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Reinhold Kliegl - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Evidence for Delayed Parafoveal-on-Foveal Effects From Word n+2 in Reading
The Mind Research Repository, 2020Co-Authors: Sarah Risse, Reinhold KlieglAbstract:During reading Information is acquired from word(s) beyond the word that is currently looked at. It is still an open question whether such Parafoveal Information can influence the current viewing of a word, and if so, whether such Parafoveal-on-foveal effects are attributable to distributed processing or to mislocated fixations which occur when the eyes are directed at a Parafoveal word but land on another word instead. In two display-change experiments, we orthogonally manipulated the preview and target difficulty of word n+2 to investigate the role of mislocated fixations on the previous word n+1. When the eyes left word n, an easy or difficult word n+2 preview was replaced by an easy or difficult n+2 target word. In Experiment 1, n+2 processing difficulty was manipulated by means of word frequency (i.e., easy high-frequency vs. difficult low-frequency word n+2). In Experiment 2, we varied the visual familiarity of word n+2 (i.e., easy lower-case vs. difficult alternating-case writing). Fixations on the short word n+1, which were likely to be mislocated, were nevertheless not influenced by the difficulty of the adjacent word n+2, the hypothesized target of the mislocated fixation. Instead word n+1 was influenced by the preview difficulty of word n+2, representing a delayed Parafoveal-on-foveal effect. The results challenge the mislocated-fixation hypothesis as an explanation of Parafoveal-on-foveal effects and provide new insight into the complex spatial and temporal effect structure of processing inside the perceptual span during reading. Journal of Experimental Psycholog: Human Perception and Performance
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Parafoveal Processing Efficiency in Rapid Automatized Naming: A Comparison between Chinese Normal and Dyslexic Children
The Mind Research Repository, 2020Co-Authors: Jochen Laubrock, Reinhold KlieglAbstract:Dyslexic children are known to be slower than normal readers in rapid automatized naming (RAN). This suggests that dyslexics encounter local processing difficulties, which presumably induce a narrower perceptual span. Consequently, dyslexics should suffer less than normal readers from removing Parafoveal preview. Here we used a gaze-contingent moving-window paradigm in a RAN task to experimentally test this prediction. Results indicate that dyslexics extract less Parafoveal Information than control children. We propose that more attentional resources are recruited to the foveal processing because of dyslexics’ less automatized translation of visual symbols into phonological output, thereby causing a reduction of the perceptual span. This in turn leads to less efficient pre-activation of Parafoveal Information and hence more difficult in processing the next foveal item. DOI:10.1016/j.jecp.2013.01.007 Journal of Experimental Child Psychology
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Dissociating Preview Validity and Preview Difficulty in Parafoveal Processing of Word n+1 during Reading
The Mind Research Repository, 2020Co-Authors: Sarah Risse, Reinhold KlieglAbstract:Many studies have shown that previewing the next word n +1 during reading leads to substantial processing benefit (e.g., shorter word viewing times) when this word is eventually fixated. However, evidence of such preprocessing in fixations on the preceding word n when in fact the Information about the preview is acquired is far less consistent. A recent study suggested that such effects may be delayed into fixations on the next word n +1 (Risse & Kliegl, 2012). In order to investigate the time course of Parafoveal Information-acquisition on the control of eye movements during reading, we conducted two gaze-contingent display- change experiments and orthogonally manipulated the processing difficulty (i.e., word frequency) of an n +1 preview word and its validity relative to the target word. Preview difficulty did not affect fixation durations on the pretarget word n but on the target word n +1. In fact, the delayed preview-difficulty effect was almost of the same size as the preview benefit associated with the n +1 preview validity. Based on additional results from quantile- regression analyses on the time course of the two preview effects, we discuss consequences as to the integration of foveal and Parafoveal Information and potential implications for computational models of eye guidance in reading. Journal of Experimental Psycholog: Human Perception and Performance
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Dissociating preview validity and preview difficulty in Parafoveal processing of word n + 1 during reading.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 2013Co-Authors: Sarah Risse, Reinhold KlieglAbstract:Many studies have shown that previewing the next word n + 1 during reading leads to substantial processing benefit (e.g., shorter word viewing times) when this word is eventually fixated. However, evidence of such preprocessing in fixations on the preceding word n when in fact the Information about the preview is acquired is far less consistent. A recent study suggested that such effects may be delayed into fixations on the next word n + 1 (Risse & Kliegl, 2012). To investigate the time course of Parafoveal Information-acquisition on the control of eye movements during reading, we conducted 2 gaze-contingent display-change experiments and orthogonally manipulated the processing difficulty (i.e., word frequency) of an n + 1 preview word and its validity relative to the target word. Preview difficulty did not affect fixation durations on the pretarget word n but on the target word n + 1. In fact, the delayed preview-difficulty effect was almost of the same size as the preview benefit associated with the n + 1 preview validity. Based on additional results from quantile-regression analyses on the time course of the 2 preview effects, we discuss consequences as to the integration of foveal and Parafoveal Information and potential implications for computational models of eye guidance in reading.
