The Experts below are selected from a list of 729 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Chunsu Yuan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
red notoginseng higher ginsenoside content and stronger anticancer potential than asian and american ginseng
Food Chemistry, 2011Co-Authors: Shi Sun, Chongzhi Wang, Sangeeta R Mehendale, Chunsu YuanAbstract:Abstract A systematic comparison of the ginsenosides and anticancer activities was performed amongst white (air-dried) and red (steamed) roots of notoginseng (NG, Panax notoginseng), Asian ginseng (AG, Panax ginseng), and American ginseng (AmG, Panax quinquefolius). Chemical profiles of different ginseng species were characterised, through simultaneous quantification of 19 major ginsenosides, by HPLC–UV at 202 nm. The antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects on human colorectal cancer cells were determined by MTS method and flow cytometry, respectively. Chemical analysis indicated that white NG possessed the most abundant ginsenosides, i.e., 2- and 5-fold higher than white AmG and AG. During the steaming process, extensive conversion of the original polar ginsenosides in white ginseng to new, less polar, degradation compounds in red ginseng was observed. White ginsengs produced weak antiproliferative effects, while red ginsengs exhibited a significant increase in antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects (both p
-
chemical and pharmacological studies of saponins with a focus on american ginseng
Journal of Ginseng Research, 2010Co-Authors: Chunsu Yuan, Chongzhi Wang, Sheila M Wicks, Lianwen QiAbstract:Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) and American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) are the two most recognized ginseng botanicals. It is believed that the ginseng saponins called ginsenosides are the major active constituents in both ginsengs. Although American ginseng is not as extensively studied as Asian ginseng, it is one of the best selling herbs in the US, and has garnered increasing attention from scientists in recent years. In this article, after a brief introduction of the distribution and cultivation of American ginseng, we discuss chemical analysis of saponins from these two ginsengs, i.e., their similarities and differences. Subsequently, we review pharmacological effects of the saponins, including the effects on the cardiovascular system, immune system, and central nervous system as well as the anti-diabetes and anti-cancer effects. These investigations were mainly derived from American ginseng studies. We also discuss evidence suggesting that chemical modifications of ginseng saponins would be a valuable approach to develop novel compounds in drug discovery.
-
chemopreventive effects of heat processed Panax quinquefolius root on human breast cancer cells
Anticancer Research, 2008Co-Authors: Chongzhi Wang, Han H Aung, Shi Sun, Bin Zhang, Jing Tian Xie, Chunsu YuanAbstract:Background: Former studies have shown that extract from American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) may possess certain antiproliferative effects on cancer cells. In this study, the chemical constituents of both untreated and heat-processed American ginseng and their antiproliferative activities on human breast cancer cells were evaluated. Materials and Methods: American ginseng roots were steamed at 120˚C for 1 h or 2 h. The major ginsenosides in the two steamed and in the unsteamed extracts were quantitatively determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The antiproliferative activities of these extracts and individual ginsenosides on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells were assayed using the MTS method. The effects of the extracts and the ginsenosides on the induction of cell apoptosis, the expression of cyclins A and D1 and cell cycle arrest were evaluated. Results: Compared to the untreated extract, heat-processing decreased the content of ginsenosides Rb1, Re, Rc and Rd, and increased the content of Rg2 and Rg3. After 2 h steaming, the percent content of ginsenoside Rg3 was increased from 0.06% to 5.9%. Compared to the unsteamed extract, the 2 h steamed extract significantly increased the antiproliferative activity and significantly reduced the number of viable cells. The steamed extract also significantly decreased the expression of cyclin A and cyclin D1. The cell cycle assay showed that the steamed extract and ginsenoside Rg3 arrested cancer cells in G 1 -phase. Conclusion: Heat-
-
BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine
2008Co-Authors: Biomed Central, Chunsu Yuan, Adriana Sa Andrade, Craig Hendrix, Teresa L Parsons, Benjamin Caballero, Charles W Flexner, Adrian S Dobs, Todd Brown Open T AccessAbstract:Research article Pharmacokinetic and metabolic effects of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) in healthy volunteers receiving the HIV protease inhibitor indinavi
-
determination of major ginsenosides in Panax quinquefolius american ginseng using high performance liquid chromatography
