The Experts below are selected from a list of 1206 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Russell A Epstein - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the Parahippocampal Place Area and hippocampus encode the spatial significance of landmark objects
NeuroImage, 2021Co-Authors: Liwei Sun, Russell A Epstein, Sebastian M Frank, Peter U TseAbstract:Landmark objects are points of reference that can anchor one's internal cognitive map to the external world while navigating. They are especially useful in indoor environments where other cues such as spatial geometries are often similar across locations. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) to understand how the spatial significance of landmark objects is represented in the human brain. Participants learned the spatial layout of a virtual building with arbitrary objects as unique landmarks in each room during a navigation task. They were scanned while viewing the objects before and after learning. MVPA revealed that the neural representation of landmark objects in the right Parahippocampal Place Area (rPPA) and the hippocampus transformed systematically according to their locations. Specifically, objects in different rooms became more distinguishable than objects in the same room. These results demonstrate that rPPA and the hippocampus encode the spatial significance of landmark objects in indoor spaces.
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rectilinear edge selectivity is insufficient to explain the category selectivity of the Parahippocampal Place Area
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 2016Co-Authors: Peter Bryan, Joshua B. Julian, Russell A EpsteinAbstract:The Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA) is one of several brain regions that respond more strongly to scenes than to non-scene items such as objects and faces. The mechanism underlying this scene-preferential response remains unclear. One possibility is that the PPA is tuned to low-level stimulus features that are found more often in scenes than in less-preferred stimuli. Supporting this view, Nasr et al. (2014) recently observed that some of the stimuli that are known to strongly activate the PPA contain a large number of rectilinear edges. They further demonstrated that PPA response is modulated by rectilinearity for a range of non-scene images. Motivated by these results, we tested whether rectilinearity suffices to explain PPA selectivity for scenes. In the first experiment, we replicated the previous finding of modulation by rectilinearity in the PPA for arrays of 2-d shapes. However, two further experiments failed to find a rectilinearity effect for faces or scenes: high-rectilinearity faces and scenes did not activate the PPA any more strongly than low-rectilinearity faces and scenes. Moreover, the categorical advantage for scenes vs. faces was maintained in the PPA and two other scene-selective regions-the retrosplenial complex (RSC) and occipital Place Area (OPA)-when rectilinearity was matched between stimulus sets. We conclude that selectivity for scenes in the PPA cannot be explained by a preference for low-level rectilinear edges.
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Behavioral/Cognitive Temporal Components in the Parahippocampal Place Area Revealed by Human Intracerebral Recordings
2016Co-Authors: Julien Bastin, Juan R Vidal, Seth Bouvier, Marcela Perrone-bertolotti, Olivier David, Russell A EpsteinAbstract:Many high-level visual regions exhibit complex patterns of stimulus selectivity that make their responses difficult to explain in terms of a single cognitivemechanism. For example, the Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA) respondsmaximally to environmental scenes during fMRI studies but also responds strongly to nonscene landmark objects, such as buildings, which have a quite different geometric structure. We hypothesized that PPA responses to scenes and buildings might be driven by different underlying mechanisms with different temporal profiles. To test this, we examined broadband (50–150 Hz) responses from human intracerebral electroencepha-lography recordings, a measure that is closely related to population spiking activity. We found that the PPA distinguished scene from nonscene stimuli in80ms, suggesting the operation of a bottom-upprocess that encodes scene-specific visual or geometric features. In contrast, the differential PPA response to buildings versus nonbuildings occurred later (170ms) andmay reflect a delayed processing of spatial or semantic features definable for both scenes and objects, perhaps incorporating signals fromother cortical regions. Although the response preferences of high-level visual regions are usually interpreted in terms of the operation of a single cognitive mechanism, these results suggest that a more complex picture emerges when the dynamics of recognition are considered