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Parafoveal processing efficiency in rapid automatized naming: a comparison between Chinese normal and dyslexic children.
Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 2013Co-Authors: Jochen Laubrock, Reinhold KlieglAbstract:Dyslexic children are known to be slower than normal readers in rapid automatized naming (RAN). This suggests that dyslexics encounter local processing difficulties, which presumably induce a narrower perceptual span. Consequently, dyslexics should suffer less than normal readers from removing Parafoveal preview. Here we used a gaze-contingent moving window paradigm in a RAN task to experimentally test this prediction. Results indicate that dyslexics extract less Parafoveal Information than control children. We propose that more attentional resources are recruited to the foveal processing because of dyslexics' less automatized translation of visual symbols into phonological output, thereby causing a reduction of the perceptual span. This in turn leads to less efficient preactivation of Parafoveal Information and, hence, more difficulty in processing the next foveal item.
Keith Rayner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Data from: Foveal-Parafoveal overlap can facilitate ongoing word identification during reading. In Keith Rayner Eye Movements in Reading Data Collection.
2020Co-Authors: Bernhard Angele, Randy Tran, Keith RaynerAbstract:Readers continuously receive Parafoveal Information about the upcoming word in addition to the foveal Information about the currently fixated word. Previous research (Inhoff, Radach, Starr, & Greenberg, 2000) showed that the presence of a Parafoveal word which was similar to the foveal word facilitated processing of the foveal word. In three experiments, we used the gaze-contingent boundary paradigm (Rayner, 1975) to manipulate the Parafoveal Information that subjects received before or while fixating a target word (e.g. news) within a sentence. Specifically a reader’s parafovea could contain a repetition of the target (news), a correct preview of the post-target word (once), an unrelated word (warm), random letters (cxmr), a nonword neighbor of the target (niws), a semantically related word (tale), or a nonword neighbor of that word (tule). Target fixation times were significantly lower in the Parafoveal repetition condition than in all other conditions, suggesting that foveal processing can be facilitated by Parafoveal repetition. We present a simple model framework that can account for these effects.
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The orthographic uniqueness point and eye movements during reading.
British journal of psychology (London England : 1953), 2020Co-Authors: Brett Miller, Barbara J. Juhasz, Keith RaynerAbstract:Recent research found that naming and lexical decision times for words with an early orthographic uniqueness point (OUP) were faster than for words with a late OUP (Kwantes & Mewhort, 1999a; Lindell, Nicholls, & Castles, 2003). A word's OUP corresponds to the letter position in the word where that word is differentiated from other words. These results have been presented as evidence for sequential letter processing in visual word recognition (Kwantes & Mewhort, 1999a). In two experiments, we attempted to extend these results to a more natural reading situation by recording participants' eye movements. Readers read sentences with early or late OUP words embedded in them. In both experiments, we manipulated the amount of Parafoveal Information available during reading. Readers did not show any consistent benefit for reading words with an early OUP regardless of the amount of preview available. Our results are at odds with the naming and lexical decision data and prove problematic for models that predict OUP effects.
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Effects of Parafoveal word length and orthographic features on initial fixation landing positions in reading
Attention Perception & Psychophysics, 2012Co-Authors: Patrick Plummer, Keith RaynerAbstract:Previous research has demonstrated that readers use word length and word boundary Information in targeting saccades into upcoming words while reading. Previous studies have also revealed that the initial landing positions for fixations on words are affected by Parafoveal processing. In the present study, we examined the effects of word length and orthographic legality on targeting saccades into Parafoveal words. Long (8–9 letters) and short (4–5 letters) target words, which were matched on lexical frequency and initial letter trigram, were paired and embedded into identical sentence frames. The gaze-contingent boundary paradigm (Rayner, 1975 ) was used to manipulate the Parafoveal Information available to the reader before direct fixation on the target word. The Parafoveal preview was either identical to the target word or was a visually similar nonword. The nonword previews contained orthographically legal or orthographically illegal initial letters. The results showed that orthographic preprocessing of the word to the right of fixation affected eye movement targeting, regardless of word length. Additionally, the lexical status of an upcoming saccade target in the parafovea generally did not influence preprocessing.