Phytochemical Analysis, 2005Co-Authors: Anbao Wang, Chongzhi Wang, Joachim Osinski, Chunsu YuanAbstract:In order to determine the active ingredients in root extracts of Panax quinquefolius (American ginseng), a gradient HPLC method involving UV photodiode array detection was applied to separate and quantify simultaneously the ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf and Rg1. All ginseng saponins were baseline-resolved under the selected conditions, and the detection limits were 1.0 µg/mL or less. The method has been applied to analyse ginsenosides extracted from American ginseng cultivated in both Wisconsin and Illinois. Ginsenosides Re and Rb1 were the two main ginseng saponins in the root. The amounts of Re in 5- and 7-year Illinois-cultivated samples were greater than those found in ginseng cultivated for 3 or 4 years in Wisconsin, whereas the levels of Rb1 were greater in the younger Wisconsin samples. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chongzhi Wang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Chemopreventive Effects of Heat-processed Panax quinquefolius Root on Human Breast Cancer Cells
2015Co-Authors: Chongzhi Wang, Han H Aung, Bin Zhang, Shi SunAbstract:Background—Former studies have shown that extract from American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) may possess certain antiproliferative effects on cancer cells. In this study, the chemical constituents of both untreated and heat-processed American ginseng and their antiproliferative activities on human breast cancer cells were evaluated. Materials and Methods—American ginseng roots were steamed at 120°C for 1 h or 2 h. The major ginsenosides in the two steamed and in the unsteamed extracts were quantitatively determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The antiproliferative activities of these extracts and individual ginsenosides on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells were assayed using the MTS method. The effects of the extracts and the ginsenosides on the induction of cell apoptosis, the expression of cyclins A and D1, and cell cycle arrest were evaluated. Results—Compared to the untreated extract, heat-processing reduced the content of ginsenosides Rb1, Re, Rc and Rd, and increased the content of Rg2 and Rg3. After 2 h steaming, the percent content of ginsenoside Rg3 was increased from 0.06 % to 5.9%. Compared to the unsteamed extract, the 2 h steamed extract significantly increased the antiproliferative activity and significantly reduce
-
red notoginseng higher ginsenoside content and stronger anticancer potential than asian and american ginseng
Food Chemistry, 2011Co-Authors: Shi Sun, Chongzhi Wang, Sangeeta R Mehendale, Chunsu YuanAbstract:Abstract A systematic comparison of the ginsenosides and anticancer activities was performed amongst white (air-dried) and red (steamed) roots of notoginseng (NG, Panax notoginseng), Asian ginseng (AG, Panax ginseng), and American ginseng (AmG, Panax quinquefolius). Chemical profiles of different ginseng species were characterised, through simultaneous quantification of 19 major ginsenosides, by HPLC–UV at 202 nm. The antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects on human colorectal cancer cells were determined by MTS method and flow cytometry, respectively. Chemical analysis indicated that white NG possessed the most abundant ginsenosides, i.e., 2- and 5-fold higher than white AmG and AG. During the steaming process, extensive conversion of the original polar ginsenosides in white ginseng to new, less polar, degradation compounds in red ginseng was observed. White ginsengs produced weak antiproliferative effects, while red ginsengs exhibited a significant increase in antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects (both p
-
chemical and pharmacological studies of saponins with a focus on american ginseng
Journal of Ginseng Research, 2010Co-Authors: Chunsu Yuan, Chongzhi Wang, Sheila M Wicks, Lianwen QiAbstract:Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) and American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) are the two most recognized ginseng botanicals. It is believed that the ginseng saponins called ginsenosides are the major active constituents in both ginsengs. Although American ginseng is not as extensively studied as Asian ginseng, it is one of the best selling herbs in the US, and has garnered increasing attention from scientists in recent years. In this article, after a brief introduction of the distribution and cultivation of American ginseng, we discuss chemical analysis of saponins from these two ginsengs, i.e., their similarities and differences. Subsequently, we review pharmacological effects of the saponins, including the effects on the cardiovascular system, immune system, and central nervous system as well as the anti-diabetes and anti-cancer effects. These investigations were mainly derived from American ginseng studies. We also discuss evidence suggesting that chemical modifications of ginseng saponins would be a valuable approach to develop novel compounds in drug discovery.