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Rectilinear edge selectivity is insufficient to explain the category selectivity of the Parahippocampal Place Area
Frontiers Media S.A., 2016Co-Authors: Peter B Bryan, Joshua B. Julian, Russell A EpsteinAbstract:The Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA) is one of several brain regions that respond more strongly to scenes than to non-scene items such as objects and faces. The mechanism underlying this scene-preferential response remains unclear. One possibility is that the PPA is tuned to low-level stimulus features that are found more often in scenes than in less preferred stimuli. Supporting this view, Nasr and colleagues (2014) recently observed that some of the stimuli that are known to strongly activate the PPA contain a large number of rectilinear edges. They further demonstrated that PPA response is modulated by rectilinearity for a range of non-scene images. Motivated by these results, we tested whether rectilinearity suffices to explain PPA selectivity to scenes. In the first experiment, we replicated the previous finding of modulation by rectilinearity in the PPA for arrays of 2-d shapes. However, two further experiments failed to find a rectilinearity effect for faces or scenes: high-rectilinearity faces and scenes did not activate the PPA any more strongly than low-rectilinearity faces and scenes. Moreover, the categorical advantage for scenes vs. faces was maintained in the PPA and two other scene-selective regions—the retrosplenial complex (RSC) and occipital Place Area (OPA) –when rectilinearity was matched between stimulus sets. We conclude that selectivity for scenes in the PPA cannot be explained by a preference for low-level rectilinear edges
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Advance Access publication May 20, 2009 How Reliable Are Visual Context Effects in
2015Co-Authors: Russell A Epstein, Emily J WardAbstract:The Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA) is a region of human cortex that responds more strongly to visual scenes (e.g., landscapes or cityscapes) than to other visual stimuli. It has been proposed that the primary function of the PPA is encoding of contextual information about object co-occurrence. Supporting this context hypothesis are reports that the PPA responds more strongly to strong-context than to weak-context objects and more strongly to famous faces (for which contextual associations are available) than to nonfamous faces. We reexamined the reliability of these 2 effects by scanning subjects with functional magnetic resonance imaging while they viewed strong- and weak-context objects, scrambled versions of these objects, and famous and nonfamous faces. ‘‘Contextual’ ’ effects for objects were observed to be reliable in the PPA at slow presentation rates but not at faster presentation rates intended to discourage scene imagery. We were unable to replicate the earlier finding of preferential PPA response to famous versus nonfamous faces. These results are difficult to reconcile with the hypothesis that the PPA encodes contextual associations but are consistent with a competing hypothesis that the PPA encodes scenic layout
Nancy Kanwisher - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Mirror-Image Sensitivity and Invariance in Object and Scene Processing Pathways
The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 2011Co-Authors: Daniel D. Dilks, Joshua B. Julian, Jonas Kubilius, Elizabeth S. Spelke, Nancy KanwisherAbstract:Electrophysiological and behavioral studies in many species have demonstrated mirror-image confusion for objects, perhaps because many objects are vertically symmetric (e.g., a cup is the same cup when seen in left or right profile). In contrast, the navigability of a scene changes when it is mirror reversed, and behavioral studies reveal high sensitivity to this change. Thus, we predicted that representations in object-selective cortex will be unaffected by mirror reversals, whereas representations in scene-selective cortex will be sensitive to such reversals. To test this hypothesis, we ran an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging adaptation experiment in human adults. Consistent with our prediction, we found tolerance to mirror reversals in one object-selective region, the posterior fusiform sulcus, and a strong sensitivity to these reversals in two scene-selective regions, the transverse occipital sulcus and the retrosplenial complex. However, a more posterior object-selective region, the lateral occipital sulcus, showed sensitivity to mirror reversals, suggesting that the sense information that distinguishes mirror images is represented at earlier stages in the object-processing hierarchy. Moreover, one scene-selective region (the Parahippocampal Place Area or PPA) was tolerant to mirror reversals. This last finding challenges the hypothesis that the PPA is involved in navigation and reorientation and suggests instead that scenes, like objects, are processed by distinct pathways guiding recognition and action.
