services between mutualistic Partners often involves tasks that species originally accomplished themselves but which have been taken over by or transferred to the more efficient Partner during the evolution of the mutualism. Such ‘ecological Outsourcing’ can be seen, for example, in several carnivorous plants that have transferred prey capture and digestion to animal Partners. However, the outcome of this transfer and its fitness relevance has rarely been quantified. Using a digestive mutualism between a carnivorous pitcher plant (Nepenthes hemsleyana) and a bat (Kerivoula hardwickii) as a model, we tested the hypothesis that ecological Outsourcing is a profitable strategy for the Outsourcing Partner. To evaluate the value of this mutualism, we conducted a series of field and glasshouse experiments. We measured the benefits of ecological Outsourcing by comparing survival, growth, photosynthesis and nutrient content of N. hemsleyana plants fed with bat faeces to those fed with arthropods. To investigate the costs of such Outsourcing processes, we repeated the experiment with the closest relative (Nepenthes rafflesiana) that is not adapted to digest bat faeces. We found that N. hemsleyana plants fed with faeces had increased survival, growth and photosynthesis compared to plants fed with arthropods only. On average, plants covered 95% of their nitrogen demand from faeces under strong nutrient deprivation. Despite N. rafflesiana's higher arthropod capture rate, faeces covered a large part of this species’ nutrient demand as well, suggesting low costs for Outsourcing. Synthesis. Outsourcing prey capture and digestion to the mutualism Partner seems to be a beneficial strategy for N. hemsleyana. It may explain the evolutionary trend of several carnivorous plants to lose their carnivorous traits while increasing their attractiveness to mutualistic Partners. On a much broader scale, we propose that ecological Outsourcing could be one of the major drivers for the evolution and maintenance of mutualisms
Caroline R Schoner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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ecological Outsourcing a pitcher plant benefits from transferring pre digestion of prey to a bat mutualist
Journal of Ecology, 2017Co-Authors: Caroline R Schoner, Michael G Schoner, Ulmar T Grafe, Charles Clarke, Linda Dombrowski, Moi Chan Tan, Gerald KerthAbstract:Summary Mutualisms are interspecific interactions where each of the species involved gains net benefits from the other(s). The exchange of resources and/or services between mutualistic Partners often involves tasks that species originally accomplished themselves but which have been taken over by or transferred to the more efficient Partner during the evolution of the mutualism. Such ‘ecological Outsourcing’ can be seen, for example, in several carnivorous plants that have transferred prey capture and digestion to animal Partners. However, the outcome of this transfer and its fitness relevance has rarely been quantified. Using a digestive mutualism between a carnivorous pitcher plant (Nepenthes hemsleyana) and a bat (Kerivoula hardwickii) as a model, we tested the hypothesis that ecological Outsourcing is a profitable strategy for the Outsourcing Partner. To evaluate the value of this mutualism, we conducted a series of field and glasshouse experiments. We measured the benefits of ecological Outsourcing by comparing survival, growth, photosynthesis and nutrient content of N. hemsleyana plants fed with bat faeces to those fed with arthropods. To investigate the costs of such Outsourcing processes, we repeated the experiment with the closest relative (Nepenthes rafflesiana) that is not adapted to digest bat faeces. We found that N. hemsleyana plants fed with faeces had increased survival, growth and photosynthesis compared to plants fed with arthropods only. On average, plants covered 95% of their nitrogen demand from faeces under strong nutrient deprivation. Despite N. rafflesiana's higher arthropod capture rate, faeces covered a large part of this species’ nutrient demand as well, suggesting low costs for Outsourcing. Synthesis. Outsourcing prey capture and digestion to the mutualism Partner seems to be a beneficial strategy for N. hemsleyana. It may explain the evolutionary trend of several carnivorous plants to lose their carnivorous traits while increasing their attractiveness to mutualistic Partners. On a much broader scale, we propose that ecological Outsourcing could be one of the major drivers for the evolution and maintenance of mutualisms.
Ramos Moreno Germán - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Aporte de las marcas comerciales del subsector confecciones al desarrollo económico local de la ciudad de Ibagué
Facultad de estudios sociales y empresariales, 2018Co-Authors: Díaz Enciso, Oscar Germán Eduardo, Ramos Moreno GermánAbstract:El objetivo general de la presente investigación fue determinar el aporte de las marcas comerciales reconocidas del subsector confecciones a la generación de empleo formal, como dinamizador del desarrollo económico local de la ciudad de Ibagué, siendo así una investigación de alcance descriptiva, de enfoque cualitativo y cuantitativo (mixto) y con un diseño de triangulación concurrente, a partir de dos fuentes de información: entrevistas a empresarios y el desarrollo de un grupo focal. Como resultados se determinó un importante grado de madurez y posicionamiento de las ocho empresas generadoras de marcas del subsector, las cuales cuentan con una estructura organizacional plenamente definidas por departamentos funcionales, además de un importante número de trabajadores, quienes laboran formalmente a través de contratos a término fijos e indefinidos, en su mayoría. Igualmente, se destacó la contratación de talleres satélites como parte de la tercerización de ciertos procesos de las empresas analizadas. En cuanto a la cadena de valor se identificó una amplia relación de redes empresariales, especialmente en el eslabón de la proveeduría de telas e insumos. Finalmente se concluyó que existe un importante aporte de las empresas estudiadas a la generación de empleo formal, tanto a nivel del sector económico manufacturero como a nivel general en la ciudad de Ibagué, además de una importante contribución en términos de parafiscalidad.The general objective of the present investigation was to determine the contribution of the recognized commercial brands of the subsector confections to the generation of formal employment in Ibague, as a driver of the local economic development. The research had a descriptive scope, a mixed approach (qualitative and quantitative) and a concurrent triangulation design, based on two sources of information: interviews with businessmen and the implementation of a focal group. As results, it was determined an important degree of maturity and positioning of the eight brands companies analyzed. All of them have an organizational structure fully defined by functional departments, as well as a significant number of workers, who work formally through signed contracts to fixed and indefinite terms, mostly. Moreover, those brands companies hire satellite workshops as Outsourcing Partner in certain processes. Regarding the value chain, a broad relationship of business networks was identified, especially in the supply chain of cloth and materials. Finally, it was concluded that there is an important contribution of the companies studied to the generation of formal employment, both at the level of the manufacturing economic sector and at a general level in the city of Ibague, as well as an important participation in terms of parafiscal contributions