-
chemopreventive effects of heat processed Panax quinquefolius root on human breast cancer cells
Anticancer Research, 2008Co-Authors: Chongzhi Wang, Han H Aung, Shi Sun, Bin Zhang, Jing Tian Xie, Chunsu YuanAbstract:Background: Former studies have shown that extract from American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) may possess certain antiproliferative effects on cancer cells. In this study, the chemical constituents of both untreated and heat-processed American ginseng and their antiproliferative activities on human breast cancer cells were evaluated. Materials and Methods: American ginseng roots were steamed at 120˚C for 1 h or 2 h. The major ginsenosides in the two steamed and in the unsteamed extracts were quantitatively determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The antiproliferative activities of these extracts and individual ginsenosides on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells were assayed using the MTS method. The effects of the extracts and the ginsenosides on the induction of cell apoptosis, the expression of cyclins A and D1 and cell cycle arrest were evaluated. Results: Compared to the untreated extract, heat-processing decreased the content of ginsenosides Rb1, Re, Rc and Rd, and increased the content of Rg2 and Rg3. After 2 h steaming, the percent content of ginsenoside Rg3 was increased from 0.06% to 5.9%. Compared to the unsteamed extract, the 2 h steamed extract significantly increased the antiproliferative activity and significantly reduced the number of viable cells. The steamed extract also significantly decreased the expression of cyclin A and cyclin D1. The cell cycle assay showed that the steamed extract and ginsenoside Rg3 arrested cancer cells in G 1 -phase. Conclusion: Heat-
-
determination of major ginsenosides in Panax quinquefolius american ginseng using high performance liquid chromatography
Phytochemical Analysis, 2005Co-Authors: Anbao Wang, Chongzhi Wang, Joachim Osinski, Chunsu YuanAbstract:In order to determine the active ingredients in root extracts of Panax quinquefolius (American ginseng), a gradient HPLC method involving UV photodiode array detection was applied to separate and quantify simultaneously the ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf and Rg1. All ginseng saponins were baseline-resolved under the selected conditions, and the detection limits were 1.0 µg/mL or less. The method has been applied to analyse ginsenosides extracted from American ginseng cultivated in both Wisconsin and Illinois. Ginsenosides Re and Rb1 were the two main ginseng saponins in the root. The amounts of Re in 5- and 7-year Illinois-cultivated samples were greater than those found in ginseng cultivated for 3 or 4 years in Wisconsin, whereas the levels of Rb1 were greater in the younger Wisconsin samples. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anil Kumar - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
gaba bzd receptor modulating mechanism of Panax quinquefolius against 72 h sleep deprivation induced anxiety like behavior possible roles of oxidative stress mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation
Frontiers in Neuroscience, 2016Co-Authors: Priyanka Chanana, Anil KumarAbstract:ABSTRACT Rationale- Panax quinquefolius (American Ginseng) is known for its therapeutic potential against various neurological disorders, but its plausible mechanism of action still remains undeciphered. GABA (Gamma Amino Butyric Acid) plays an important role in sleep wake cycle homeostasis. Thus there exists rationale in exploring the GABA-ergic potential of Panax quinquefolius as neuroprotective strategy in sleep deprivation induced secondary neurological problems. Objective- The present study was designed to explore the possible GABA-ergic mechanism in the neuro-protective effect of Panax quinquefolius against 72-hours sleep deprivation induced anxiety like behaviour, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, HPA-axis activation and neuroinflammation. Materials and Methods- Male laca mice were sleep deprived for 72-hours by using Grid suspended over water method. Panax quinquefolius (American Ginseng 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) was administered alone and in combination with GABA modulators (GABA Cl- channel inhibitor, GABA-benzodiazepine receptor inhibitor and GABAA agonist) for 8 days, starting five days prior to 72-hours sleep deprivation period. Various behavioural (locomotor activity, mirror chamber test), biochemical (lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione, catalase, nitrite levels), mitochondrial complexes, neuroinflammation marker (Tumour Necrosis Factor, TNF-alpha), serum corticosterone, and histopathological sections of brains were assessed. Results- 72-hours sleep deprivation significantly impaired locomotor activity, caused anxiety-like behaviour, conditions of oxidative stress, alterations in mitochondrial enzyme complex activities, raised serum corticosterone levels, brain TNFα levels and led to neuroinflammation like signs in discrete brain areas as compared to naive group. Panax quinquefolius (100 and 200 mg/kg) treatment restored the behavioural, biochemical, mitochondrial, molecular and histopathological alterations. Pre-treatment of GABA Cl- channel inhibitor as well as GABA-benzodiazepine receptor inhibitor, significantly reversed the protective effect of P. quinquefolius (100 mg/kg) in 72-hours sleep deprived animals (P<0.05). However, pretreatment with GABAA agonist, potentiated Panax quinquefolius’s protective effect which was significant as compared to their effect per se (p<0.05). Conclusion- GABA-ergic mechanism could be involved in the neuroprotective effect of P. quinquefolius against sleep deprivation induced anxiety-like behaviour, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, HPA axis activation and neuroinflammation.
