The Experts below are selected from a list of 2055 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Jaime C. Grunlan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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transparent polyelectrolyte complex thin films with ultralow Oxygen Transmission Rate
Langmuir, 2018Co-Authors: Ryan J Smith, Carolyn T Long, Jaime C. GrunlanAbstract:Limiting Oxygen permeation through plastic films is important for extending the shelf life of food and flexible electronic devices. Polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) thin films can be used to reduce small molecule diffusion through commodity plastic films. PEC thin films are frequently applied using layer-by-layer assembly, which often requires many processing cycles to deposit a film with desired thickness. An aqueous solution of poly(diallydimethylammonium chloride) and poly(acrylic acid) can be deposited in a single-step to quickly fabricate a high-Oxygen barrier thin film. These films have an ionically bonded network that forms after polyelectrolyte deposition and exposure to buffer. Increasing buffer concentration and adding salt increases film cohesion and improves transparency by reducing surface roughness. When deposited onto a 178 μm poly(ethylene terephthalate) film, a ∼1.9 μm thick PEC coating imparts a 2 orders of magnitude reduction in Oxygen Transmission Rate. Achieving this level of gas barrier...
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Fast Self‐Healing of Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Nanocoating and Restoration of Super Oxygen Barrier
Macromolecular Rapid Communications, 2017Co-Authors: Yixuan Song, Mohammad Humood, Kevin P. Meyers, Joseph Gerringer, Ramesh K. Ramakrishnan, Sergei Nazarenko, Andreas A Polycarpou, Jaime C. GrunlanAbstract:A self-healable gas barrier nanocoating, which is fabricated by alternate deposition of polyethyleneimine (PEI) and polyacrylic acid (PAA) polyelectrolytes, is demonstRated in this study. This multilayer film, with high elastic modulus, high glass transition temperature, and small free volume, has been shown to be a super Oxygen gas barrier. An 8-bilayer PEI/PAA multilayer assembly (≈700 nm thick) exhibits an Oxygen Transmission Rate (OTR) undetectable to commercial instrumentation (
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Super Stretchy Polymer Multilayer Thin Film with High Gas Barrier
ACS Macro Letters, 2014Co-Authors: Fangming Xiang, Sarah M. Ward, Tara M. Givens, Jaime C. GrunlanAbstract:Unlike ionically bonded or clay-loaded gas barrier thin films, which easily crack when modeRately stretched, hydrogen-bonded poly(acrylic acid) (PAA)/poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) multilayer thin films remain crack-free. Even after 100% strain, these nanocoatings provide more than a 5× reduction in Oxygen Transmission Rate. This study shows that the lowest modulus PAA/PEO thin film is obtained at pH 3, but maintains a high barrier. A total of 20 PAA/PEO bilayers (367 nm thick) on 1.58 mm rubber reduced the Oxygen Transmission Rate by 1 order of magnitude. Stretching from 25–100% caused plastic deformation and reduced gas barrier, but the Oxygen Transmission Rate remained at least 5× lower than the uncoated rubber. The ability to prevent cracking and preserve the gas barrier up to 100% strain provides a tremendous opportunity for reducing weight and improving the barrier of elastomeric materials.
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Stretchable gas barrier achieved with partially hydrogen-bonded multilayer nanocoating
Macromolecular Rapid Communications, 2014Co-Authors: Kevin M. Holder, Morgan A. Priolo, Molly E. Huff, Benjamin R. Spears, Eva Harth, Jaime C. GrunlanAbstract:Super gas barrier nanocoatings are recently demonstRated by combining polyelectrolytes and clay nanoplatelets with layer-by-layer deposition. These nanobrick wall thin films match or exceed the gas barrier of SiOx and metallized films, but they are relatively stiff and lose barrier with significant stretching (≥10% strain). In an effort to impart stretchability, hydrogen-bonding polyglycidol (PGD) layers are added to an electrostatically bonded thin film assembly of polyethylenimine (PEI) and montmorillonite (MMT) clay. The Oxygen Transmission Rate of a 125-nm thick PEI-MMT film increases more than 40x after being stretched 10%, while PGD-PEI-MMT trilayers of the same thickness maintain its gas barrier. This stretchable trilayer system has an OTR three times lower than the PEI-MMT bilayer system after stretching. This report marks the first stretchable high gas barrier thin film, which is potentially useful for applications that require pressurized elastomers.