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domain specificity in visual cortex
Cerebral Cortex, 2006Co-Authors: Paul E Downing, Annie W Chan, Chris M Dodds, Mauritius V Peelen, Nancy KanwisherAbstract:: We investigated the prevalence and specificity of category-selective regions in human visual cortex. In the broadest survey to date of category selectivity in visual cortex, 12 participants were scanned with functional magnetic resonance imaging while viewing scenes and 19 different object categories in a blocked-design experiment. As expected, we found selectivity for faces in the fusiform face Area (FFA), for scenes in the Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA), and for bodies in the extrastriate body Area (EBA). In addition, we describe 3 main new findings. First, evidence for the selectivity of the FFA, PPA, and EBA was strengthened by the finding that each Area responded significantly more strongly to its preferred category than to the next most effective of the remaining 19 stimulus categories tested. Second, a region in the middle temporal gyrus that has been reported to respond significantly more strongly to tools than to animals did not respond significantly more strongly to tools than to other nontool categories (such as fruits and vegetables), casting doubt on the characterization of this region as tool selective. Finally, we did not find any new regions in the occipitotemporal pathway that were strongly selective for other categories. Taken together, these results demonstrate both the strong selectivity of a small number of regions and the scarcity of such regions in visual cortex.
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the Parahippocampal Place Area recognition navigation or encoding
Neuron, 1999Co-Authors: Russell A Epstein, Nancy Kanwisher, Alison Harris, Damian A StanleyAbstract:The Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA) has been demonstrated to respond more strongly in fMRI to scenes depicting Places than to other kinds of visual stimuli. Here, we test several hypotheses about the function of the PPA. We find that PPA activity (1) is not affected by the subjects' familiarity with the Place depicted, (2) does not increase when subjects experience a sense of motion through the scene, and (3) is greater when viewing novel versus repeated scenes but not novel versus repeated faces. Thus, we find no evidence that the PPA is involved in matching perceptual information to stored representations in memory, in planning routes, or in monitoring locomotion through the local or distal environment but some evidence that it is involved in encoding new perceptual information about the appearance and layout of scenes.
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A cortical representation of the local visual environment.
Nature, 1998Co-Authors: R Epstein, Nancy KanwisherAbstract:Medial temporal brain regions such as the hippocampal formation and Parahippocampal cortex have been generally implicated in navigation and visual memory. However, the specific function of each of these regions is not yet clear. Here we present evidence that a particular Area within human Parahippocampal cortex is involved in a critical component of navigation: perceiving the local visual environment. This region, which we name the 'Parahippocampal Place Area' (PPA), responds selectively and automatically in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to passively viewed scenes, but only weakly to single objects and not at all to faces. The critical factor for this activation appears to be the presence in the stimulus of information about the layout of local space. The response in the PPA to scenes with spatial layout but no discrete objects (empty rooms) is as strong as the response to complex meaningful scenes containing multiple objects (the same rooms furnished) and over twice as strong as the response to arrays of multiple objects without three-dimensional spatial context (the furniture from these rooms on a blank background). This response is reduced if the surfaces in the scene are rearranged so that they no longer define a coherent space. We propose that the PPA represents Places by encoding the geometry of the local environment.
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Binocular rivalry and visual awareness in human extrastriate cortex.
Neuron, 1998Co-Authors: F. Tong, J. T. Vaughan, K. Nakayama, Nancy KanwisherAbstract:We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to monitor stimulus-selective responses of the human fusiform face Area (FFA) and Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA) during binocular rivalry in which a face and a house stimulus were presented to different eyes. Though retinal stimulation remained constant, subjects perceived changes from house to face that were accompanied by increasing FFA and decreasing PPA activity; perceived changes from face to house led to the opposite pattern of responses. These responses during rivalry were equal in magnitude to those evoked by nonrivalrous stimulus alternation, suggesting that activity in the FFA and PPA reflects the perceived rather than the retinal stimulus, and that neural competition during binocular rivalry has been resolved by these stages of visual processing.
Soojin Park - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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conjoint representation of texture ensemble and location in the Parahippocampal Place Area
Journal of Neurophysiology, 2017Co-Authors: Jeongho Park, Soojin ParkAbstract:This study investigates how the Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA) represents texture information within a scene context. We claim that texture is represented in the PPA at multiple levels: the textu...
