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G G Mateos - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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influence of the main cereal and feed form of the diet on performance and digestive tract traits of brown egg laying pullets
Poultry Science, 2009Co-Authors: Mohamed Frikha, H M Safaa, M P Serrano, X Arbe, G G MateosAbstract:The influence of the main cereal and feed form of the diet on performance and digestive tract traits was studied in 576 brown-egg laying pullets from 1 to 120 d of age. From 1 to 45 d of age, 4 diets arranged factorially with 2 cereals (corn vs. wheat) and 2 feed forms (mash vs. pellets) were used. Each treatment was replicated 6 times (24 pullets per replicate). From 46 to 120 d of age, all diets were offered in mash form and the only difference among diets was the cereal used. Cumulatively, pullets fed the corn diets had higher BW gain (P < 0.05) but similar feed conversion ratio as pullets fed the wheat diets. From 1 to 45 d of age, pullets fed pellets consumed more feed (P < 0.001) and had higher BW gain (P < 0.001) than those fed mash. Most of the beneficial effects of pelleting on productive performance were still evident at 120 d of age. At 45 d of age, gizzard weight (g/kg of BW) was higher (P < 0.01) in pullets fed corn than in pullets fed wheat diets. Feeding pellets reduced the relative weight of the digestive tract and the gizzard (P < 0.001) as well as the length (cm/kg of BW) of the small intestine (P < 0.01) at both ages. The pH of gizzard contents at 120 d of age was not affected by cereal but was lower in pullets that were fed mash from 1 to 45 d of age (P < 0.01). We conclude that wheat can be used in substitution of corn in pullet diets with only a slight reduction in BW gain and that feeding pellets from 1 to 45 d of age increased BW gain and pH of the gizzard and reduced the relative weight of the gizzard and the length of the gastrointestinal tract at 120 d of age.
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influence of the main cereal and feed form of the diet on performance and digestive tract traits of brown egg laying pullets
Poultry Science, 2009Co-Authors: Mohamed Frikha, H M Safaa, M P Serrano, X Arbe, G G MateosAbstract:The influence of the main cereal and feed form of the diet on performance and digestive tract traits was studied in 576 brown-egg laying pullets from 1 to 120 d of age. From 1 to 45 d of age, 4 diets arranged factorially with 2 cereals (corn vs. wheat) and 2 feed forms (mash vs. pellets) were used. Each treatment was replicated 6 times (24 pullets per replicate). From 46 to 120 d of age, all diets were offered in mash form and the only difference among diets was the cereal used. Cumulatively, pullets fed the corn diets had higher BW gain (P < 0.05) but similar feed conversion ratio as pullets fed the wheat diets. From 1 to 45 d of age, pullets fed pellets consumed more feed (P < 0.001) and had higher BW gain (P < 0.001) than those fed mash. Most of the beneficial effects of pelleting on productive performance were still evident at 120 d of age. At 45 d of age, gizzard weight (g/kg of BW) was higher (P < 0.01) in pullets fed corn than in pullets fed wheat diets. Feeding pellets reduced the relative weight of the digestive tract and the gizzard (P < 0.001) as well as the length (cm/kg of BW) of the small intestine (P < 0.01) at both ages. The pH of gizzard contents at 120 d of age was not affected by cereal but was lower in pullets that were fed mash from 1 to 45 d of age (P < 0.01). We conclude that wheat can be used in substitution of corn in pullet diets with only a slight reduction in BW gain and that feeding pellets from 1 to 45 d of age increased BW gain and pH of the gizzard and reduced the relative weight of the gizzard and the length of the gastrointestinal tract at 120 d of age.