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influence of clay concentration on the gas barrier of clay polymer nanobrick wall thin film assemblies
Langmuir, 2011Co-Authors: Morgan A. Priolo, Kevin M. Holder, Daniel Gamboa, Jaime C. GrunlanAbstract:The influence of the clay deposition suspension concentration on gas barrier thin films of sodium montmorillonite (MMT) clay and branched polyethylenimine (PEI), created via layer-by-layer assembly, was investigated. Films grown with MMT suspension concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 2.0 wt % were analyzed for their growth as a function of deposited polymer–clay bilayers (BL) and their thickness, clay concentration, transparency, nanostructure, and Oxygen barrier as a function of the suspension concentration. The film thickness doubles and the visible light Transmission decreases less than 5% as a function of MMT concentration for 20-BL films. Atomic force and Transmission electron microscope images reveal a highly aligned nanobrick wall structure, with quartz crystal microbalance measurements revealing a slight increase in the film clay concentration as the MMT suspension concentration increases. The Oxygen Transmission Rate (OTR) through these 20-BL composites, deposited on a 179 μm poly(ethylene tereph...
José M. Kenny - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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nano biocomposite films with modified cellulose nanocrystals and synthesized silver nanoparticles
Carbohydrate Polymers, 2014Co-Authors: Elena Fortunati, M. Peltzer, José M. Kenny, Loredana Latterini, Silvia Rinaldi, Nora Bloise, A Jiménez, Livia Visai, Ilaria ArmentanoAbstract:Abstract Ternary nano-biocomposite films based on poly(lactic acid) (PLA) with modified cellulose nanocrystals (s-CNC) and synthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag) have been prepared and characterized. The functionalization of the CNC surface with an acid phosphate ester of ethoxylated nonylphenol favoured its dispersion in the PLA matrix. The positive effects of the addition of cellulose and silver on the PLA barrier properties were confirmed by reductions in the water permeability (WVP) and Oxygen Transmission Rate (OTR) of the films tested. The migration level of all nano-biocomposites in contact with food simulants were below the permitted limits in both non-polar and polar simulants. PLA nano-biocomposites showed a significant antibacterial activity influenced by the Ag content, while composting tests showed that the materials were visibly disintegRated after 15 days with the ternary systems showing the highest Rate of disintegration under composting conditions.
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Nano-biocomposite films with modified cellulose nanocrystals and synthesized silver nanoparticles
Carbohydrate Polymers, 2014Co-Authors: Elena Fortunati, M. Peltzer, Loredana Latterini, Silvia Rinaldi, Nora Bloise, A Jiménez, Livia Visai, Ilaria Armentano, José M. KennyAbstract:Ternary nano-biocomposite films based on poly(lactic acid) (PLA) with modified cellulose nanocrystals (s-CNC) and synthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag) have been prepared and characterized. The functionalization of the CNC surface with an acid phosphate ester of ethoxylated nonylphenol favoured its dispersion in the PLA matrix. The positive effects of the addition of cellulose and silver on the PLA barrier properties were confirmed by reductions in the water permeability (WVP) and Oxygen Transmission Rate (OTR) of the films tested. The migration level of all nano-biocomposites in contact with food simulants were below the permitted limits in both non-polar and polar simulants. PLA nano-biocomposites showed a significant antibacterial activity influenced by the Ag content, while composting tests showed that the materials were visibly disintegRated after 15 days with the ternary systems showing the highest Rate of disintegration under composting conditions. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Roos Peeters - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effect of packaging Oxygen Transmission Rate on the shelf life of ready to heat foods susceptible to postcontamination during refrigeRated and illuminated storage
Packaging Technology and Science, 2020Co-Authors: Maarten Baele, Dimitri Adons, Roos Peeters, An Vermeulen, Frederic Leloup, Frank Devlieghere, Bruno De Meulenaer, Peter RagaertAbstract:Since more and more pressure is exerted to reduce the use of plastic packaging materials, optimizing the use of food packaging is opportune. The aim of this study was to evaluate the combined effect of packaging materials, spanning a range of Oxygen Transmission Rates (OTR), and retail illumination, on the microbial shelf life and safety of refrigeRated ready-to-heat foods. Cooked potato slices were packaged in OPA/PP bags with a high OTR (28.85 ccO(2)/m(2)/d) and OPA-EVOH/PP bags with a low OTR (6.57 ccO(2)/m(2)/d). Cooked composite meals were packaged in tray and foil combinations, also spanning a range of OTR: PP trays (2.09 ccO(2)/tray/d) with OPA/PP foils (28.85 ccO(2)/m(2)/d), PP trays with OPA-EVOH/PP (6.57 ccO(2)/m(2)/d) foils, and PET trays (0.07 ccO(2)/tray/d) with PET top foil (32.86 ccO(2)/m(2)/d) . The packages were stored in a dark environment, or under fluorescent or LED light. Due to the rapid growth of lactic acid bacteria, the microbial shelf life of both food products was largely unaffected by the type of barrier. Illumination at 1000 lux for 12 hours per day led to temperature differences significantly affecting microbial growth. Based on the results, it could be concluded that re-evaluating packaging material choices for these foods may prove valuable, since the use of high-barrier multilayer packaging materials may be considered as a case of overpackaging.