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Cerebral Cortex doi:10.1093/cercor/bhq292 Eye Movements Help Link Different Views in Scene-Selective Cortex
2016Co-Authors: Julie D. Golomb, Soojin Park, Alice R. Albrecht, Marvin M ChunAbstract:To explore visual scenes in the everyday world, we constantly move our eyes, yet most neural studies of scene processing are conducted with the eyes held fixated. Such prior work in humans suggests that the Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA) represents scenes in a highly specific manner that can differentiate between different but overlapping views of a panoramic scene. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) adaptation to measure sensitivity to change, we asked how this specificity is affected when active eye movements across a stable scene generate retinotopically different views. The PPA adapted to successive views when subjects made a series of saccades across a stationary spatiotopic scene but not when the eyes remained fixed and a scene translated in the background, suggesting that active vision may provide important cues for the PPA to integrate different views over time as the ‘‘same.’ ’ Adaptation was also robust when retinotopic information was preserved across views when the scene moved in tandem with the eyes. These data suggest that retinotopic physical similarity is fundamental, but the visual system may also utilize oculomotor cues and/or global spatiotopic information to generate more ecologically relevant representations of scenes across different views
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Advance Access publication January 31, 2011 Eye Movements Help Link Different Views in Scene-Selective Cortex
2016Co-Authors: Julie D. Golomb, Soojin Park, Alice R. Albrecht, Marvin M ChunAbstract:To explore visual scenes in the everyday world, we constantly move our eyes, yet most neural studies of scene processing are conducted with the eyes held fixated. Such prior work in humans suggests that the Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA) represents scenes in a highly specific manner that can differentiate between different but overlapping views of a panoramic scene. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) adaptation to measure sensitivity to change, we asked how this specificity is affected when active eye movements across a stable scene generate retinotopically different views. The PPA adapted to successive views when subjects made a series of saccades across a stationary spatiotopic scene but not when the eyes remained fixed and a scene translated in the background, suggesting that active vision may provide important cues for the PPA to integrate different views over time as the ‘‘same.’ ’ Adaptation was also robust when retinotopic information was preserved across views when the scene moved in tandem with the eyes. These data suggest that retinotopic physical similarity is fundamental, but the visual system may also utilize oculomotor cues and/or global spatiotopic information to generate more ecologically relevant representations of scenes across different views
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Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Disentangling Scene Content from Spatial Boundary: Complementary Roles for the Parahippocampal Place Area and Lateral Occipital Complex in Representing Real-World Scenes
2016Co-Authors: Soojin Park, Timothy F Brady, Michelle R Greene, Aude OlivaAbstract:Behavioral and computational studies suggest that visual scene analysis rapidly produces a rich description of both the objects and the spatial layout of surfaces in a scene. However, there is still a large gap in our understanding of how the human brain accomplishes these diverse functions of scene understanding. Here we probe the nature of real-world scene representations using multivoxel functional magnetic resonance imaging pattern analysis.We show that natural scenes are analyzed in a distributed and complementarymanner by the Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA) and the lateral occipital complex (LOC) in particular, aswell as other regions in the ventral stream. Specifically, we study the classification performance of different scene-selective regions using images that vary in spatial boundary and naturalness content.We discover that, whereas both the PPA and LOC can accurately classify scenes, theymake different errors: the PPA more often confuses scenes that have the same spatial boundaries, whereas the LOC more often confuses scenes that have the same content. By demonstrating that visual scene analysis recruits distinct and complementary high-level representations, our results testify to distinct neural pathways for representing the spatial boundaries and content of a visual scene
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disentangling scene content from spatial boundary complementary roles for the Parahippocampal Place Area and lateral occipital complex in representing real world scenes
The Journal of Neuroscience, 2011Co-Authors: Soojin Park, Timothy F Brady, Michelle R Greene, Aude OlivaAbstract:Behavioral and computational studies suggest that visual scene analysis rapidly produces a rich description of both the objects and the spatial layout of surfaces in a scene. However, there is still a large gap in our understanding of how the human brain accomplishes these diverse functions of scene understanding. Here we probe the nature of real-world scene representations using multivoxel functional magnetic resonance imaging pattern analysis. We show that natural scenes are analyzed in a distributed and complementary manner by the Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA) and the lateral occipital complex (LOC) in particular, as well as other regions in the ventral stream. Specifically, we study the classification performance of different scene-selective regions using images that vary in spatial boundary and naturalness content. We discover that, whereas both the PPA and LOC can accurately classify scenes, they make different errors: the PPA more often confuses scenes that have the same spatial boundaries, whereas the LOC more often confuses scenes that have the same content. By demonstrating that visual scene analysis recruits distinct and complementary high-level representations, our results testify to distinct neural pathways for representing the spatial boundaries and content of a visual scene.