Marshall S White - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the influence of stretch wrap containment force on load bridging in unit loads
Packaging Technology and Science, 2018Co-Authors: Jonghun Park, Marshall S White, Laszlo Horvath, Philip A Araman, Robert BushAbstract:The term ‘load bridging’ describes a phenomenon in which the physical interaction between various packaging components acts as a series of discrete loads in a given unit load and adds stiffness to the shipping pallet/load combination. Current pallet design practices often ignore the aspect of load bridging and assume that the pallet payload is flexible and uniformly distributed over the pallet surface. This can influence the load-carrying capacity of the pallet. The study reported in this paper investigated the relationship between the stretch-wrap containment force and load bridging in unit loads and the resulting unit-load deflection. The experimental results of this study indicate that an increase in the stretch wrap containment force can improve the unit-load deflection by as much as 81%. The influence of the stretch wrap containment force on pallet deflection is be greatest for small packages and Pallets with low stiffness. These experimental results provide useful information for realizing more efficient and sustainable unit-load designs.
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effect of pallet deckboard stiffness on corrugated box compression strength
Packaging Technology and Science, 2016Co-Authors: Matthew Baker, Laszlo Horvath, Marshall S WhiteAbstract:The packaging industry has long considered Pallets to be rigid structures. However, in a unit load, the weight of the product produces compressive forces that are distributed across the pallet causing the top deckboards to deflect. Corrugated paperboard boxes are highly susceptible to changing support conditions; therefore, the deckboard deflection directly impacts the vertical compression strength of the box. Therefore, the objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of pallet deckboard stiffness on the vertical compression strength and deflection of corrugated paperboard boxes. Additional treatments included gaps between the deckboards and location of the box relative to the pallet stringers. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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the effect of curve sawing two sided cants from small diameter hardwood sawlogs on lumber and pallet part yields
Forest Products Journal, 2006Co-Authors: Peter Hamner, Marshall S White, Philip A AramanAbstract:Curve sawing is a primary log breakdown process that incorporates gang-saw technology to allow two-sided cants from logs with sweep to be cut parallel to the log surface or log axis. Since curve-sawn logs with sweep are cut along the grain, the potential for producing high quality straight-grain lumber and cants increases, and strength, stiffness, and dimensional stability are maximized. Presently, curve sawing methods are widely incorporated in high production softwood lumber manufacturing facilities. However, with a few exceptions, the practice of curve sawing is virtually nonexistent in hardwood sawmills. A previous study indicated that approximately one-third of hardwood sawlogs contain measurable sweep. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of sawing pattern (straight vs. curve sawing) on lumber, cant, and pallet part yield from small-diameter hardwood logs with varying degrees of sweep. The results of this study indicate that cant and pallet part yields are not affected by sweep since cants are cut from the center of a log. Although curve-sawn pallet cants did not straighten out completely when stacked, they did not cause handling problems during the pallet part manufacturing process. The yield of lumber from the outside of curved logs increases significantly when curve sawn. The results indicate that lumber yield can be as much as 10 to 12 percent higher when curve sawing hardwood logs with an average sweep of 3.3 inches and greater (12-ft basis). Since approximately one-third of hardwood logs are not considered straight, significant lumber yield improvements can occur when curve sawing lumber and cants from these logs. Of the total solid wood used to manufacture wood Pallets, approximately 67 percent (4.41 billion board feet [BF]) is mixed hardwood species in the form of lumber, cants, and small-diameter logs. Approximately 40 percent of all hardwood material processed in the United States is channeled into the pallet manufacturing industry (Bejune et al. 2002). Integrated pallet mills will purchase small logs and saw them into pallet cants or lumber using small-log processing systems. Pallet manufacturers without log sawing capability will purchase cants from hardwood grade sawmills or sawmills sawing small lower grade logs. Pallet cants sawn from small-diameter logs will often contain higher quality material than cants sawn from the center of the larger diameter grade logs.