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Effect of packaging Oxygen Transmission Rate on the shelf life of ready‐to‐heat foods susceptible to postcontamination during refrigeRated and illuminated storage
Packaging Technology and Science, 2019Co-Authors: Maarten Baele, Dimitri Adons, Roos Peeters, An Vermeulen, Frederic Leloup, Frank Devlieghere, Bruno De Meulenaer, Peter RagaertAbstract:Since more and more pressure is exerted to reduce the use of plastic packaging materials, optimizing the use of food packaging is opportune. The aim of this study was to evaluate the combined effect of packaging materials, spanning a range of Oxygen Transmission Rates (OTR), and retail illumination, on the microbial shelf life and safety of refrigeRated ready-to-heat foods. Cooked potato slices were packaged in OPA/PP bags with a high OTR (28.85 ccO(2)/m(2)/d) and OPA-EVOH/PP bags with a low OTR (6.57 ccO(2)/m(2)/d). Cooked composite meals were packaged in tray and foil combinations, also spanning a range of OTR: PP trays (2.09 ccO(2)/tray/d) with OPA/PP foils (28.85 ccO(2)/m(2)/d), PP trays with OPA-EVOH/PP (6.57 ccO(2)/m(2)/d) foils, and PET trays (0.07 ccO(2)/tray/d) with PET top foil (32.86 ccO(2)/m(2)/d) . The packages were stored in a dark environment, or under fluorescent or LED light. Due to the rapid growth of lactic acid bacteria, the microbial shelf life of both food products was largely unaffected by the type of barrier. Illumination at 1000 lux for 12 hours per day led to temperature differences significantly affecting microbial growth. Based on the results, it could be concluded that re-evaluating packaging material choices for these foods may prove valuable, since the use of high-barrier multilayer packaging materials may be considered as a case of overpackaging.
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evaluation of the thickness and Oxygen Transmission Rate before and after thermoforming mono and multi layer sheets into trays with variable depth
Polymers, 2014Co-Authors: Mieke Buntinx, Gert Willems, Griet Knockaert, Dimitri Adons, Jan Yperman, Robert Carleer, Roos PeetersAbstract:During thermoforming, plastic sheets are heated and subsequently deformed through the application of mechanical stretching and/or pressure. This process directly impacts sheet properties such as material thickness in walls, corners, and bottom, crystallinity in the constituent layers, and particularly the Oxygen gas permeability. The aim of this study was to quantify the impact of thermoforming on thickness and Oxygen Transmission Rate (OTR) of selected packaging materials (polypropylene (PP); PP/ethylene-vinyl alcohol co-polymer/PP (PP/EVOH/PP); polystyrene/EVOH/polyethylene (PS/EVOH/PE); amorphous polyethylene terephtalate/PE (APET/PE); APET/PE/EVOH/PE; polyamide/PE (PA/PE); and (PE/)PA/EVOH/PA/PE). These materials were extruded in two different thicknesses and thermoformed into trays with the same top dimensions and variable depths of 25, 50, and/or 75 mm and a 50 mm tray with a variable radius of the corners. The distribution of the material thickness in the trays was visualized, showing the locations that were most affected by the deep drawn process. The OTR results indicate that the calculated OTR, based on a homogeneous material distribution, can be used as a rough approximation of the measured OTR. However, detailed analysis of crystallization and unequal thinning, which is also related to the tray design, remains necessary to explain the deviation of the measured OTR as compared to the predicted one.