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Eye movements and the perceptual span in silent and oral reading
Attention Perception & Psychophysics, 2012Co-Authors: Jane Ashby, Jinmian Yang, Kris H. C. Evans, Keith RaynerAbstract:Previous research has examined Parafoveal processing during silent reading, but little is known about the role of these processes in oral reading. Given that masking Parafoveal Information slows down silent reading, we asked whether a similar effect also occurs in oral reading. To investigate the role of Parafoveal processing in silent and oral reading, we manipulated the Parafoveal Information available to readers by changing the size of a gaze-contingent moving window. Participants read silently and orally in a one-word window and a three-word window condition as we monitored their eye movements. The lack of Parafoveal Information slowed reading speed in both oral and silent reading. However, the effects of Parafoveal Information were larger in silent reading than in oral reading, because of different effects of preview Information on both when the eyes move and how often. Parafoveal Information benefitted silent reading for faster readers more than for slower readers.
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Directional processing within the perceptual span during visual target localization.
Vision Research, 2010Co-Authors: Harold H. Greene, Alexander Pollatsek, Kathleen M. Masserang, Keith RaynerAbstract:In order to understand how processing occurs within the effective field of vision (i.e. perceptual span) during visual target localization, a gaze-contingent moving mask procedure was used to disrupt Parafoveal Information pickup along the vertical and the horizontal visual fields. When the mask was present within the horizontal visual field, there was a relative increase in saccade probability along the nearby vertical field, but not along the opposite horizontal field. When the mask was present either above or below fixation, saccades downwards were reduced in magnitude. This pattern of data suggests that Parafoveal Information selection (indexed by probability of saccade direction) and the extent of spatial Parafoveal processing in a given direction (indexed by saccade amplitude) may be controlled by somewhat different mechanisms.
Ming Yan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Parafoveal semantic Information extraction in traditional Chinese reading
Acta Psychologica, 2012Co-Authors: Jie Li Tsai, Reinhold Kliegl, Ming YanAbstract:Semantic Information extraction from the parafovea has been reported only in simplified Chinese for a special subset of characters and its generalizability has been questioned. This study uses traditional Chinese, which differs from simplified Chinese in visual complexity and in mapping semantic forms, to demonstrate access to Parafoveal semantic Information during reading of this script. Preview duration modulates various types (identical, phonological, and unrelated) of Parafoveal Information extraction. Parafoveal semantic extraction is more elusive in English; therefore, we conclude that such effects in Chinese are presumably caused by substantial cross-language differences from alphabetic scripts. The property of Chinese characters carrying rich lexical Information in a small region provides the possibility of semantic extraction in the parafovea. © 2012 Elsevier B.V..
Jie Li Tsai - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Parafoveal semantic Information extraction in traditional chinese reading
The Mind Research Repository, 2013Co-Authors: Jie Li Tsai, Reinhold KlieglAbstract:Semantic Information extraction from the parafovea has been reported only in simpli fi ed Chinese for a special subset of characters and its generalizability has been questioned. This study uses traditional Chinese, which differs from simplified Chinese in visual complexity and in mapping semantic forms,to demonstrate access to Parafoveal semantic Information during reading of this script. Preview duration modulates various types (identical, phonological, and unrelated) of Parafoveal Information extraction. Parafoveal semantic extraction is more elusive in English; therefore, we conclude that such effects in Chinese are presumably caused by substantial cross-language differences from alphabetic scripts. The property of Chinese characters carrying rich lexical Information in a small region provides the possibility of semantic extraction in the parafovea. doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2012.06.004 Acta Psychologica
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Parafoveal semantic Information extraction in traditional Chinese reading
Acta Psychologica, 2012Co-Authors: Jie Li Tsai, Reinhold Kliegl, Ming YanAbstract:Semantic Information extraction from the parafovea has been reported only in simplified Chinese for a special subset of characters and its generalizability has been questioned. This study uses traditional Chinese, which differs from simplified Chinese in visual complexity and in mapping semantic forms, to demonstrate access to Parafoveal semantic Information during reading of this script. Preview duration modulates various types (identical, phonological, and unrelated) of Parafoveal Information extraction. Parafoveal semantic extraction is more elusive in English; therefore, we conclude that such effects in Chinese are presumably caused by substantial cross-language differences from alphabetic scripts. The property of Chinese characters carrying rich lexical Information in a small region provides the possibility of semantic extraction in the parafovea. © 2012 Elsevier B.V..