Vladimir Vuksan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
efficacy and safety of american ginseng Panax quinquefolius l extract on glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in individuals with type 2 diabetes a double blind randomized cross over clinical trial
European Journal of Nutrition, 2019Co-Authors: Vladimir Vuksan, Elena Jovanovski, John L Sievenpiper, Uljana Beljanzdravkovic, Alexandra L Jenkins, Mark P Stavro, Andreea ZurbauAbstract:Despite the lack of evidence, a growing number of people are using herbal medicine to attenuate the burden of diabetes. There is an urgent need to investigate the clinical potential of herbs. Preliminary observations suggest that American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius [AG]) may reduce postprandial glycemia. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of AG as an add-on therapy in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) controlled by conventional treatment. 24 individuals living with T2DM completed the study (F:M = 11:13; age = 64 ± 7 year; BMI = 27.8 ± 4.6 kg/m2; HbA1c = 7.1 ± 1.2%). Utilizing a double-blind, cross-over design, the participants were randomized to receive either 1 g/meal (3 g/day) of AG extract or placebo for 8 weeks while maintaining their original treatment. Following a ≥ 4-week washout period, the participants were crossed over to the opposite 8-week treatment arm. The primary objective was HbA1c, and secondary endpoints included fasting blood glucose and insulin, blood pressure, plasma lipids, serum nitrates/nitrites (NOx), and plasominogen-activating factor-1 (PAI-1). Safety parameters included liver and kidney function. Compared to placebo, AG significantly reduced HbA1c (− 0.29%; p = 0.041) and fasting blood glucose (− 0.71 mmol/L; p = 0.008). Furthermore, AG lowered systolic blood pressure (− 5.6 ± 2.7 mmHg; p < 0.001), increased NOx (+ 1.85 ± 2.13 µmol/L; p < 0.03), and produced a mean percent end-difference of − 12.3 ± 3.9% in LDL-C and − 13.9 ± 5.8% in LDL-C/HDL. The safety profiles were unaffected. AG extract added to conventional treatment provided an effective and safe adjunct in the management of T2DM. Larger studies using physiologically standardized ginseng preparations are warranted to substantiate the present findings and to demonstrate therapeutic effectiveness of AG. NCT02923453.