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evaluation of Oxygen Transmission Rate and thickness before and after thermoforming mono and multilayer sheets into trays with variable depth
2013Co-Authors: Mieke Buntinx, Gert Willems, Dimitri Adons, Jan Yperman, Robert Carleer, Roos PeetersAbstract:This work was supported by grants from Flanders’ Food, Belgium (MaProDe_Ox project: “Impact of Material, Process and Design on the Oxygen Permeability of Thermoformed Packaging”). The authors would like to thank dr. Steven van Campenhout (Flanders’ Food) for his support and all the companies from the Belgian packaging and food industry that have participated in the MaProDe_Ox project for their input and constructive cooperation. We especially thank dr. Benny De Groof and Jan Mortier for their excellent assistance in thermoforming the test samples at RPC Cobelplast (Lokeren, Belgium), and Geert Herremans and Didier Houssier for helpfull discussions about the test results.
John W. Austin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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EFFECT OF FILMS OF DIFFERENT Oxygen Transmission Rate ON TOXIN PRODUCTION BY CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM TYPE E IN VACUUM PACKAGED COLD AND HOT SMOKED TROUT FILLETS
Journal of Food Safety, 2000Co-Authors: Isabelle Dufresne, James P. Smith, Ilsemarie Tarte, Burke Blanchfield, John W. AustinAbstract:Studies were done to determine the effect of film Oxygen Transmission Rate (OTR) on the time to toxicity in vacuum packaged cold and hot smoked rainbow trout fillets challenged with C. botulinum type E (10 2 spores/g) and stored at refrigeRated conditions (4C), and under mild (8C) and modeRate (12C) temperature abuse conditions. While no samples were toxic at 4C, toxin was detected within 28 days at 8C for cold smoked trout fillets vacuum packaged in films with high OTR. Toxin was also detected for most vacuum packaged hot smoked trout fillets within 14-28 days at 8C, with the exception of trout fillets packaged in films with an OTR > 10,000 cc/m 2 /day. In most cases at 8C, spoilage, based on odor/color scores, preceded or occurred simultaneously with toxigenesis. At 12C all cold and hot smoked trout were toxic after 14-21 days and samples packaged in films with an OTR
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effect of headspace Oxygen and films of different Oxygen Transmission Rate on toxin production by clostridium botulinum type e in rainbow trout fillets stored under modified atmospheres
Journal of Food Safety, 2000Co-Authors: Isabelle Dufresne, James P. Smith, Ilsemarie Tarte, Burke Blanchfield, John W. AustinAbstract:Studies were conducted to determine the effect of various levels of headspace Oxygen (0-100%, balance CO 2 ) or film Oxygen Transmission Rate (OTR) on the time to toxicity in modified atmosphere packaged (MAP) fresh trout fillets challenged with C. botulinum type E (10 2 spore/g) and stored under modeRate temperature abuse conditions (12C). In all cases, trout were toxic within 5 days, irrespective of the initial levels of Oxygen in the package headspace. However, spoilage preceded toxigenesis. Packaging of trout fillets in low gas barrier films, with OTRs ranging from 4,000 to 10,000 cc/m 2 /day at 24C and 0% relative humidity, also had no effect on time to toxicity in all MAP trout fillets. All fillets were toxic within 4-5 days and spoilage again preceded toxigenesis. This study has shown that the addition of headspace O 2 , either directly to a package or indirectly by using a low gas barrier film, had no influence on the time to toxigenesis or spoilage. Additional barriers, other than headspace O 2 or film Transmission Rate, need to be considered to ensure the safety of MAP trout fillets, particularly at modeRate temperature abuse conditions.