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the effect of pallet connection stiffness deck stiffness and static load level on the resonant response of pallet decks to vibration frequencies occurring in the distribution environment
Packaging Technology and Science, 1999Co-Authors: Timothy G Weigel, Marshall S WhiteAbstract:This paper summarizes the results of a preliminary study of the relationship between pallet design and the resonant response of pallet decks to sinusoidal vibration. Sine sweep frequency vibration tests between 3 Hz and 50 Hz were conducted to determine the effect of pallet deckboard stiffness, joint stiffness and the static load level on the resonant response of pallet decks. As the stiffness of the pallet joints and deckboards increases, the resonant frequency of the unit load increases and transmissibility decreases. As the static load on the pallet increases the resonant frequency of the unit load decreases and the transmissibility increases. The survivability of a unitized product, sensitive to vibration, during shipping and distribution is affected by the pallet design. Pallets designed using rigid connections and stiffer decks will reduce damage to vibration-sensitive products.
Mohamed Frikha - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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influence of the main cereal and feed form of the diet on performance and digestive tract traits of brown egg laying pullets
Poultry Science, 2009Co-Authors: Mohamed Frikha, H M Safaa, M P Serrano, X Arbe, G G MateosAbstract:The influence of the main cereal and feed form of the diet on performance and digestive tract traits was studied in 576 brown-egg laying pullets from 1 to 120 d of age. From 1 to 45 d of age, 4 diets arranged factorially with 2 cereals (corn vs. wheat) and 2 feed forms (mash vs. pellets) were used. Each treatment was replicated 6 times (24 pullets per replicate). From 46 to 120 d of age, all diets were offered in mash form and the only difference among diets was the cereal used. Cumulatively, pullets fed the corn diets had higher BW gain (P < 0.05) but similar feed conversion ratio as pullets fed the wheat diets. From 1 to 45 d of age, pullets fed pellets consumed more feed (P < 0.001) and had higher BW gain (P < 0.001) than those fed mash. Most of the beneficial effects of pelleting on productive performance were still evident at 120 d of age. At 45 d of age, gizzard weight (g/kg of BW) was higher (P < 0.01) in pullets fed corn than in pullets fed wheat diets. Feeding pellets reduced the relative weight of the digestive tract and the gizzard (P < 0.001) as well as the length (cm/kg of BW) of the small intestine (P < 0.01) at both ages. The pH of gizzard contents at 120 d of age was not affected by cereal but was lower in pullets that were fed mash from 1 to 45 d of age (P < 0.01). We conclude that wheat can be used in substitution of corn in pullet diets with only a slight reduction in BW gain and that feeding pellets from 1 to 45 d of age increased BW gain and pH of the gizzard and reduced the relative weight of the gizzard and the length of the gastrointestinal tract at 120 d of age.
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influence of the main cereal and feed form of the diet on performance and digestive tract traits of brown egg laying pullets
Poultry Science, 2009Co-Authors: Mohamed Frikha, H M Safaa, M P Serrano, X Arbe, G G MateosAbstract:The influence of the main cereal and feed form of the diet on performance and digestive tract traits was studied in 576 brown-egg laying pullets from 1 to 120 d of age. From 1 to 45 d of age, 4 diets arranged factorially with 2 cereals (corn vs. wheat) and 2 feed forms (mash vs. pellets) were used. Each treatment was replicated 6 times (24 pullets per replicate). From 46 to 120 d of age, all diets were offered in mash form and the only difference among diets was the cereal used. Cumulatively, pullets fed the corn diets had higher BW gain (P < 0.05) but similar feed conversion ratio as pullets fed the wheat diets. From 1 to 45 d of age, pullets fed pellets consumed more feed (P < 0.001) and had higher BW gain (P < 0.001) than those fed mash. Most of the beneficial effects of pelleting on productive performance were still evident at 120 d of age. At 45 d of age, gizzard weight (g/kg of BW) was higher (P < 0.01) in pullets fed corn than in pullets fed wheat diets. Feeding pellets reduced the relative weight of the digestive tract and the gizzard (P < 0.001) as well as the length (cm/kg of BW) of the small intestine (P < 0.01) at both ages. The pH of gizzard contents at 120 d of age was not affected by cereal but was lower in pullets that were fed mash from 1 to 45 d of age (P < 0.01). We conclude that wheat can be used in substitution of corn in pullet diets with only a slight reduction in BW gain and that feeding pellets from 1 to 45 d of age increased BW gain and pH of the gizzard and reduced the relative weight of the gizzard and the length of the gastrointestinal tract at 120 d of age.