Dirk B. Walther - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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representational differences between line drawings and photographs of natural scenes a dissociation between multi voxel pattern analysis and repetition suppression
Neuropsychologia, 2018Co-Authors: Thomas P Oconnell, Per B Sederberg, Dirk B. WaltherAbstract:Distributed representations of scene categories are consistent between color photographs (CPs) and line drawings (LDs) in the Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA) and the retrosplenial cortex (RSC), as shown using multi-voxel pattern analysis (MVPA). Here, we used repetition suppression (RS) to further investigate the degree of representational convergence between CPs and LDs of natural scenes. MVPA and RS can capture different aspects of visual representations, and RS may prove useful in elucidating important differences in the representations of CPs and LDs of natural scenes. We performed an event-related fMRI experiment, including image-repetitions either within-type (i.e., CP to CP or LD to LD) or between-types (CP to LD, LD to CP). We found significant RS for within-type repetitions in PPA, RSC and the occipital Place Area (OPA), but did not observe RS for between-types repetitions. By contrast, scene categories were decodable from activity patterns evoked by both CPs and LDs using SVM classification for both within-type decoding and between-types cross-decoding. We conclude that there are representational differences between CPs and LDs in scene-selective cortex despite a category-level correspondence.
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simple line drawings suffice for functional mri decoding of natural scene categories
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2011Co-Authors: Dirk B. Walther, Eamon Caddigan, Diane M Beck, Barry Chai, Li FeifeiAbstract:Humans are remarkably efficient at categorizing natural scenes. In fact, scene categories can be decoded from functional MRI (fMRI) data throughout the ventral visual cortex, including the primary visual cortex, the Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA), and the retrosplenial cortex (RSC). Here we ask whether, and where, we can still decode scene category if we reduce the scenes to mere lines. We collected fMRI data while participants viewed photographs and line drawings of beaches, city streets, forests, highways, mountains, and offices. Despite the marked difference in scene statistics, we were able to decode scene category from fMRI data for line drawings just as well as from activity for color photographs, in primary visual cortex through PPA and RSC. Even more remarkably, in PPA and RSC, error patterns for decoding from line drawings were very similar to those from color photographs. These data suggest that, in these regions, the information used to distinguish scene category is similar for line drawings and photographs. To determine the relative contributions of local and global structure to the human ability to categorize scenes, we selectively removed long or short contours from the line drawings. In a category-matching task, participants performed significantly worse when long contours were removed than when short contours were removed. We conclude that global scene structure, which is preserved in line drawings, plays an integral part in representing scene categories.
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natural scene categories revealed in distributed patterns of activity in the human brain
The Journal of Neuroscience, 2009Co-Authors: Dirk B. Walther, Eamon Caddigan, Li Feifei, Diane M BeckAbstract:Human subjects are extremely efficient at categorizing natural scenes, despite the fact that different classes of natural scenes often share similar image statistics. Thus far, however, it is unknown where and how complex natural scene categories are encoded and discriminated in the brain. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and distributed pattern analysis to ask what regions of the brain can differentiate natural scene categories (such as forests vs mountains vs beaches). Using completely different exemplars of six natural scene categories for training and testing ensured that the classification algorithm was learning patterns associated with the category in general and not specific exemplars. We found that Area V1, the Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA), retrosplenial cortex (RSC), and lateral occipital complex (LOC) all contain information that distinguishes among natural scene categories. More importantly, correlations with human behavioral experiments suggest that the information present in the PPA, RSC, and LOC is likely to contribute to natural scene categorization by humans. Specifically, error patterns of predictions based on fMRI signals in these Areas were significantly correlated with the behavioral errors of the subjects. Furthermore, both behavioral categorization performance and predictions from PPA exhibited a significant decrease in accuracy when scenes were presented up-down inverted. Together these results suggest that a network of regions, including the PPA, RSC, and LOC, contribute to the human ability to categorize natural scenes.