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effect of films of different Oxygen Transmission Rate on toxin production by clostridium botulinum type e in vacuum packaged cold and hot smoked trout fillets
Journal of Food Safety, 2000Co-Authors: Isabelle Dufresne, James P. Smith, Ilsemarie Tarte, Burke Blanchfield, John W. AustinAbstract:Studies were done to determine the effect of film Oxygen Transmission Rate (OTR) on the time to toxicity in vacuum packaged cold and hot smoked rainbow trout fillets challenged with C. botulinum type E (10 2 spores/g) and stored at refrigeRated conditions (4C), and under mild (8C) and modeRate (12C) temperature abuse conditions. While no samples were toxic at 4C, toxin was detected within 28 days at 8C for cold smoked trout fillets vacuum packaged in films with high OTR. Toxin was also detected for most vacuum packaged hot smoked trout fillets within 14-28 days at 8C, with the exception of trout fillets packaged in films with an OTR > 10,000 cc/m 2 /day. In most cases at 8C, spoilage, based on odor/color scores, preceded or occurred simultaneously with toxigenesis. At 12C all cold and hot smoked trout were toxic after 14-21 days and samples packaged in films with an OTR <5000 cc/m 2 /day became toxic before, or at the same time as, samples became spoiled. This study has shown that vacuum packaging of trout fillets in low gas barrier films, ranging in OTR from approximately 3,000 to approximately 10, 000 cc/m 2 /day at 24C and 0% relative humidity (RH), did not prevent the growth and toxin production by C. botulinum in vacuum packaged cold and hot smoked trout fillets at 12C. Additional barriers, other than the OTR of the packaging film, need to be considered to ensure the safety of vacuum packaged trout fillets, particularly at mild to modeRate temperature abuse storage conditions.
Mieke Buntinx - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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evaluation of the thickness and Oxygen Transmission Rate before and after thermoforming mono and multi layer sheets into trays with variable depth
Polymers, 2014Co-Authors: Mieke Buntinx, Gert Willems, Griet Knockaert, Dimitri Adons, Jan Yperman, Robert Carleer, Roos PeetersAbstract:During thermoforming, plastic sheets are heated and subsequently deformed through the application of mechanical stretching and/or pressure. This process directly impacts sheet properties such as material thickness in walls, corners, and bottom, crystallinity in the constituent layers, and particularly the Oxygen gas permeability. The aim of this study was to quantify the impact of thermoforming on thickness and Oxygen Transmission Rate (OTR) of selected packaging materials (polypropylene (PP); PP/ethylene-vinyl alcohol co-polymer/PP (PP/EVOH/PP); polystyrene/EVOH/polyethylene (PS/EVOH/PE); amorphous polyethylene terephtalate/PE (APET/PE); APET/PE/EVOH/PE; polyamide/PE (PA/PE); and (PE/)PA/EVOH/PA/PE). These materials were extruded in two different thicknesses and thermoformed into trays with the same top dimensions and variable depths of 25, 50, and/or 75 mm and a 50 mm tray with a variable radius of the corners. The distribution of the material thickness in the trays was visualized, showing the locations that were most affected by the deep drawn process. The OTR results indicate that the calculated OTR, based on a homogeneous material distribution, can be used as a rough approximation of the measured OTR. However, detailed analysis of crystallization and unequal thinning, which is also related to the tray design, remains necessary to explain the deviation of the measured OTR as compared to the predicted one.
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evaluation of Oxygen Transmission Rate and thickness before and after thermoforming mono and multilayer sheets into trays with variable depth
2013Co-Authors: Mieke Buntinx, Gert Willems, Dimitri Adons, Jan Yperman, Robert Carleer, Roos PeetersAbstract:This work was supported by grants from Flanders’ Food, Belgium (MaProDe_Ox project: “Impact of Material, Process and Design on the Oxygen Permeability of Thermoformed Packaging”). The authors would like to thank dr. Steven van Campenhout (Flanders’ Food) for his support and all the companies from the Belgian packaging and food industry that have participated in the MaProDe_Ox project for their input and constructive cooperation. We especially thank dr. Benny De Groof and Jan Mortier for their excellent assistance in thermoforming the test samples at RPC Cobelplast (Lokeren, Belgium), and Geert Herremans and Didier Houssier for helpfull discussions about the test results.