Andre Faaij - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the economic potential of wood pellet production from alternative low value wood sources in the southeast of the u s
Biomass & Bioenergy, 2014Co-Authors: Ric Hoefnagels, Martin Junginger, Andre FaaijAbstract:The global demand for wood pellets used for energy purposes is growing. Therefore, increased amounts of wood pellets are produced from primary forestry products, such as pulp wood. The present analysis demonstrates that substantial amounts of alternative, low-value wood resources are available that could be processed into wood pellets. For three resources, test batches have been produced and tested to qualify for industrial pellet standards. These include: primary forestry residues from premerchantable thinning operations, secondary forestry residues from pole mills and post-consumer wood wastes from discarded wooden transport Pallets. The total wood potential of these resources in the southeast of the U.S. (Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina), was estimated to be 1.9 Tg y(-1) (dry) available at roadside (excluding transport cost) for 22 $ Mg-1 (dry) increasing to over 5.1 Tg y(-1) at 33 $ Mg-1 (dry). In theory, 4.1 Tg y(-1) pellets could be produced from the estimated potential. However, due to the geographically dispersed supply of these resources, the cost of feedstock supply at a pellet plant increases rapidly at larger plants. It is therefore not expected that the total potential can be processed into wood pellets at costs competitive with those of conventional wood pellets. The optimal size of a pellet plant was estimated at between 55 Gg y(-1) and 315 Gg y(-1) pellets depending on the location and feedstock supply assumptions. At these locations and plant sizes, pellets could be produced at competitive costs of between 82 $ Mg-1 and 100 $ Mg-1 pellets. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Reinaldo Morabito - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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an effective recursive partitioning approach for the packing of identical rectangles in a rectangle
Journal of the Operational Research Society, 2010Co-Authors: Ernesto G Birgin, Rafael D. Lobato, Reinaldo MorabitoAbstract:In this work, we deal with the problem of packing (orthogonally and without overlapping) identical rectangles in a rectangle. This problem appears in different logistics settings, such as the loading of boxes on Pallets, the arrangements of Pallets in trucks and the stowing of cargo in ships. We present a recursive partitioning approach combining improved versions of a recursive five-block heuristic and an L-approach for packing rectangles into larger rectangles and L-shaped pieces. The combined approach is able to rapidly find the optimal solutions of all instances of the pallet loading problem sets Cover I and II (more than 50 000 instances). It is also effective for solving the instances of problem set Cover III (almost 100 000 instances) and practical examples of a woodpulp stowage problem, if compared to other methods from the literature. Some theoretical results are also discussed and, based on them, efficient computer implementations are introduced. The computer implementation and the data sets are available for benchmarking purposes.
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an effective recursive partitioning approach for the packing of identical rectangles in a rectangle
Journal of the Operational Research Society, 2010Co-Authors: Ernesto G Birgin, Rafael D. Lobato, Reinaldo MorabitoAbstract:In this work, we deal with the problem of packing (orthogonally and without overlapping) identical rectangles in a rectangle. This problem appears in different logistics settings, such as the loading of boxes on Pallets, the arrangements of Pallets in trucks and the stowing of cargo in ships. We present a recursive partitioning approach combining improved versions of a recursive five-block heuristic and an L-approach for packing rectangles into larger rectangles and L-shaped pieces. The combined approach is able to rapidly find the optimal solutions of all instances of the pallet loading problem sets Cover I and II (more than 50 thousand instances). It is also effective for solving the instances of problem set Cover III (almost 100 thousand instances) and practical examples of a woodpulp stowage problem, if compared to other methods from the literature. Some theoretical results are also discussed and, based on them, efficient computer implementations are introduced. The computer implementation and the data sets are available for benchmark purposes at http://www.ime.usp.br/∼egbirgin/packing/.