Tobias W Meissner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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myelin development in visual scene network tracts beyond late childhood a multimethod neuroimaging study
Cortex, 2021Co-Authors: Tobias W Meissner, Erhan Genc, Burkhard Madler, Sarah WeigeltAbstract:Abstract The visual scene-network—comprising the Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA), retrosplenial cortex (RSC), and occipital Place Area (OPA)—shows a prolonged functional development. Structural development of white matter that underlies the scene-network has not been investigated despite its potential influence on scene-network function. The key factor for white matter maturation is myelination. However, research on myelination using the gold standard method of post-mortem histology is scarce. In vivo alternatives diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and myelin water imaging (MWI) so far report broad-scale findings that prohibit inferences concerning the scene-network. Here, we combine MWI, DWI tractography, and fMRI to investigate myelination in scene-network tracts in middle childhood, late childhood, and adulthood. We report increasing myelin from middle childhood to adulthood in right PPA-OPA, and trends towards increases in the left and right RSC-OPA tracts. Investigating tracts to regions highly connected with the scene-network, such as early visual cortex and the hippocampus, did not yield any significant age group differences. Our findings indicate that structural development coincides with functional development in the scene-network, possibly enabling structure–function interactions.
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myelin development in visual scene network tracts beyond late childhood a multimethod neuroimaging study
bioRxiv, 2019Co-Authors: Tobias W Meissner, Erhan Genc, Burkhard Madler, Sarah WeigeltAbstract:Abstract The visual scene-network—comprising the Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA), retrosplenial cortex (RSC), and occipital Place Area (OPA)—shows a prolonged functional development. Structural development of white matter that underlies the scene-network has not been investigated despite its potential influence on scene-network function. The key factor for white matter maturation is myelination. However, research on myelination using the gold standard method of post-mortem histology is scarce. In vivo alternatives diffusion-weighed imaging (DWI) and myelin water imaging (MWI) so far report broad-scale findings that prohibit inferences concerning the scene-network. Here, we combine MWI, DWI tractography, and fMRI to investigate myelination in scene-network tracts in middle childhood, late childhood, and adulthood. We report increasing myelin from middle childhood to adulthood in left RSC-OPA, and trends towards increases in the right RSC-OPA, left PPA-RSC and right PPA-OPA tracts. Moreover, tracts connecting the OPA to the key input region hippocampus showed myelin increases beyond late childhood. Our findings indicate that structural development coincides with functional development in the scene network, possibly enabling structure-function interactions. Highlights Myelin in intrahemispheric scene-network tracts increases beyond late childhood PA-hippocampus tracts also show prolonged myelination Diffusion tensor imaging parameters do not mirror myelin water fraction results
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prolonged functional development of the Parahippocampal Place Area and occipital Place Area
NeuroImage, 2019Co-Authors: Tobias W Meissner, Marisa Nordt, Sarah WeigeltAbstract:Successful navigation of our surroundings is of high environmental relevance and involves processing of the visual scenery. Scene-processing undergoes a major behavioral improvement during childhood. However, possible neural changes that underlie this cognitive development in scene perception are understudied in comparison to other stimulus categories. We used a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scene localizer and behavioral recognition and memory tasks in 7-8-year-olds, 11-12-year-olds, and adults to test whether scene-selective Areas-the Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA), the retrosplenial cortex (RSC), and the occipital Place Area (OPA)-show a change in volume and selectivity with age, and whether this change is correlated with behavioral perception and memory performance. We find that children have a smaller PPA and OPA than adults, while the size of RSC does not differ. Furthermore, selectivity for scenes in the PPA and the OPA, but not in the RSC, increases with age. This increase seems to be driven by both increasing responses to preferred stimuli and decreasing responses to non-preferred stimuli. Our findings extend previous knowledge about visual cortex development by unveiling the underlying mechanisms of age-related volume and selectivity increases in the scene network especially elucidating the poorly understood development of the OPA.