-
effect of american ginseng Panax quinquefolius l on arterial stiffness in subjects with type 2 diabetes and concomitant hypertension
Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2013Co-Authors: Iva Mucalo, Elena Jovanovski, Dario Rahelic, Velimir Božikov, željko Romic, Vladimir VuksanAbstract:Abstract Ethnopharmacological relevance Substantial pre-clinical and some clinical data are available showing that Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) varieties or its particular ginsenosides exert a vasodilatating effect, thus may modulate vascular function. However, the clinical evidence for American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) is scarce. Therefore, this study evaluates the effect of American ginseng (AG) on arterial stiffness, as measured by augmentation index (AI), and blood pressure (BP), in type 2 diabetes patients with concomitant hypertension. Materials and methods Using a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel design, each participant was randomized to either the selected AG extract or placebo at daily dose of 3 g for 12 weeks as an adjunct to their usual antihypertensive and anti-diabetic therapy (diet and/or medications). AI and BP were measured by applanation tonometry at baseline and after 12 weeks of treatment. Results A total of 64 individuals with well-controlled essential hypertension and type 2 diabetes (gender: 22 M:42 F, age:63±9.3 years, BP: 145±10.8/84±8.0 mmHg, HbA1c: 7.0±1.3%, fasting blood glucose (FBG): 8.1±2.3 mmol/L) completed the study. Compared to placebo, 3 g of AG significantly lowered radial AI by 5.3% (P=0.041) and systolic BP by 11.7% (P Conclusions Addition of AG extract to conventional therapy in diabetes with concomitant hypertension improved arterial stiffness and attenuated systolic BP, thus warrants further investigation on long-term endothelial parameters before recommended as an adjunct treatment.
-
american ginseng Panax quinquefolius l reduces postprandial glycemia in nondiabetic subjects and subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus
JAMA Internal Medicine, 2000Co-Authors: Vladimir Vuksan, John L Sievenpiper, Vernon Y Y Koo, Thomas Francis, Uljana Beljanzdravkovic, Edward VidgenAbstract:Background Despite a lack of medical evidence to support its therapeutic efficacy, the use of herbal medicine has increased considerably. Ginseng, one of the most widely used herbs, is hypothesized to play a role in carbohydrate metabolism and diabetes mellitus. We therefore undertook a preliminary short-term clinical study to assess whether American ginseng ( Panax quinquefolius L) affects postprandial glycemia in humans. Design On 4 separate occasions, 10 nondiabetic subjects (mean [±SD] age, 34±7 years; mean [±SD] body mass index [BMI], 25.6 ± 3 kg/m 2 ) and 9 subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (mean [±SD] age, 62 ± 7 years; mean [±SD] BMI, 29 ± 5 kg/m 2 ; mean [±SD] glycosylated hemoglobin A 1c , 0.08±0.005) were randomized to receive 3-g ginseng or placebo capsules, either 40 minutes before or together with a 25-g oral glucose challenge. The placebo capsules contained corn flour, in which the quantity of carbohydrate and appearance matched the ginseng capsules. A capillary blood sample was taken fasting and then at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 (only for subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus) minutes after the glucose challenge. Results In nondiabetic subjects, no differences were found in postprandial glycemia between placebo and ginseng when administered together with the glucose challenge. When ginseng was taken 40 minutes before the glucose challenge, significant reductions were observed ( P P Conclusions American ginseng attenuated postprandial glycemia in both study groups. For nondiabetic subjects, to prevent unintended hypoglycemia it may be important that the American ginseng be taken with the meal.
D Rodrigo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
effect of thermal treatment microwave and pulsed electric field processing on the antimicrobial potential of acai euterpe oleracea stevia stevia rebaudiana bertoni and ginseng Panax quinquefolius l extracts
Food Control, 2018Co-Authors: Maria Consuelo Pinaperez, A Rivas, Antonio Martinez, D RodrigoAbstract:Abstract The antimicrobial potential of three functional ingredients, acai (Euterpe oleracea), stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni), and ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.), was assessed against sporeforming/non-sporeforming foodborne pathogens before and after processing. In vitro inhibitory effect of tested functional ingredients was significantly affected by the extract concentration (1–10% (w/v)) and the technology applied (microwave treatment (MW) (900 W 30 s), conventional thermal treatment (CT) (90 °C, 60 s) and non-thermal pulsed electric fields (PEF) (20 kV/cm, 270 μs)). Ginseng was the most stable ingredient with regard to CT, MW, and PEF application, maintaining or enhancing its antimicrobial capability after processing. The highest inhibition zone diameter of those obtained in the present study (15.11 ± 0.11 mm) is reflecting the promising potential of MW treated ginseng extracts (10% (w/v)) as antimicrobials against E. coli O157:H7. The PEF process significantly (p-value