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Early Parafoveal processing in reading Chinese sentences
Acta Psychologica, 2009Co-Authors: Ralph Radach, Ovid J. L. Tzeng, Daisy L. Hung, Jie Li TsaiAbstract:The possibility that during Chinese reading Information is extracted at the beginning of the current fixation was examined in this study. Twenty-four participants read for comprehension while their eye movements were being recorded. A pretarget–target two-character word pair was embedded in each sentence and target word visibility was manipulated in two time intervals (initial 140 ms or after 140 ms) during pretarget viewing. Substantial beginning- and end-of-fixation preview effects were observed together with beginning-of-fixation effects on the pretarget. Apparently Parafoveal Information at least at the character level can be extracted relatively early during ongoing fixations. Results are highly relevant for ongoing debates on spatially distributed linguistic processing and address fundamental questions about how the human mind solves the task of reading within the constraints of different writing systems.
Wei Zhou - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Cross-language Parafoveal semantic processing: Evidence from Korean-Chinese bilinguals.
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 2015Co-Authors: Aiping Wang, Junmo Yeon, Wei ZhouAbstract:In the present study, we aimed at testing cross-language cognate and semantic preview effects. We tested how native Korean readers who learned Chinese as a second language make use of the Parafoveal Information during the reading of Chinese sentences. There were 3 types of Korean preview words: cognate translations of the Chinese target words, semantically related noncognate words, and unrelated words. Together with a highly significant cognate preview effect, more critically, we also observed reliable facilitation in processing of the target word from the semantically related previews in all fixation measures. Results from the present study provide first evidence for semantic processing from Parafoveally presented Korean words and for cross-language Parafoveal semantic processing.
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Reading proficiency modulates Parafoveal processing efficiency: evidence from reading Chinese as a second language.
Acta Psychologica, 2014Co-Authors: Aiping Wang, Wei ZhouAbstract:In the present study, we manipulated different types of Information available in the parafovea during the reading of Chinese sentences and examined how native Korean readers who learned Chinese as a second language make use of the Parafoveal Information. Results clearly indicate that, only identical and orthographically similar previews facilitated processing of the target words when they were subsequently fixated. More critically, more Parafoveal Information was obtained by subjects with higher reading proficiency. These results suggest that, mainly low-level features of the Parafoveal words are obtained by the non-native Chinese readers and less attentional resources are available for the readers with lower reading proficiency, thereby causing a reduction of the perceptual span.
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Lexical and Sub-lexical Semantic Preview Benefits in Chinese Reading
The Mind Research Repository, 2012Co-Authors: Wei Zhou, Reinhold KlieglAbstract:Semantic processing from Parafoveal words is an elusive phenomenon in alphabetic languages, but it has been demonstrated only for a restricted set of noncompound Chinese characters. Using the gaze-contingent boundary paradigm, this experiment examined whether Parafoveal lexical and sublexical semantic Information was extracted from compound preview characters. Results generalized Parafoveal semantic processing to this representative set of Chinese characters and extended the Parafoveal processing to radical (sublexical) level semantic Information extraction. Implications for notions of Parafoveal Information extraction during Chinese reading are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) doi: 10.1037/a0026935 Yan, M., Zhou, W., Shu, H., & Kliegl, R. (Feb 27 , 2012). Lexical and sublexical semantic preview benefits in Chinese reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition.
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Lexical and sublexical semantic preview benefits in Chinese reading.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition, 2012Co-Authors: Wei Zhou, Reinhold KlieglAbstract:: Semantic processing from Parafoveal words is an elusive phenomenon in alphabetic languages, but it has been demonstrated only for a restricted set of noncompound Chinese characters. Using the gaze-contingent boundary paradigm, this experiment examined whether Parafoveal lexical and sublexical semantic Information was extracted from compound preview characters. Results generalized Parafoveal semantic processing to this representative set of Chinese characters and extended the Parafoveal processing to radical (sublexical) level semantic Information extraction. Implications for notions of Parafoveal Information extraction during Chinese reading are discussed.
